Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• CoAl-LDH synthesis method. We thoroughly study the effects of the mass scale-up (25-fold: up to 375 mM) and the volumetric scale-up (20-fold: up to 2 L). For this, we use a combination of several structural (XRD, TGA, and N2 and CO2 isotherms), microscopic (SEM, TEM, and AFM), magnetic (SQUID), and

• layered hydroxide impurities are formed, indicating a phase competition during the precipitation related to the thermodynamic stability of the growing phases. Overall, this work demonstrates that it is possible to upscale the synthesis of high-quality hexagonal CoAl-LDH in a reproducible manner. It

• , reliable scaling methods that allow for the production of large quantities of two-dimensional LDHs with well-defined morphologies and high crystallinity are very scarce. Herein, we thoroughly study the scale-up of CoAl-LDH synthesis by a urea alkalization method. We explore both volumetric (increment in

Evaluation of electrosynthesized reduced graphene oxide–Ni/Fe/Co-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts towards the oxygen evolution reaction

• Karolina Cysewska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Marcin Zając,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 420–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.34

• OER catalyst of Gr/NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) was chemically fabricated on a GCE. The catalyst revealed an OER Eonset of 1.48 V vs RHE and η of 250 mV determined in 0.1 M KOH. Improved electron transport was provided by the graphene material in the catalyst structure. Enhanced OER catalytic

• performance was also obtained for electrodeposited NiFe LDH combined with GO on nickel foam (GO-NiFe-LDH) [12] and NiFe LDH combined with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on nickel foam (NiFe-LDH/RGO) [21]. The OER η was determined to be 119 mV and 150 mV determined at 10 mA·cm−2 in 1 M KOH for GO-NiFe-LDH and

• NiFe-LDH/RGO/NF, respectively. The efficient OER was associated with the presence of the electron interaction between the metal and graphene. The literature presents the possibility of improving OER performance of the electrode by combining Fe-, Ni- and/or Co-based oxides/hydroxides and GO instead of

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• can be easily grown on substrates to form nanoscale networks and perform well in MEGs due to their unique electron transport properties [2][47][48]. This includes Al2O3 [49], MoS2 [50][51], Ni–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) [52], MoS2/SiO2 composites [53], TiO2 [54], and Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets

• 4.0. (b, c) Cross-sectional SEM images of a Ni–Al LDH film. Figure 4b and 4c were adapted from [52]. This article was published in Nano Energy, vol. 70, by J. Tian; Y. Zang; J. Sun; J. Qu; F. Gao; G. Liang, “Surface charge density-dependent performance of Ni–Al layered double hydroxide-based flexible

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• to the outer cell surface (without activation of caspase 3) and also leakage of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the cells [55][56]. It has also been known that unmodified polyplexes can switch on the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by activating the box protein and therefore releasing the

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• . Cytotoxicity, using LDH and MTS assays and based on exposure concentrations was not significantly different when comparing NPs and Ag ions. Based on differential uptake, AgNPs were more toxic after normalizing toxicity to the amount of cellular Ag uptake. Our data highlights the importance of correct synthesis

• . However, for the AgNO3 treatment, this ratio increased in a dose-dependent manner (Table 2). Impact of PVP-AgNPs and Ag ions on viability and metabolic activity of PBMCs Cell membrane integrity as a marker for cell viability was measured by LDH release; a greater LDH release is an indication of more

• LDH release was detected at any concentration. Both PVP-AgNPs and AgNO3 increased the LDH release in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control (without Ag), beginning from 100 µg·L−1 (Figure 5a). No significant toxicity was observed at 10 µg·L−1 concentration. The LDH test for AgNO3-PVP showed a

Plant growth regulation by seed coating with films of alginate and auxin-intercalated layered double hydroxides

• Vander A. de Castro,
• Valber G. O. Duarte,
• Danúbia A. C. Nobre,
• Geraldo H. Silva,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Frederico G. Pinto,
• Willian R. Macedo and
• Jairo Tronto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1082–1091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.93

• layered compounds, emerges as a very promising approach to a new form of growth regulator application. Thus, the presented work had three aims: (i) the synthesis and characterization of an organic–inorganic hybrid material containing a layered double hydroxide (LDH) of zinc and aluminum and the synthetic

• auxin 1-naphthalenoacetic acid (ZnAl-NAA-LDH), (ii) the coating of bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with composite films produced from mixtures of alginate polymer and ZnAl-NAA-LDH, and (iii) the evaluation of the plant response by bioassays. The hybrid ZnAl-NAA-LDH was characterized by a set of

• germination rate and germination speed index of the seeds, as well as biometric analyses including measurements of root area, root fresh matter, and shoot length of the plants. The bioassay performed in soil pots showed that the alginate film containing ZnAl-NAA-LDH yields an enhancement regarding root area

Advanced hybrid nanomaterials

• Andreas Taubert,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2563–2567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.247

• concomitant intercalation of both a thermal and a photo-oxidation stabilizer endows polypropylene with remarkable resistance against thermal degradation and photo-oxidation [25]. In the same vein, the protection of the polymer using organo-modified LDH was addressed in “Outstanding chain-extension effect and

• high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides” [26]. However, this time with a “green aspect”, since the polymer studied is a bio-based polyester and the organo-modifying agent of the 2D-filler is an amino acid. The same host structure (i.e., LDH

• ) was employed in “Topochemical engineering of composite hybrid fibers using layered double hydroxides and abietic acid” [27]. In this work, a composite hybrid was formed using cellulose fibers with LDH particles growing on their surface and then covered by abietic acid. The fibers were tested against

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• spectrophotometric quantification of the LDH released in culture medium, using a commercial kit (Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), as previously described [43]. Human skin explant (HSE) culture Skin explants were prepared from the superfluous skin of healthy adult donors (18–60 years old). Breast or

• P10-TOC and NLC S10-TOC. The LDH release in the media was assessed 24 h after TOC treatment at the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 µM. As shown in Figure 4, no NLC cytotoxicity was observed with respect to control cells and no significant difference among the different NLCs was noticed

• ) and 90 (grey) days after production. Cytotoxicity of NLC T10-TOC (A), NLC C10-TOC (B), NLC P10-TOC (C) and NLC S10-TOC (D) evaluated by LDH release from HaCaT cells in the media after 24 h of treatment. Data are expressed as percentage LDH release as compared to the maximum release of LDH from Triton

Layered double hydroxide/sepiolite hybrid nanoarchitectures for the controlled release of herbicides

• Ediana Paula Rebitski,
• Margarita Darder and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1679–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.163

• coprecipitation step by assembling magnesium–aluminum layered double hydroxides (MgAl-LDH) and a sepiolite fibrous clay, with the simultaneous encapsulation of the herbicide 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) as the MgAl-LDH retains its ion exchange properties. The synthetic procedure was advantageous in

• comparison to the incorporation of MCPA by ion exchange after the formation of the LDH/sepiolite nanoarchitecture in a previous step, as it was less time consuming and gave rise to a higher loading of MCPA. The resulting MCPA-LDH/sepiolite nanoarchitectures were characterized by various physicochemical

• techniques (XRD, FTIR and 29Si NMR spectroscopies, CHN analysis and SEM) that revealed interactions of LDH with the sepiolite fibers through the silanol groups present on the outer surface of sepiolite, together with the intercalation of MCPA in the LDH confirmed by the increase in the basal spacing from

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• investigated and compared to filler-free PBS as well as LDH Mg2Al/nitrate as references. Both organo-modified LDHs exhibited a remarkable chain-extension effect for PBS with an outstanding increase in the zero-shear viscosity η0 for PBS–Mg2Al/PHE (two order of magnitude increase as compared to filler-free PBS

• ). These results were compared to data found in the literature. Moreover, HIS and PHE anions embedded into the LDH structure can successfully prevent the chain scission reactions that usually occur during photo-ageing of PBS under UV radiation exposure. This highlights the outstanding performance of the

• LDH hybrid materials, and in particular, their application as a polymer chain extender and UV stabilizer for PBS, which can likely be extended to other biodegradable polymers. Keywords: amino acid; layered double hydroxide; phenylalanine; polybutylene succinate; Introduction Polymer nanocomposite

Topochemical engineering of composite hybrid fibers using layered double hydroxides and abietic acid

• Liji Sobhana,
• Lokesh Kesavan,
• Jan Gustafsson and
• Pedro Fardim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 589–605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.60

• -precipitation of layered double hydroxide (LDH) was performed to grow LDH crystals on the surface of the cellulose fibers, followed by the immobilization of abietic acid (AA) on LDH-grafted cellulose. Here we aimed to benefit from the hydrogen bonding between –OH groups of cellulose and LDH, and the –COOH

• LDH-hybridized fibers (HF). The results revealed a variety of correlations between materials and their properties due to characteristic surface morphology, functional groups, hydrogen bonding and natural co-materials such as lignin and hemicelluloses. Attractive and repulsive van der Waals forces

• renewable material was combined with cellulose via a structure-directing agent, i.e., a layered double hydroxide (LDH). LDHs, inorganic ceramic materials carry symmetrically distributed charge centers/hydrogen bonds. This idea was the extrapolation of our earlier reported work, where introducing

A Ni(OH)₂ nanopetals network for high-performance supercapacitors synthesized by immersing Ni nanofoam in water

• Donghui Zheng,
• Man Li,
• Yongyan Li,
• Chunling Qin,
• Yichao Wang and
• Zhifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 281–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.27

• /MG-5 is not comparable to those of a 2D MoSe2-Ni(OH)2 nanohybrid electrode (90% retention after 3000 cycles at 2 A/g) [46] and a NiCo-LDH composite electrode (90% retention after 5000 cycles at 20 mA/cm2) [47], it exceeds most of the Ni(OH)2@Ni foam electrodes [14][42][48]. In order to explain the

• energy density is approximately three times larger than that of a thin-film lithium ion battery (1–12 mW h/cm3, 4 V/500 μAh) [52] and far exceeds that of a MnO2-Ni(OH)2/AB//active carbon asymmetric supercapacitor (3.62 mWh/cm3 at 11 mW/cm3) [39] and a NiCo-LDH//AC asymmetric capacitor (7.4 mWh/cm3 at 103

A novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified layered double hydroxide: preparation, characterization and properties

• Xianwei Zhang,
• Zhongzhu Ma,
• Hong Fan,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Jintao Wan and
• Philippe Dubois

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3053–3068, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.284

• showed that the silsesquioxane modified-LDH (OLDH) revealed an increase in the interlayer distance, nanoscale plate-like morphology of primary particles, and improved thermal stability. A synergistic effect between the siloxane moiety and Mg–Al hydroxide was found during thermal degradation, and

• confirmed by the study of degradation kinetics together with the analysis of the surface morphologies and elemental components of char residues. Moreover, in contrast to conventional organic modified LDH (e.g., dodecylbenzenesulfonate-LDH), the MCC results showed a significant decrease in the heat release

• any report on the use of POSS to intercalate LDHs. Aiming to develop an organically modified LDH with satisfactory thermal stability and low flammability, an octa-substituted carboxy-terminated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OCPS, Figure 1) was synthesized and originally employed to modify Mg

Co-intercalated layered double hydroxides as thermal and photo-oxidation stabilizers for polypropylene

• Qian Zhang,
• Qiyu Gu,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pinggui Tang,
• Dianqing Li and
• Yongjun Feng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2980–2988, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.277

• -dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]methyl]phosphonate] (Irganox 1425, MP-Ca) and a photo-oxidation stabilizer (hindered amine light stabilizer, HALS) are co-intercalated into the interlayer regions of layered double hydroxides (LDH) in a one-step coprecipitation. These hybrid organic–inorganic materials are

• LDHs intercalated with only HALS or MP. This underlines the benefit of the co-intercalation. The co-intercalated LDH materials pave a new way in designing and fabricating high-performance multifunctional additives for polymers. Keywords: co-intercalation; composites; layered double hydroxides; photo

• ]. More recently, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), a layered host–guest material, have emerged as promising inorganic nanocontainers for functional organic active species to enhance the thermal and photo-oxidation stability of interleaved organic species as well as to endow the polymer/LDH composites

Uniform cobalt nanoparticles embedded in hexagonal mesoporous nanoplates as a magnetically separable, recyclable adsorbent

• Can Zhao,
• Yuexiao Song,
• Tianyu Xiang,
• Wenxiu Qu,
• Shuo Lou,
• Xiaohong Yin and
• Feng Xin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1770–1781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.168

• (LDH). A uniform PDA coating initially covers the surface of LDH by dopamine self-polymerization under mild conditions. Well-dispersed Co nanoparticles are formed in the NPLs by the partial reduction of cobalt from Co2+ to Co0 with surface carbon during the heat treatment process. The surface

• in their framework has become a quite possible strategy for introduction of metal nanoparticles onto the support. The metal cations might migrate across the interlayer space during the thermal reduction process at high temperature due to the weak van der Waals forces between the interlayer of the LDH

• . Thus, LDHs possess great potential, serving as ideal precursors for the preparation of 2D TM-MCNs. To achieve the reduction of metal cations by carbon in LDH lattices, a suitable carbon precursor is required. Dopamine (DA), a small biomolecule containing both amino and catechol functional groups, can

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• environment and if so, on which time scale. None of the exposure conditions impaired the cell viability of J774A.1 after 24 h as shown by the LDH and trypan blue exclusion assays (Figure S15 and Figure S16, Supporting Information File 1). Live-cell LSM data revealed that both particle types appeared

• Morada 11 megapixel camera (Münster, Germany). Lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH) One millilitre of the supernatant of each experiment was collected and stored at 4 °C to determine cytotoxicity. Triton X (0.2% in unsupplemented RPMI) was used for cell lysis as a positive control. The supernatant of

• untreated cells was used as negative control. The LDH assay was performed with the Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany) according to the supplier's manual. Trypan blue exclusion assay The assay was carried out according to the manufacturer’s manual (Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim

Silicon microgrooves for contact guidance of human aortic endothelial cells

• Sara Fernández-Castillejo,
• Pilar Formentín,
• Úrsula Catalán,
• Josep Pallarès,
• Lluís F. Marsal and
• Rosa Solà

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.72

• cell adhesion and surface stability following the 3-amimoptopyl triethoxylane (APTES)–glutaraldehyde (GTA)–collagen sequence as described in Experimental section. Cytotoxicity of silicon substrates Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring LDH activity 24 h, 2 days, 3 days, 6 days and 7 days (D1–D7) after

• starting each set of experiments. The extent of cytotoxicity in each experimental condition was determined by a colorimetric assay that measures lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (The LDH Cytotoxicity Detection Kit; Roche Applied Science, Germany). LDH is an intracellular enzyme that is released to the

• extracellular media when the cellular membrane is compromised as a result of adverse conditions. In the present work LDH activity was measured in cell-free culture supernatants collected after 24 h, 2 days, 3 days, 6 days and 7 days of incubating the cells on silicon substrates. A blank control (cells seeded in

Intercalation and structural aspects of macroRAFT agents into MgAl layered double hydroxides

• Dessislava Kostadinova,
• Ana Cenacchi Pereira,
• Muriel Lansalot,
• Franck D’Agosto,
• Elodie Bourgeat-Lami,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Christine Taviot-Guého,
• Sylvian Cadars and
• Vanessa Prevot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2000–2012, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.191

• , BP32229 44322 Nantes cedex 3, France 10.3762/bjnano.7.191 Abstract Increasing attention has been devoted to the design of layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based hybrid materials. In this work, we demonstrate the intercalation by anion exchange process of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and three different

• hydrophilic random copolymers of acrylic acid (AA) and n-butyl acrylate (BA) with molar masses ranging from 2000 to 4200 g mol−1 synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, into LDH containing magnesium(II) and aluminium(III) intralayer cations and nitrates as

• counterions (MgAl-NO3 LDH). At basic pH, the copolymer chains (macroRAFT agents) carry negative charges which allowed the establishment of electrostatic interactions with the LDH interlayer and their intercalation. The resulting hybrid macroRAFT/LDH materials displayed an expanded interlamellar domain

Controlled supramolecular structure of guanosine monophosphate in the interlayer space of layered double hydroxide

• Gyeong-Hyeon Gwak,
• Istvan Kocsis,
• Yves-Marie Legrand,
• Mihail Barboiu and
• Jae-Min Oh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1928–1935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.184

• LDHs. The intercalation conditions such as GMP/LDH molar ratio and reaction temperature were systematically adjusted. When the GMP/LDH molar ratio was 1:2, which corresponds to the charge balance between positive LDH sheets and GMP anions, GMP molecules were well-intercalated to LDH. At high

• temperature (100 and 80 °C), a single GMP molecule existed separately in the LDH interlayer. On the other hand, at lower temperature (20, 40 and 60 °C), GMPs tended to form ribbon-type supramolecular assemblies. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the ribbon-type GMP assembly had an intermolecular

• was suggested that the geometrical restriction of molecules under the confined interlayer space of inorganics would aid the polymerization of biological molecules. Mann et al. intercalated two kinds of amino acids, aspartate and glutamate, into layered double hydroxide (LDH) to synthesize bioinorganic

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay (Thermo Scientific™ Pierce™ LDH Cytotoxicity Assay Kit). For the LDH assay, cells were seeded in 96-well plates and cultured at 37 °C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Six hours after cell seeding, the medium was replaced with the medium containing the microcapsules, with 1

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• lines. Additionally, we performed ATP and LDH assays to determine particle toxicity. Exceeding a certain concentration threshold the nanoparticles showed a high toxic potential both in the biochemical assay measurements and from morphological findings. We could not find any hint at the induction of

• : ATP depletion; calcium crystallization; cytotoxicity; endocytosis; HeLa cells; LDH; mesenchymal stem cells; morphology; necrosis; particle size; silica nanoparticles; TEM; Introduction Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiNPs) are used in a wide range of commercially available products to improve product

• to have a detailed look at the very moment of particle uptake, revealing a remarkable dependency of the observed morphologies on particle size. Alongside the EM analysis we applied confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), biochemical assays for LDH and ATP, flow cytometry, Caspase-3 western

An ISA-TAB-Nano based data collection framework to support data-driven modelling of nanotoxicology

• Richard L. Marchese Robinson,
• Mark T. D. Cronin,
• Andrea-Nicole Richarz and
• Robert Rallo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1978–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.202

• increase in “cell death”) obtained from cell based in vitro assays such as MTT, MTS, LDH, and colony forming unit (CFU) counting [97][98][99]. The “percent cytotoxicity” columns (“Measurement Value [mean(percent cytotoxicity)]”, “Measurement Value [standard deviation(percent cytotoxicity)]”) are designed

Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• ) and transferred to a new 96-well plate to measure the absorbance at 600 nm. Membrane integrity: The membrane integrity was determined as described in our previous studies [9][10][11]. 25 µL of the supernatant, collected from nanoparticle-exposed A549 in mono- as well as coculture, were used in the LDH

• CytoTox 96® non-radioactive cytotoxicity assay (Promega, G1780) to determine lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release following membrane disruption after 4 h exposure. The NP-dispersions were checked for assay-interferences in regard to the absorbance readings with the NP-dispersion alone and in combination

• ), did not detect a toxic effect for any of the concentrations of aSNP–COOH. Merely aSNP–plain and aSNP–NH2 showed a cell loss at a concentration of 100 µg/mL (80 ± 16% and 81 ± 13%). Figure 1C depicts the LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) release after aSNP treatment. The results obtained from this assay

Tailoring the ligand shell for the control of cellular uptake and optical properties of nanocrystals

• Johannes Ostermann,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Christopher Wolter,
• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Hauke Kloust and
• Horst Weller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 232–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.22

• ). First, a general investigation of the toxicity of various nanocontainers (QDs, iron oxide particles, differently sized and functionalized PI-b-PEG) was performed, using standard WST8- and LDH-assays. In a region between 0.1–1.0 µmol/L none of the tested constructs showed any toxicity or influence on the

Mechanical properties of MDCK II cells exposed to gold nanorods

• Anna Pietuch,
• Bastian Rouven Brückner,
• David Schneider,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Christina Rosman,
• Carsten Sönnichsen and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 223–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.21

• that have been focussed on. Cytoxicity of nanomaterial has been assessed by common cytotoxicity assays targeting enzymatic activity such as LDH, MTT and ECIS. So far, however, less attention has been paid to the mechanical parameters of cells exposed to gold particles, which is an important reporter on

• signaling, for both CTAB spheres and rods, we found within 24 h after treatment a reduction of mitochondrial activity (by MTS or LDH) as well as the activation of reactive oxygen species [13][25]. Cellular mechanics plays an important role in many biological processes comprising cell adhesion, migration