Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• typically has a Gaussian shape with long tails. This is caused by a combination of the Gaussian current distribution in the primary electron (PE) beam and the spatial distribution of scattered electrons, consisting of backscattered electrons (BSE) and secondary electrons originating from the PE beam (SE1

• beam energy of 5 keV was used to speed up the process since the deposit here is significantly thicker. As the exact position for carrying out the etching could not be determined in advance, an area approximately 60 nm wide and 600 nm long was exposed to a 5 keV electron beam and 1.6 nA current in the

• current, a pitch between exposure points of 5 nm, and a dwell time of 1 μs; the pattern was repeated for 3000 passes. The etching parameters were 20 keV, 3.2 nA, a pitch of 1 nm, a dwell time of 10 μs, and 35000 passes. It should be noted that for the etching process the electron beam current and

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• are indeed lacking the graphene atomic lattice structure in their interior. Spatially resolved spectroscopy of the differential conductance (dI/dV, I: tunneling current, V: bias voltage) and of the tuning fork resonance frequency change (Δf) further unravel marked differences between these two kinds

• and, presumably, coated with a Au film. The tip shape was further sharpened by single-atom transfers from the tip to the sample surface [31][32][33][34][35][36]. Topographic STM data were recorded in constant-current as well as constant-height modes with the bias voltage applied to the sample

• . Constant-height scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) of dI/dV was performed by sinusoidally modulating (5 mVrms, 725 Hz) the dc bias voltage and measuring the first harmonic of the ac current response of the tunneling junction with a lock-in amplifier. For AFM data acquisition, resonance frequency changes

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• diseases [13]. Current review articles have been published mainly focusing on the general mechanisms of the nanoantioxidants and their applications in various fields [14][15][16]. In addition to these works, this review tries to take a deeper look at nanoantioxidants and only focuses on the mechanisms of

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• constrictions at the end of the active device area were used to measure the potential drop across the device area. The measurements were done in constant current mode, and the voltage drop across the squared central area was measured at each strain value. NCG was grown by spin coating S1805 at 4000 rpm

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• ion beam fell was kept larger (1 × 1) cm2 to allow for the simultaneous irradiation of both samples (Si and Ge). The time was calculated using Equation 2: where ϕ is the ion fluence in ions/cm2, A is the area of the sample in cm2, and I is the current in particle per nanoampere. The ion fluence was

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• oscillatory manner by the magnetic field in the nanowire-based devices. We present a toy model to qualitatively explain these observations. Keywords: AAO template; critical current; multilayered magnetic nanowires; spin-transfer torque; three-dimensional devices; Introduction Spin-transfer torque (STT) has

• a nonmonotonic dependence between the critical current of STT-assisted resistance changes and the strength of the external magnetic field in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowire devices with arbitrary sequence of magnetic and nonmagnetic sections along the long axis of the nanowires. The STT devices were

• mV) added to a DC bias voltage at a frequency of 4531 Hz. A four-point measurement was used to exclude the effects of the cabling. A positive current is defined such that the electrons flow from the top electrode to the bottom electrode. A magnetic field was applied perpendicular to the nanowires

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• to their reduced form, and a small change in the stoichiometric ratio is sufficient for a significant change in the material’s work function [42]. Next, a series of NS-WOx/p-Si heterojunctions was constructed to investigate how the above variation in physicochemical properties influences the current

• after annealing as a function of the WOx thickness. A schematic of the measurement configuration is presented in the inset of Figure 6a. An increase in current is apparent as the thickness increases (up to 30 nm). For instance, the current at +1 V increases from 0.1 to 1 mA as the thickness increases

• in thickness to 60 nm saturates the overall current increment due to the dominant effect of series resistance in thicker films (i.e., for 60 nm). Another aspect to note from the I–V curves is that a drastic rise in current (about one order of magnitude) is seen when the film thickness increases from

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• benznidazole. Nanomedicines reduce toxicity and increase the effectiveness of current oncological therapies. Could nanomedicines improve the treatment of the neglected CD? This question will be addressed in this review, first by critically discussing selected reports on the performance of benznidazole and

• other molecules formulated as nanomedicines in in vitro and in vivo CD models. Taking into consideration the developmental barriers for nanomedicines and the degree of current technical preclinical efforts, a prospect of developing nanomedicines against CD will be provided. Not surprisingly, we conclude

• preclinical anti-CD nanomedicines [3]). But how realistic is thinking of nanomedicines to treat CD? To answer this elemental question, selected preclinical reports will be thoroughly discussed in this review. Then, by addressing current contexts and directions of nanomedical advances, the idea of using

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• based on elliptical particle shape. Based on current knowledge, sample preparation appears to be the most likely source of error, and the more dispersion and dilution steps involved, the smaller the observed particle size. This is related to the higher stability of nanoparticles in stabilised

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• reduction of current paths between the Au islands. This reduction in the number of effective Au bridges that can electrically connect the ruptured film portions under high strain results in a rapid increase in total resistance. Figure S3 (Supporting Information File 1) illustrates the measurement of

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• uncontrolled proliferation of aberrant cells, which can spread to diverse body regions, encompassing over a hundred distinct forms [1][2]. Current cancer treatments lack a complete approach, as they mostly rely on radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery in clinical environments [3]. While these

• drug delivery systems to formulate more effective cancer treatments, thereby addressing the current limitations encountered within this field of study. Functional nanostructures have been designed to mitigate potential harm to healthy tissue caused by these techniques [6]. Additionally, they facilitate

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• kinetic inductance also comes with intrinsic nonlinearity, or current dependence of the inductance, which enables low-noise microwave parametric amplification [20]. Different materials studied in the literature include niobium nitride (Nb-N) [21][22], titanium nitride (Ti-N) [23][24], niobium titanium

• -state resistance in geometry with many squares, that is, a long and narrow strip. For a given total inductance L, the meandering structure allows for a physically compact shape. A larger L also leads to a larger maximum number of intra-cavity photons nc for a given current I, where the total current

• through the inductor is limited by the critical current Ic, also set by material choice and physical dimensions. From Equation 5, we can increase nc for a given material by, again, making the nanowire longer or narrower, or by increasing Lk,□ through a thinner film. However, longer and narrower nanowires

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• changes to AS1C ≫ BC ≥ BLAC ≥ ALAC > AS2C ≈ BSA. A comparable affinity ranking is also now observed for aluminum surfaces (80 nm) studied in current work: AS1C ≫ BC ≥ BLAC ≥ ALAC > AS2C ≈ BSA. Conclusion In this work, we applied a multiscale computational model to study the adsorption of milk solids on

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• heat and accumulated charges). The samples were irradiated facing the beam inside a vacuum chamber (10−8 mbar) at room temperature. The projectile flux was deduced from the current measured continuously during irradiation on the four slits used to limit and define the irradiation field. Before

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• graphene films, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Most of the current techniques are based on multistep processing. For example, ultranarrow graphene nanoribbons can be formed with the so-called meniscus-mask lithography [7] or nanospheres lithography [8], although positioning and

• current of 4 nA and a beam energy of 5 kV using the selected values of the dwell times (1 μs, 10 μs, 100 μs) and doses (400 nC/μm2, 200 nC/μm2, 100 nC/μm2), the pitch point value corresponded to 13 nm. Figure 1 presents the obtained results using several techniques for morphological and topographical

• AFM imaging without any additional exposure to the electron beam (apart from the etching process and short SEM inspection in HV mode using an extremely low current of 2.1 pA) prior to those measurements. As shown in Figure 2B, there is an apparent variation of the etched linewidth due to different

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• determined in a wide frequency range from 10−1 to 106 Hz at room temperature. The amplitude of the alternating current signal was set to 0.1 V. The ZView software was used to analyze the recorded impedance spectra. Results and Discussion UV–vis spectroscopy The pure quantum dots exhibit absorption in the

• QDs in ternary systems. Information about the materials taken from measurements was entered into the material database of GPVDM. A customized blend of P3HT:PC71BM was also used in the simulations. Simulations of current and voltage characteristics were performed (Figure 11). The change in performance

• in the millivolt region. The biggest change in performance concerned the short-circuit current. Conclusion Absorption spectra of the studied QDs indicate the role of a second acceptor (non-fullerene acceptor [62]) in the heterojunction volume. We may also consider QD materials as donors. By

Enhanced feedback performance in off-resonance AFM modes through pulse train sampling

• Mustafa Kangül,
• Navid Asmari,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Marcos Penedo and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.13

• experiments. Although this introduces an additional integral gain parameter to adjust, it allows for individual tuning of gain values, providing more flexibility. It would be possible to use only one integral gain, linking the second one by the ratio of the two time constants. In the current implementation of

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• correct hPAAO values. The onset of the stable thickness capture mode coincided with the beginning of the plateau observed in the anodization current kinetics curve (Figure 3a), which corresponds to the steady-state growth of PAAO [7]. While the primary focus of this study is on producing sub-wavelength

• works [21]. However, for short anodization times (thin PAAO films, hPAAO < 300 nm) the relationship may no longer be linear, and the current kinetic curves may exhibit variability among different samples [10]. To confirm the accuracy of the thickness measurements and assess the consistency of the PAAO

• electrolyte [34][35] after prolonged anodization times. However, during the first 2–3 min the barrier layer thickness can vary substantially [36], potentially attributed to changes of current density [35] and local temperature [19]. Furthermore, the barrier layer is not flat and contains some amount of

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• )) on Raphanus sativus (radish) with respect to seedling growth and two plant metabolites, serves as the foundational bedrock upon which the current study was built [19]. The insights and discoveries obtained from our earlier research, where a concentration of 10,000 mg/L of raw HANPs had no toxic

• work of Mr. N.H. Madanayake, NMA and NS on the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus seedling growth and plant metabolites has influenced the current study. The graphics of the graphical abstract were created using the software IbisPaintX and designed by Adobe Illustrator. This

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• conduction paths, as manifested by a higher yield of catalyst particles. The potential required to drive a 10 mA/cm2 OER current density using the hydrogel with a higher amount of conductive particles compared to catalyst particles (MCO/cCB equal 1:7.5) is 1.73 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE

• overpotentials at the standard current density value of 10 mA/cm2. Also, hydrogel samples with conductive carbon particles in their three-dimensional structure (Hgel-cCB 3x, Hgel-cCB 6x) and without MCO catalyst particles, showed almost flat polarization curves, which made it impossible to determine the

• )porphyrin hydrogel) and PPy/FeTCPP/Co catalyst at 10 mA/cm2 current density, and in 0.1 M KOH, were 1.74 and 1.61 versus RHE, respectively (the catalyst loading equals to 0.3 mg/cm2) [55]. The analysis of , , and hydrogel catalysts in 1 M KOH for the OER process showed that the overpotential at a current

Josephson dynamics and Shapiro steps at high transmissions: current bias regime

• Artem V. Galaktionov and
• Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 51–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.5

• transparent superconducting nanojunctions at subgap voltages and temperatures. In this limit, intrinsic dissipation in such junctions turns out to be sub-Ohmic, which yields a linear dependence of the average voltage on the bias current I slightly exceeding the critical one Ic. We demonstrate a strong impact

• junctions is the presence of coherent current oscillations with the fundamental frequency ωJ = 2 eV/ℏ, where V is the voltage applied to the junction and −e is the electron charge. Under the influence of external microwave radiation with frequency ω, current jumps appear on the junction I–V curve, which are

• , equivalently, ω = (k/n)ωJ, where k and n are positive integer numbers. The values k ≥ 2 correspond to the presence of higher harmonics of the Josephson current emerging because of a possibly non-sinusoidal current–phase relation, whereas the numbers n ≥ 2 account for multiphoton processes, which may become non

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• (UPE), 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.15.4 Abstract Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that has affected more than 350 million people worldwide and can manifest itself in three different forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral. Furthermore, the current treatment options

• disease continues to be of utmost importance [9]. Current studies have highlighted curcumin as a promising antiparasitic alternative [10]. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a yellow polyphenol extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, popularly known as turmeric [11][12][13]. This molecule presents a

• [116][117]. Current studies have directed the use of metallic nanoparticles such as silver and gold nanoparticles against Leishmania sp. [118]. As silver and gold nanoparticles can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Leishmania is known to be extremely sensitive to these compounds, these have

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• measured with YBCO Josephson Junction oscillators show narrow peaks at 205 GHz for the 210 GHz array and at 225 GHz for the 240 GHz array; the separation of these two frequency bands is clearly visible. The noise equivalent power level at an operating point in the current bias mode is 5 × 10−16 W/√Hz

• channels, one main channel at 145 GHz with 30% bandwidth, and two auxiliary channels at 210 GHz with 20% bandwidth and at 240 GHz with 10% bandwidth [3]. It is planned that multimodal TESs with spider-web antennas will be used as detecting elements in the current implementation of this project [8]. These

• of numerical simulation. The aim of the optimization was to bring the absorption bandwidth in line with the current requirements for the LSPE receiving system. According to these requirements, the width of the absorption line should be 20% of the operating frequency for the 210 GHz channel and 10% of

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• Technological Innovation Laboratory - Department of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Institute, R. Frei Caneca, 94, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.15.2 Abstract Schistosomiasis causes over 200,000 deaths annually. The current treatment option, praziquantel, presents limitations, including low

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• yielded deposits with high gold content, ranging from 45 to 61 atom % depending on the beam current and on the cleanliness of the substrates surface. Keywords: dissociative electron attachment; dissociative ionization; focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID); gold deposit; low-energy electrons

• electron beam energy and current, the substrate material, the environment inside the deposition chamber, and the composition of the precursor [14][15][16][17]. Heretofore, various chemical vapor deposition (CVD) precursors have been applied for FEBID depositions. For gold nanostructures, these include, for

• by the quantum chemical calculations. However, in one specific channel in the DI gas-phase study, a significant retention of the phosphorous at the gold precursor was found indicating significant surface effects. In the current study, we extended this approach to investigate the deposition of Au