Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• ) and from the BSE (SE2) [6][7][8]. An example of a line deposited from a carbon precursor on a silicon substrate, coated with a 20 nm Au–Pd layer and a 5 nm Ti adhesion layer, is shown in Figure 1a, clearly showing the broad (black) tails on both sides of the line. The cross section of the line, made

• within which SE2 are created is larger in the Si substrate than in the C deposit (2.7 and 1.6 μm, respectively [24]). Note that the thin Au–Pd and Ti coating is ignored here, as most of the interaction volume will be in the underlying Si substrate at 20 keV. Therefore, the width of the distribution of SE

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• . However, during prolonged heat treatment (lasting minutes or more), surface atom diffusion can lead to morphological changes in NWs even at temperatures several hundred degrees below the melting point of the material [26][27]. Sintering of Ag and Au NWs at intersections can occur at temperatures as low as

• Au NWs have a pentagonal cross-section, meaning that for NWs deposited on a flat substrate, 1/5 of the NW surface is in contact with the substrate [35]. This aspect should unavoidably have an influence on the total surface energy of NW. Therefore, in addition to parameters such as temperature, time

• shorter fragments in a similar way as it generally happens with heated Ag and Au NWs on a flat Si substrate [27]. This process is commonly explained by the phenomenon known as Rayleigh instability [48][49][50]. According to our understanding, stresses that arise at the interface between the NW and the

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• ], and other analytical measurements regarding food, medical, and environmental issues [12][13][14]. Undeniably, SERS is the future for sensor design. So far, most achievements regarding SERS rely on the development of plasmonic materials. Noble metals (e.g., Au, Ag, and Cu) are the most important group

• nanoparticles (Au NPs) were the first to be fabricated in DESs [28][29]. SERS platforms based on Au NPs-DES whose sensitivity and durability are competitive to the other materials were successfully constructed [29][30]. However, no attention has been paid to the potential of DESs in the fabrication of Ag NPs

• . The similarities between Ag NPs and Au NPs, with the higher LSPR and SERS performance of Ag NPs [18][31], led to the innovative idea of Ag NPs synthesis in DESs. In this work, we present a novel strategy to fabricate Ag NPs and demonstrate our hypothesis about the application of DESs in stabilizing Ag

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• , 5 min). The Ar+ beam enclosed an angle of 15° with the surface normal and exhibited a flux of ≈0.01 1/(nm2·s). A chemically etched (NaOH, 0.1 M) W wire (purity: 99.99%, diameter: 50 μm) was used as the tip material. Tips were cleaned by field emission on and indentations into a clean Au(111) crystal

• and, presumably, coated with a Au film. The tip shape was further sharpened by single-atom transfers from the tip to the sample surface [31][32][33][34][35][36]. Topographic STM data were recorded in constant-current as well as constant-height modes with the bias voltage applied to the sample

• bond formation (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). The propensity to form a chemical bond between the Au tip apex atom and C atoms close to the center of type-1 defects is likewise reflected by the occurrence of hysteresis loops in Δf and I approach and retraction traces. Figure 5 compares Δf

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• and increased the survival rate of cells under high H2O2 concentration. In vivo results of another experiment demonstrated the ROS scavenging ability of Au@Cu2O heterostructures in a zebrafish model, which is an organism with morphological and physiological functions similar to those of humans [48

• delivery but also enhances stability and biocompatibility. Recently, Shang et al. used a Au/Cu1.6O/P–C3N5/Arg@HA nanocomposite hydrogel spray coupled with ultrasound for diabetic wound healing (Figure 4) [162]. This nanocomposite spray exhibited five types of enzyme-like activities, that is, CAT-, SOD

• treatments. Recently, Wang et al. developed multifunctional Au/Ag nanodots (Au/AgNDs) as “pilot light” for real-time guided surgery (Figure 5) [170]. The authors proved that Au/AgNDs enhanced the deposition of ionizing radiation energy, increased intracellular ROS generation, and significantly improved

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• Discussion The AAO template was fabricated by directly anodizing a ca. 1 µm thick aluminum (Al) film on a silicon (Si) substrate covered with 200 nm SiO2 and patterned Ti/Au (5/50 nm) bottom electrodes. It has pores with a diameter of around 35 nm, an interpore distance of around 50 nm, and a height of

• around 1 µm. The electrodeposition of multilayered nanowires was carried out in situ using a three-electrode potentiostat in the pulsed mode [20] at 25 °C. Note that the nanowires were selectively deposited in the pores on the top of the Ti/Au bottom electrodes as shown in Figure 1a. Therefore, most of

• which are near the surface of the AAO template. (b) SEM image of nanowire-based devices. The measured nanowire array was contacted by the patterned Au bottom electrode and the Al top electrode. (c) Sketch of the cross section of the device. (a) SEM image of nanowires after the AAO template was removed

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• sensors while simultaneously maintaining an ultrahigh sensitivity (GF ≈ 12274). Sun et al. developed a novel strain sensor by combining double-layer micropatterned Au and SWCNTs to achieve a strain sensor with a GF as high as 3.4 × 106 under 100% strain [27]. He et al. successfully fabricated a sandwich

• sensor that exhibits both high sensitivity and a wide range of strain through the combined integration of a cracked thin metal and a 3D helical substrate. The fabrication process involves depositing a Au thin film onto a PDMS substrate with helical structure, followed by pre-stretching to induce

• microcracks in the Au thin film. The resistance of the sensor is altered when strain is applied because of the separation of overlapping scales and the generation of cracks in the gold thin film. The strain sensor is fabricated through a straightforward preparation method, resulting in an exceptionally high

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• each selected protein immobilized on different fcc planes of the aluminum surface. These heatmaps for individual proteins are acquired through UnitedAtom (UA) simulations [24][25]. While the UA method has been parameterized for a range of rigid surfaces, including metals (Ag, Au, Cu, and Fe), oxides

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• created by the 56Fe10+ ions. In experiments where the surface was fully covered, such as in the work of Thomaz et al. on 2 nm thick PMMA films on Si irradiated with 1.1 GeV Au atoms (∼5.6 MeV/u) [41], the number of incident ions to the number of craters is 1:1. We expect the same behavior in the present

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• reactions between H2O molecules and silica could occur, especially in the post-purification of granular materials composed of noble metals, such as Pt–C or Au–C which are directly deposited onto Si or SiO2 substrate. Experimental Sample preparation For this experiment, we chose mechanically exfoliated

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• infected with L. major was also significantly reduced compared to the negative control. Hence, it is noteworthy that both MNPs had an impact on cutaneous leishmaniasis infections. However, there was no influence of metal (Ag or Au) particles on the leishmanicidal activity of the systems. In these studies

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• have resulted in jagged edges or a raised edge of the plating after lift-off, which in turn would have prevented thin electron beam resist from being deposited in the next operation. Therefore, LOR3A and S1805 photoresists were used. After the development, a layer of Ti/Au/Pd with thicknesses of 10/100

Determination of the radii of coated and uncoated silicon AFM sharp tips using a height calibration standard grating and a nonlinear regression function

• Perawat Boonpuek and
• Jonathan R. Felts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1200–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.99

• -coated, Cr/Au-coated, and uncoated Si tips were used to scan a calibration standard grating in AFM contact mode with sub-nanonewton load to obtain the curved scan profile of the edge corner of the grating structure. The data points of the curved profile of each tip were fitted with a nonlinear regression

• strongly depend on the geometry of the AFM tip [7][8]. For example, the Pt-coated HQ:NSC18/Pt tip (for electrical force modulation AFM probes) and the Cr/Au-coated HQ:NSC16/Cr-Au tip (for tapping mode AFM probes with long AFM cantilever) produced by MikroMasch [9] have estimated nominal tip radii lower

• . AFM Tips and Calibration Standard Grating Three types of AFM sharp tips were used, namely a Pt-coated tip (HQ:NSC18/Pt, nominal radius < 30 nm for electrical, force modulation AFM; Figure 1a), a Cr/Au-coated tip (HQ:NSC16/Cr-Au, nominal radius < 35 nm for tapping mode AFM; Figure 1b), and an uncoated

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• fabrication of functional gold nanostructures for application in plasmonic and detector technology, we conducted a comprehensive study on [Au(CH3)2Cl]2 as a potential precursor for such depositions. Fundamental electron-induced dissociation processes were studied under single collision conditions, and the

• that we attribute to electron-induced secondary and tertiary reactions in the deposition process. We find this precursor to be stable at ambient conditions and to have sufficient vapor pressure to be suitable for use in HV instruments. More importantly, in the UHV setup, FEBID with [Au(CH3)2Cl]2

• example, dimethyl(acetylacetonate)gold(III) (Au(acac)(CH3)2), dimethyl(trifluoroacetylacetonate)gold(III) (Au(tfac)(CH3)2), and dimethyl(hexafluoroacetylacetonate)gold(III) (Au(hfac)(CH3)2) [18]. Although these precursors have proven suitable for CVD, in FEBID their application has mainly resulted in

Spatial variations of conductivity of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on Au/mica and Au/Si substrates

• Julian Skolaut,
• Jędrzej Tepper,
• Federica Galli,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1169–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.97

• rougher and a flatter gold substrate on the lateral variation of the conductivity. We find that the roughness of the substrate crucially defines this variation. We conclude that it is paramount to adequately choose a gold substrate for investigations on molecular layer conductivity. Keywords: Au/mica; Au

• of current characteristics strongly depends on the substrate chosen to deposit the SAM onto. For this study, we employ alkane thiols, which are allowed to form a SAM on different types of Au substrates. We have chosen dodecanethiol (DDT) molecules and study them on commercially available Au

• substrates consisting of thin Au layers of different surface roughness. We compare granular Au films deposited on Si wafers with epitaxial (flat) Au films on mica. Experimental Before the experimental results are presented, this section focuses on the preparation of the samples under study and the setup used

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• . Our DFT calculations for the Au-fcc(011)/Ge(001) junction show how the presence of defects in the interface layer can help to stabilize the atomic pattern, consistent with microscopic images. Although the Au-hcp/Ge interface is characterized by a similar interface energy, it reveals large atomic

• displacements due to significant mismatch. Finally, analyzing the electronic properties, we demonstrate that Au/Ge systems have metallic character, but covalent-like bonding states between interfacial Ge and Au atoms are also present. Keywords: Au/Ge heterostructures; density functional theory; electronic

• several other metals. It is worth mentioning that also stable hexagonal silver dhcp nanostructures have been synthesized [20][21]. Nanostructures of hcp gold were found after growing Ge nanowires with Au as catalyst [22]. A possible mechanism responsible for the formation of hcp gold has been suggested

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

• Doan Nhat Giang,
• Nhat Minh Nguyen,
• Duc Anh Ngo,
• Thanh Trang Tran,
• Le Thai Duy,
• Cong Khanh Tran,
• Thi Thanh Van Tran,
• Phan Phuong Ha La and
• Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

• properties of ZnO nanostructures, such as bandgap or conductivity [26]. Decorating ZnO with metals such as Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, and Al [27][28] can provide surface plasmonic effects that assist the electron transfer process in materials and extend the light absorption range of a photodetector [29][30]. However

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• properties, that is, plasmonic materials (e.g., Au, Ag, and Pt), semiconductor materials (e.g., transition metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides, and transition metal dichalcogenides), carbon-based nanomaterials (such as graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes), and polymer nanomaterials [33][34] (Figure

• LSPR effect highly depends on size, shape, composition, interparticle distance, dielectric constant, and surrounding medium of the particles [36][37]. While Pt, Ag, and Au particles all exhibit photothermal properties, Au nanoparticles are commonly used for photothermal applications. By changing the

• material [75]. For example, nanocomposite materials have been developed by combining noble metal nanoparticles (Au–Ag, Au–Pt, and Au–Ag–Pt) or hybrids of noble metals, metals, and/or carbon materials (Au–Fe, Au–carbon, and Au–Fe–carbon). The resultant nanocomposites exhibit properties of all constituents

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• corresponding structure. Microscopy Sample preparation The dried solids were suspended in ethanol and drop cast onto Au TEM grids covered with a lacy carbon film, and the solvent was left to evaporate. SEM samples were prepared from the same solution after 5 min of ultrasonication. The sonicated suspension was

Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for electrochemical reduction of CO₂: A review

• Ha Huu Do and
• Hai Bang Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 904–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.74

• exhibited considerable variation depending on the elemental composition of pure metal catalysts [19]. Notably, Au, Ag, and Zn catalysts exhibit preferential CO generation, while Sn, In, and Pb catalysts prove effective in producing formate ions (HCOO−) [20]. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are established

Two-dimensional molecular networks at the solid/liquid interface and the role of alkyl chains in their building blocks

• Suyi Liu,
• Yasuo Norikane and
• Yoshihiro Kikkawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 872–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.72

• structures on metallic surfaces, such as Au(111), are different from those on a HOPG surface, even if the molecular building blocks are the same [62][63][64]. This is because of the different molecule–substrate interactions on Au(111) and HOPG. The adsorption energy of alkyl chains on Au(111) has been

• reported as −1.48 kcal/mol per CH2 unit [65], whereas that on HOPG is approximately −1.9 kcal/mol per CH2 unit [47][56], as noted above. The periodicity of alkyl chains almost matches HOPG lattice, but does not Au(111) lattice, on which the alkyl chains favor to align along the nearest neighbor direction

• [66]. These differences in the dispersion interaction may be one of the causes of 2D structural changes between Au(111) and HOPG surfaces [67]. In the following sections, the effect of alkyl chains on 2D structure formations are summarized only for the HOPG surface. 2 Missing alkyl chains Although the

N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants

• Robert B. Chevalier,
• Justin Pantano,
• Matthew K. Kiesewetter and
• Jason R. Dwyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.71

• without the need for Au/Ag alloys. Porous gold, itself, provides a gold film with high surface area that can be advantageous for energy conversion, catalysis, and electrochemical sensing [9][31]. Experimental Compounds 1 and 3 were prepared based on previously reported work [15][19], with 3 prepared by

Humidity-dependent electrical performance of CuO nanowire networks studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Juris Katkevics,
• Jana Andzane,
• Raitis Sondors,
• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Kiryl Niherysh,
• Yelyzaveta Rublova and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 683–691, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.54

• of nanostructured CuO, and indicate directions for further applications in humidity sensors and other systems with nanowire interconnects. Results and Discussion The synthesized CuO nanowires (Figure 1a) were assembled between arrays of lithographically defined Au microelectrodes on a Si/SiO2 chip

• naturally. The substrates were submerged in pure isopropanol (IPA) and ultrasonicated for 3 s to release the CuO nanowires. These nanowires were assembled on arrays of Cr/Au (3/60 nm) microelectrodes lithographically pre-patterned on a commercially available Si/SiO2 wafer substrate (MTI Corporation) diced

• cell geometry and a parallel circuit scheme. Scanning electron microscopy: (a) CuO nanowires grown on Cu substrate by thermal oxidation; (b) system of Cr/Au microelectrodes with teeth-like shape; (c–f) pairs of microelectrodes (c, e) without and (d, f) with dielectrophoretically aligned nanowires

SERS performance of GaN/Ag substrates fabricated by Ag coating of GaN platforms

• Magdalena A. Zając,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Łukasz Gutowski,
• Jan L. Weyher and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 552–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.46

• GaN platforms can then be coated with Au [26][28], Ag [25], AuCu, or AuAg alloys [24][29][30][31][32] to produce highly reproducible and efficient SERS substrates. GaN-based SERS substrates have been used so far for trace detection of explosive materials [33], fentanyl and bacterial spores’ analysis

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• spectroscopy (EDS) detector. In certain studies, samples were cut after immersing the beads, films, or foams in liquid N2 to obtain clean cuts and then sputtered with a thin layer of Au using a Leica EM ACE200 sputterer to assure good conductivity. Using a Zeiss LSM 800 microscope, transmitted-light images in