Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• pulse length for the iodide precursor, the SnI4–O3 process was, at first, examined in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) [17]. The QCM data were acquired with a Q-pod quartz crystal monitor (Inficon) at a stabilized reactor temperature of 300 °C. For the film growth for ex situ measurements

• application of sequential ALD cycles resulted in a continuous growth of solid film material, expressed by the mass sensor signal in arbitrary units. Monitoring the film growth by means of the QCM allowed for a fast determination of the metal precursor pulse length required for a nearly self-saturating

• adsorption process and maximized growth during a single cycle. It has, however, to be noted that a clear self-saturating adsorption process of the metal precursor was not recognized because the QCM signal did not fully stabilize at any metal precursor exposure time but continued to increase (Figure 2). A

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• Yinglin Ma Xiangyun Xiao Qingmin Ji Herbert Gleiter Institute for Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing, 210094, China 10.3762/bjnano.13.100 Abstract Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been widely used

• for various sensing applications, including chirality detection due to the high sensitivity to nanogram or picogram mass changes, fast response, real-time detection, easy operation, suitability in different media, and low experimental cost. The sensing performance of QCM is dependent on the surface

• QCM system, which include organic molecules, supermolecular assemblies, inorganic nanostructures, and metal surfaces. The sensing mechanisms based on these surface nanostructures and the related potentials for chiral detection by the QCM system are also summarized. Keywords: assembled nanostructure

Impact of fluorination on interface energetics and growth of pentacene on Ag(111)

• Qi Wang,
• Meng-Ting Chen,
• Antoni Franco-Cañellas,
• Bin Shen,
• Thomas Geiger,
• Holger F. Bettinger,
• Frank Schreiber,
• Ingo Salzmann,
• Alexander Gerlach and
• Steffen Duhm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1361–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.120

• [60] and vacuum-sublimed on clean metal surfaces (prepared by repeated Ar+ ion sputtering and annealing cycles [up to 550 °C]), with deposition rates of about 0.5 Å/min. The film mass thickness was monitored with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) near the sample, and a nominal thickness of 4 Å is

Growth of lithium hydride thin films from solutions: Towards solution atomic layer deposition of lithiated films

• Ivan Kundrata,
• Karol Fröhlich,
• Lubomír Vančo,
• Matej Mičušík and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1443–1451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.142

• chemistry, a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) system was installed behind the exit of the deposition setup with tubing of minimal length (2 cm), effectively allowing the deposition to occur on the QCM crystal as well. The waste pumped out of the QCM chamber was immediately neutralized with ethanol

• . Contamination was a major limiting factor in the deposition setup. Examples of difficulties due to contamination include the loss of BuLi precursor when small amounts of air got into the reaction flask, and the repeating failure of the QCM measurement due to clogging and subsequent seal failure. Therefore

• original film was indeed LiH. Growth behaviour QCM used during the deposition showed a linearly decreasing trend in frequency, clearly distinguishable from background noise (Figure 8). Moreover, the periodical changes also correspond to the changing cycles. The sharp increase in frequency during water

Ultrathin hydrophobic films based on the metal organic framework UiO-66-COOH(Zr)

• Miguel A. Andrés,
• Clemence Sicard,
• Christian Serre,
• Olivier Roubeau and
• Ignacio Gascón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 654–665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.65

• OPD/MOF ultrathin films have been fabricated onto glass, calcium fluoride, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), Si(100) substrates and mica and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM

• that were further characterized. CO2 adsorption studies In order to study the effect of the surfactant on the adsorption capacity of the MOF sMPs, CO2 adsorption studies were performed using the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based setup described in the experimental section. Drop-cast films of the

• Sauerbrey equation [43], Δf = −Cf·Δm, where Δf corresponds to the observed frequency change in Hz, Cf is the sensitivity factor of the QCM crystal (0.1834 Hz·ng−1·cm2, provided by the manufacturer) and Δm is the change in mass per unit area. The deposited mass of the film or drop-cast samples was determined

Biocompatible organic–inorganic hybrid materials based on nucleobases and titanium developed by molecular layer deposition

• Leva Momtazi,
• Henrik H. Sønsteby and
• Ola Nilsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 399–411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.39

• .; Eidet, J. R. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Part A 2018, 106, 3090–3098. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36499]. The growth was followed by in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements and all systems exhibited atomic layer deposition (ALD) type of growth. The adenine system has an ALD temperature window between

• , compared to uncoated glass coverslips using alamarBlue® proliferation assay [23]. The current contribution describes the growth of the films based on nucleobases in more detail. Results The growth dynamics of all three systems were investigated using in situ QCM, as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 and

• summarized in Table 1. We used two different approaches for the QCM investigations in these studies. When mapping for suitable pulsing and purging parameters, we applied a basis pulsing scheme of 1 s TTIP, 1 s purge, 2 s organic precursor, 1 s purge and varied one of these parameters while recording the

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

• , surface-force apparatus (SFA), and quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) experiments measure the system frictional response in terms of crucial, but averaged, physical quantities, colloidal friction provides an unprecedented real-time insight into the dynamical mechanisms at play in 2D contacts, excitingly

A comparative study of the nanoscale and macroscale tribological attributes of alumina and stainless steel surfaces immersed in aqueous suspensions of positively or negatively charged nanodiamonds

• Colin K. Curtis,
• Antonin Marek,
• Alex I. Smirnov and
• Jacqueline Krim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2045–2059, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.205

• to values in the range 0.05–0.1 for both stainless steel and alumina, while +ND suspensions yielded an increase in friction for stainless steel contacts but little to no increase for alumina contacts. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy

• (SEM) measurements were employed to assess nanoparticle uptake, surface polishing, and resistance to solid–liquid interfacial shear motion. The QCM studies revealed abrupt changes to the surfaces of both alumina and stainless steel upon injection of –ND into the surrounding water environment that are

• at this time in order for the field to progress and for accurate model predictions to be developed. QCM is emerging as an ideal tool for studying the fundamental mechanisms associated with nanoparticle lubrication [9]. While historically it was developed as a time standard and a deposition rate

Advances and challenges in the field of plasma polymer nanoparticles

• Andrei Choukourov,
• Pavel Pleskunov,
• Daniil Nikitin,
• Valerii Titov,
• Artem Shelemin,
• Mykhailo Vaidulych,
• Anna Kuzminova,
• Pavel Solař,
• Jan Hanuš,
• Jaroslav Kousal,
• Ondřej Kylián,
• Danka Slavínská and
• Hynek Biederman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2002–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.200

• Figure 3b. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) can measure the total mass flux of the NPs (neutral, positively and negatively charged) without any voltage applied to the grids. A highly positive or negative potential applied to the central grid repels the NPs of the opposite charge and allows the rest to

Formation of ferromagnetic molecular thin films from blends by annealing

• Peter Robaschik,
• Ye Ma,
• Salahud Din and
• Sandrine Heutz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1469–1475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.146

• of the molecule of interest. Experimental Organic thin films have been grown using a SPECTROS deposition chamber by Kurt J. Lesker Company with a base pressure of 3 × 10−7 mbar. During the co-deposition in total three quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) were utilised to achieve a one-to-one ratio of

• the molecules. Two QCMs monitored the deposition rate of each organic source and the combined rate was confirmed by a third QCM next to the substrates. The annealing procedure was carried out in a furnace (Carbolite HZS-12/900E) fitted with a 150 cm long quartz tube (3 cm outer diameter). For the

Impact of surface wettability on S-layer recrystallization: a real-time characterization by QCM-D

• Jagoba Iturri,
• Ana C. Vianna,
• Alberto Moreno-Cencerrado,
• Dietmar Pum,
• Uwe B. Sleytr and
• José Luis Toca-Herrera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 91–98, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.10

• (USP), Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP), Department of Chemistry, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.8.10 Abstract Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has been employed to study the assembly and recrystallization kinetics of

• : bacterial S-layers; Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D); recrystallization kinetics; surface wettability; Introduction Crystalline bacterial protein layers (S-layers) are arrays of (glyco)proteins (Mw of 40 to 200 kDa) forming the outermost envelope of prokaryotes, and represent

• obtained. The importance of such factors for the morphology and biological function of isolated proteins has been already shown in literature [16]. In this regard, the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has proven to be a powerful technique to follow in situ the binding of S

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of self-assembled thiol monolayers and supported lipid membranes on thin anodic porous alumina

• Marco Salerno,
• Amirreza Shayganpour,
• Barbara Salis and
• Silvia Dante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.8

• during the second step, were independently monitored by using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technique. The SLB membranes represent a simplified model system of the living cells membranes, which makes the successful observation of SERS on these films promising in view

• subscripts, SERS and Ref, indicate SERS and Raman measurements on tAPA–Au and on flat Au substrates, respectively. QCM-D characterization of adsorption A quartz microbalance Z500 (KSV Instruments, Finland) was used for the QCM-D experiments. Au coated AT-cut quartz crystals (QSense, Sweden) with a 5 MHz

• presence of 100 times lower laser power, a G of ≈250 at ≈1076 cm−1 and 500 at ≈1076 cm−1 is obtained for the thiol–lipid system of MbA–DOTAP and AT–POPC/POPS, respectively. QCM-D measurements The lipid adsorption process on Au was independently monitored by QCM-D technique. This method allows the

Monolayer graphene/SiC Schottky barrier diodes with improved barrier height uniformity as a sensing platform for the detection of heavy metals

• Ivan Shtepliuk,
• Jens Eriksson,
• Volodymyr Khranovskyy,
• Tihomir Iakimov,
• Anita Lloyd Spetz and
• Rositsa Yakimova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1800–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.173

• technology based on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to detect toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and lead in water and soil samples. The working principle of such detectors is based on the dependence of the frequency of a quartz crystal resonator on the concentration of the foreign

3D solid supported inter-polyelectrolyte complexes obtained by the alternate deposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)

• Eduardo Guzmán,
• Armando Maestro,
• Sara Llamas,
• Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez,
• Francisco Ortega,
• Ángel Maroto-Valiente and
• Ramón G. Rubio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 197–208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.18

• out between the rinsing and the deposition of the second polyelectrolyte layer following the above described procedure. For this purpose, the films were exposed to highly purified nitrogen flow after each adsorption–rinsing cycle. Dissipative quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) We have used a

• dissipative quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM-D) from KSV (Model QCM Z-500, Finland) for the study of the wet films, and an impedance/gain phase analyzer from Hewlett-Packard (HP4194A, U.S.A.) coupled to a QCM electrode for the study of the dry films. In similar manner as described in [19], the gold coated AT

• initially formed on the surface of the gold electrode of the quartz crystal, in order to obtain a charged substrate [19]. QCM-D provided the impedance spectra of the crystal for the fundamental resonance frequency and for its odd overtones, ν, up to 11 [26]. Ellipsometry An imaging null-ellipsometer from

Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

• Elena Dellacasa,
• Li Zhao,
• Gesheng Yang,
• Laura Pastorino and
• Gleb B. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 81–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.10

• . Both multilayer structures, with and without polymeric precursor, were firstly fabricated and characterized on planar supports. A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and ellipsometry were used to evaluate the thickness and

• quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) were used to monitor the step-by-step assembly and to evaluate the thickness and the mass of the multilayers. The use of ellipsometry to characterize the layer growth gave us information about the thicknesses of the films compared to the previously used QCM technique

• after synthesis and purification. QCM measurements As a first step, the LBL assembly of PEM and PLA polymers was carried out on QCM electrodes in order to monitor the effective multilayer growth. The QCM frequency shift, due to the deposition of material onto the electrode surface, was measured and the

Controlled graphene oxide assembly on silver nanocube monolayers for SERS detection: dependence on nanocube packing procedure

• Martina Banchelli,
• Bruno Tiribilli,
• Roberto Pini,
• Luigi Dei,
• Paolo Matteini and
• Gabriella Caminati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.2

• was monitored by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique as a function of GO bulk concentration. The experiment provided values of the adsorbed GO mass on the AgNC array and the GO saturation limit as well as the thickness and the viscoelastic properties of the GO film. Atomic force microscopy

• for the realization of efficient SERS substrates. Here we monitored the adsorption of GO onto AgNCs with a controlled step-by-step strategy by direct QCM monitoring of the adsorption process, a method that revealed both the mechanism and kinetics of the composite formation onto the AgNCs-covered SiO2

• procedure B. The data show that the LB layer transferred at 15 mN/m has an average thickness δ = 50 nm demonstrating the formation of a single layer of silver nanotubes. The surface density determined for QCM measurements for LB transferred directly on the QCN sensor was 41 NC/µm2 which resulted in an

Electrical characterization of single molecule and Langmuir–Blodgett monomolecular films of a pyridine-terminated oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) derivative

• Henrry M. Osorio,
• Santiago Martín,
• María Carmen López,
• Santiago Marqués-González,
• Simon J. Higgins,
• Richard J. Nichols,
• Paul J. Low and
• Pilar Cea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1145–1157, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.116

• microbalance (QCM). The frequency change (Δƒ) for a QCM quartz resonator before and after the deposition process was experimentally determined. This frequency change can be introduced in the Sauerbrey equation [95]: to determine the surface coverage. In Equation 1, f0 is the fundamental resonance frequency of

• characterized by π–A and Brewster angle microscopy, which revealed that this molecule can form true monomolecular films at the air–water interface. Atomic force microscopy images of LB films transferred at a surface pressure of 16 mN·m−1 revealed homogeneous films. QCM experiments demonstrated that

• QCM measurements were carried out using a Stanford Research System instrument and employing AT-cut, α-quartz crystals with a resonance frequency of 5 MHz having circular gold electrodes patterned on both sides. An Agilent 5500 SPM microscope was used for characterization of the electrical properties

Stiffness of sphere–plate contacts at MHz frequencies: dependence on normal load, oscillation amplitude, and ambient medium

• Jana Vlachová,
• Rebekka König and
• Diethelm Johannsmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.87

• frequency, tangential excitation of variable amplitude (0–20 nm). The contacts were established between glass spheres and the surface of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), where the resonator surface had been coated with either sputtered SiO2 or a spin-cast layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The

• closely related to what was reported in [28] and [29]. Differing from many experiments performed with AFM [30][31], the contacts here have a substructure and it is this substructure, which gives rise to the phenomena under discussion. Also, hysteresis is more important in QCM experiments than in AFM

• be tested easily. The experiments were undertaken with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The QCM is mostly known as a device for thickness determination, but it can equally well be employed to measure contact stiffness. In this regard, it is helpful to view the QCM as a shear wave reflectometer

Stick–slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate

• Nikolay Podgaynyy,
• Sabine Wezisla,
• Christoph Molls,
• Shahid Iqbal and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 820–830, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.85

• RHEED [26]. The given results reveal the coverage and the structure of adsorbed copper and sulfate anions on Au(111) and the potential regions at which the different structures can be observed. Gordon et al. [27] found a √3 × √3 copper structure in the 2/3 coverage region using X-ray and QCM methods

Conformal SiO₂ coating of sub-100 nm diameter channels of polycarbonate etched ion-track channels by atomic layer deposition

• Nicolas Sobel,
• Christian Hess,
• Manuela Lukas,
• Anne Spende,
• Bernd Stühn,
• M. E. Toimil-Molares and
• Christina Trautmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 472–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.48

• size of the analyzer, the ALD-treated foils were deposited on a gold-coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). To account for charging effects all spectra were shifted to the Si 2p emission of SiO2 at 103.3 eV [33]. Spectra were corrected for the Au background before C 1s and O 1s analysis. The applied

Mechanical properties of MDCK II cells exposed to gold nanorods

• Anna Pietuch,
• Bastian Rouven Brückner,
• David Schneider,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Christina Rosman,
• Carsten Sönnichsen and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 223–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.21

• the cell’s surface. Another aspect could be the collapse of the plasma membrane on the actin cortex. Particles coated with PEG do not show a significant change in elastic properties. This observation is consistent with QCM measurements that show a considerable drop in frequency upon administration of

• CTAB coated rods suggesting an increase in acoustic load corresponding to a larger stiffness (storage modulus). Keywords: atomic force microscopy; CTAB; gold nanorods; membrane tension; MDCK II cells; QCM; Introduction The interest in gold nanoparticles (NP) for biomedical applications in the field

• about cellular properties like the cytoskeleton or the plasma membrane [21]. Alternatively, mechanical properties of cells in response to nanoparticle exposure can be monitored time resolved by the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (D-QCM) [14][22][23]. The QCM-method records

The fate of a designed protein corona on nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo

• Denise Bargheer,
• Julius Nielsen,
• Gabriella Gébel,
• Markus Heine,
• Sunhild C. Salmen,
• Roland Stauber,
• Horst Weller,
• Joerg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 36–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.5

• experimental setups. Various techniques such as ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry), SPR (surface plasmon resonance), DCS (differential centrifugal sedimentation), QCM (quartz crystal microbalance), and FCS (fluorescence correlation spectroscopy) have been used to monitor the affinities of proteins for

Real-time monitoring of calcium carbonate and cationic peptide deposition on carboxylate-SAM using a microfluidic SAW biosensor

• Anna Pohl and
• Ingrid M. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1823–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.193

• microbalances with dissipation QCM-D [35]. Mass and viscosity changes can be continuously and simultaneously monitored in standardized systems, as long as the amplitude signal is strongly correlated with the viscosity of the fluid [36]. Recently, multichannel experiments became possible, enhancing the

Purification of ethanol for highly sensitive self-assembly experiments

• Kathrin Barbe,
• Martin Kind,
• Christian Pfeiffer and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1254–1260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.139

• sensitive for small and larger molecules, in contrast to SPR, second-harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy [35] and quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) experiments [36]. To employ this extremely sensitive technique for the determination of adsorption kinetics, we tested ethanol of several commercial