Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• mechanisms are not covered in this review: Fluorescence (Förster) resonance energy transfer (FRET): In the late 1940s, Theodor Förster put forth the theory, which is based on energy transfer. FRET occurs when an electronically excited fluorophore (donor) transmits its excitation energy to a nearby analyte

• transfer [46]. In order to measure the hormone 17β-estradiol in complex sample matrices (milk, urine, or environmental water), Zhang et al. [43] developed a practical FRET-based turn-on fluorescence aptasensor with high selectivity, a low detection limit of 0.35 nM, and an efficient recovery rate of 92.4

• fluorescence quenching behaviour, and it was found that there were distinct overlaps between the analyte’s emission bands and the MOFs’ emission band at 322 nm. The FRET mechanism was therefore thought to be key in detecting these analytes. Inner filter effect (IFE): The IFE was formerly thought of as a

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• nanoclusters while their fluorescence quantum yields and stability are improved to a larger extent. Gold-silver bimetallic nanoclusters (AuAgNCs) exhibit enhanced luminescence efficiency and photostability due to Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and synergistic effects. Zhang et al. [27] synthesized

• chloramphenicol based on a vesicular quantum dot-gold colloid composite probe. They successfully developed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based on chloramphenicol (CAP) detection in food. Vesicular nano tracers were prepared by labeling single-stranded DNA-binding proteins on single-stranded

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• fluorescent molecules are essential. The values of quantum yield and lifetime could be influenced by non-radiative decay rates, which result from changes in the environment of the fluorophores, fluorescence quenching, or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) [112][116]. Engineered ZnO nanosubstrates

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• FRET imaging while propelling the switches. The entire self-actuation process is realized by urease-mediated conversion of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Unlike traditional nanoprobes, DNA nanoswitches can perform pH value measurements within a few microseconds. This research is a big step

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• ]. Among them self-quenching and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) quenching are the most frequently used in self-assembled nanocarriers. An alternative possibility to avoid quenching is to mix the photosensitizer-conjugated polymer with a polymer without photosensitizers [82]. Interestingly, the

• -e6 is activated. In an original way, Huang et al. exploited FRET activation in a reverse manner [95]. The photosensitizer is covalently linked to a thermo-responsive hyperbranched polyether shell, which keeps it far away from the hyperbranched conjugated core. Upon NIR excitation of the core block

• stability in biological media, different conditions have been described, going from exposure to single proteins to the harshest one being fetal bovine serum (FBS). FRET follow-up has been often performed to examine the stability of polymeric self-assemblies and this review will only cite a few recent

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• tiles were separated by a helical turn, which triggered the switchable motion of the device through B-to-Z-form transition, and the relative changes in position and transformation were monitored by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique. Zhao and co-workers reported the design and

• condition, and therefore monitoring physiological pH values with high sensitivity is required. Our group designed a molecular beacon (LMB) DNA device appended with a FRET pair as pH sensing probe in cells [19]. The remarkable feature of the LMB probe was the structural transition from a closed (molecular

• complementary base pairs. Cy3 and Cy5 dyes acted as donor–acceptor FRET pair systems that were ligated at the 5' and 3' end of the duplex stem structure, respectively. Under normal physiological conditions, the closed hairpin structure of the LMB probe facilitated juxtaposition of the two dyes, followed by

Three-in-one approach towards efficient organic dye-sensitized solar cells: aggregation suppression, panchromatic absorption and resonance energy transfer

• Jayita Patwari,
• Samim Sardar,
• Bo Liu,
• Peter Lemmens and
• Samir Kumar Pal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1705–1713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.171

• absorption coefficients in the visible and NIR region of the solar spectrum and to probe the possibility of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the two dyes. FRET from the donor PPIX to acceptor SQ2 was observed from detailed investigation of the excited-state photophysics of the dye mixture

• , using time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements. The electron transfer time scales from the dyes to TiO2 have also been characterized for each dye. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics and the wavelength-dependent photocurrent measurements of the co-sensitized DSSCs reveal that FRET between the

• device performance with a chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) added to a SQ2-sensitized DSSC. Apart from increasing the absorption window, the FRET-induced enhanced photocurrent and the anti-aggregating behavior of PPIX towards SQ2 are crucial points that improve the performance of the co-sensitized DSSC

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• multicolour silica particles with or without Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). These different approaches are currently under investigation. Experimental Materials All syntheses and purification steps in aqueous solution were conducted in ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ·cm, MilliQ water purification system

The influence of phthalocyanine aggregation in complexes with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots on the photophysical properties of the complexes

• Irina V. Martynenko,
• Anna O. Orlova,
• Vladimir G. Maslov,
• Anatoly V. Fedorov,
• Kevin Berwick and
• Alexander V. Baranov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.94

• ]. It is proposed to use QDs as energy donors, providing “indirect excitation” of tetrapyrrole molecules through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), increasing the generation of singlet oxygen by tetrapyrrole molecules in complexes with QDs. Colloidal QDs are particularly suited to the role of

• QD. Thus, the conditions necessary for FRET to occur in QD–tetrapyrrole donor–acceptor pairs can be easily fulfilled. To date, several studies have demonstrated photoexcitation energy transfer in a variety of QD–tetrapyrrole systems by FRET, with efficiencies close to the theoretical limit for the

• donor–acceptor pair under consideration [15][16][17]. However, in many other QD–tetrapyrrole systems real FRET efficiency was significantly lower than was predicted by evaluation of donor–acceptor distance and spectral overlap integral between donor emission and acceptor absorption bands [9][18][19][20

Early breast cancer screening using iron/iron oxide-based nanoplatforms with sub-femtomolar limits of detection

• Dinusha N. Udukala,
• Hongwang Wang,
• Sebastian O. Wendel,
• Aruni P. Malalasekera,
• Thilani N. Samarakoon,
• Asanka S. Yapa,
• Gayani Abayaweera,
• Matthew T. Basel,
• Pamela Maynez,
• Raquel Ortega,
• Yubisela Toledo,
• Leonie Bossmann,
• Colette Robinson,
• Katharine E. Janik,
• Olga B. Koper,
• Ping Li,
• Massoud Motamedi,
• Daniel A. Higgins,
• Gary Gadbury,
• Gaohong Zhu,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 364–373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.33

• sequence. A second dye (cyanine 5.5) is permanently linked to the dopamine coating (Figure 1). This design enables both, plasmon-resonance quenching (SET) [20][21] and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) quenching [20][22] of the tethered TCPP units. Once TCPP is released via proteolytic cleavage of

• -resonance quenching (dipole–surface energy transfer (SET) [20][21]) from TCPP to Fe/Fe3O4 and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET [20][22]) from TCPP to cyanine 5.5. The latter is permanently tethered to the inorganic nanoparticle. For all of the employed consensus sequences, with the exceptions of

• central core/shell nanoparticle. For these specific consensus sequences, this effect exceeds the quenching effects (SET and FRET). Therefore, these two nanoplatforms show decreases of TCPP fluorescence upon cleavage. However, this decrease can still be utilized to measure the activities of uPA and MMP 9

In vitro interaction of colloidal nanoparticles with mammalian cells: What have we learned thus far?

• Moritz Nazarenus,
• Qian Zhang,
• Mahmoud G. Soliman,
• Pablo del Pino,
• Beatriz Pelaz,
• Susana Carregal-Romero,
• Joanna Rejman,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Reinhard Zellner,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus,
• James B. Delehanty,
• Igor L. Medintz and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1477–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.161

• the reductive capacity of glutathione (the cytosolic concentration of which is between 5 and 10 mM) may be used to displace a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) acceptor on the surface of the NP as confirmation of a successful NP localization to the cytosol [55]. Such experiments are in

An insight into the mechanism of charge-transfer of hybrid polymer:ternary/quaternary chalcopyrite colloidal nanocrystals

• Parul Chawla,
• Son Singh and
• Shailesh Narain Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1235–1244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.137

• across the donor–acceptor interface another possible mechanism of charge transportation could be energy transfer, i.e., the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the donor to the acceptor after excitation, which results in the generation of an exciton in the acceptor. This mechanism, however, can

Energy transfer in complexes of water-soluble quantum dots and chlorin e6 molecules in different environments

• Irina V. Martynenko,
• Anna O. Orlova,
• Vladimir G. Maslov,
• Alexander V. Baranov,
• Anatoly V. Fedorov and
• Mikhail Artemyev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 895–902, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.101

• quantum dots and chlorin e6 molecules form stable complexes that exhibit Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from quantum dots to chlorin e6 regardless of complex formation conditions. Competitive channels of photoexcitation energy dissipation in the complexes, which hamper the FRET process, were

• found and discussed. Keywords: chlorin e6; FRET; quantum dots; track membrane; Introduction During the last decade, photophysical properties of the complexes formed by colloidal quantum dots (QDs) and organic molecules, in particular, complexes of QDs and tetrapyrrole compounds, were widely

• extinction coefficient and high quantum yield of photoluminescence with the wavelength controlled by the QD size. It is very attractive to use QDs as an energy donor in complexes with organic molecules since the conditions for an effective FRET can be quite easily satisfied. For effective functioning of

Modulation of defect-mediated energy transfer from ZnO nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of bilirubin

• Tanujjal Bora,
• Karthik K. Lakshman,
• Soumik Sarkar,
• Abhinandan Makhal,
• Samim Sardar,
• Samir K. Pal and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 714–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.81

• ; Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET); neonatal jaundice; oxygen vacancy; photocatalysis; phototherapy; zinc oxide nanoparticles; Introduction Bilirubin (BR) is a yellow-orange pigment which is a byproduct of the normal heme catabolism in mammals. In the human body, 250–400 mg BR is produced every day

• . Furthermore, the defect-mediated emission of energy from the ZnO nanostructures can also effectively degrade various organic compounds in water through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) [15]. Hence, for an efficient photocatalysis system that is based on ZnO nanostructures, the control of such defect

• the defect-mediated emission from the ZnO nanoparticles. The emission is modulated through annealing of the nanoparticles, in order to improve the overall efficiency of the FRET process and hence to expedite the photocatalytic degradation of BR molecules. By using steady state and picosecond-resolved

Nanoscopic surfactant behavior of the porin MspA in aqueous media

• Ayomi S. Perera,
• Hongwang Wang,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 278–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.30

• of the dynamics of several proteins has been studied by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) [15][16][17]. This study was intended to demonstrate the potential of using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the measurement of zeta potentials when studying the supramolecular aggregation of proteins

Horizontal versus vertical charge and energy transfer in hybrid assemblies of semiconductor nanoparticles

• Gilad Gotesman,
• Rahamim Guliamov and
• Ron Naaman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 629–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.72

• observed linker-length dependency is counterintuitive. The theoretical distance (r)-dependent transfer rates for energy and charge transfer, in donor–acceptor systems, are well known [19][35][36][37][38]. The energy transfer rate, kET, in the case of the Förster mechanism (also referred to as FRET-dipole

• , besides a spectral overlap [7][40][41]. The second difference is that while FRET is a long-range transfer mechanism, the Dexter mechanism efficiency decays exponentially as a function of distance, and it is a short-range mechanism. The donor–acceptor transfer rates in the bilayer assemblies were

Distance dependence of near-field fluorescence enhancement and quenching of single quantum dots

• Volker Walhorn,
• Jan Paskarbeit,
• Heinrich Gotthard Frey,
• Alexander Harder and
• Dario Anselmetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 645–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.68

• fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) [1] between individual molecules, open up fascinating means to explore inter- or intramolecular distances [2], orientation [3], affinity and binding dynamics at the single-molecule level [4]. The combination of fluorescence with single-molecule manipulation

Room temperature excitation spectroscopy of single quantum dots

• Christian Blum,
• Frank Schleifenbaum,
• Martijn Stopel,
• Sébastien Peter,
• Marcus Sackrow,
• Vinod Subramaniam and
• Alfred J. Meixner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 516–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.56

• such as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pairs, fluorescent proteins and upconversion particles. Experimental We realized an instrument capable of single molecule excitation spectroscopy by combining a high power supercontinuum white light source (Fianium SC-400pp) with a grating spectrometer

Characterization of protein adsorption onto FePt nanoparticles using dual-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

• Pauline Maffre,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Faheem Amin,
• Wolfgang J. Parak and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 374–383, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.43

• mutual interactions, the C-terminal domain is kept in close proximity to the N-terminal helix bundle, contributing significantly to the stability of the lipid-free conformation [39]. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies have indicated that the inter-domain distance in solution is even smaller

• structures upon NP binding. However, the evidence from 2fFCS presented here is rather indirect. In future studies, we shall employ more structure-specific spectroscopic methods such as single-particle FRET, which may yield more detailed insights into the structural properties of the protein corona