Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• strategy for treating inflammatory diseases. Recently, Kim et al. introduced ultrasmall antioxidant cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) with strong SOD and CAT activities, which were used to decrease ROS levels and suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β) in macrophages. CeONPs

• intracellular ROS scavenging and anti-inflammatory capability for curing acute lung injury [95]. Fe-Cur NPs acted as an anti-inflammatory agent by downregulating the level of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), suppressing NF-κB signaling pathways, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasomes, and reducing

• capability and were used to decrease the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, at the inflammatory sites. As another example, an alendronate-coated nanoceria (CeAL) nanozyme was reported by Zhou et al. for both ROS and RNS scavenging [107]. Other RNS scavenging nanomaterials such as

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• hypertrophy and parasite load, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and the levels and activities of cardiopathogenic biomarker enzymes and cytokines/chemokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CCL5), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and inducible enzymes (cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase) implicated

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• cytotoxicity observed in in vivo studies. Hence, chitosan-based nanoparticles are a good strategy for drug delivery intended to treat leishmaniasis. This polymer can stimulate macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, as they bind to receptors present in the cells of the immune system [106]. In this

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• leukocyte diapedesis and produce inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Figure 1). The factors secreted by the endothelium also include angiokines, which affect the parenchymal cells, thus conditioning the functioning of entire organs. Endothelial cells play

• common causes of cell damage including endothelium damage [6][14]. An increased ROS concentration closely correlates with the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whose participation has been confirmed to increase endothelial permeability. Histamine and bradykinin are among the pro-inflammatory

• cytokines known to increase endothelial permeability. Moreover, modulators that stimulate endothelial permeability include thrombin, angiopoietins (Ang1, Ang2), bacterial endotoxin (LPS), and VEGF (vascular permeability factor). The main mechanism of action of the above modulators is based primarily on the

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• -target effects that may generate systemic cytokines, activate complements, and intensify the frequency of the side effects. A multifunctional envelope-type nanodevice (MEND

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• mediators [19]. Interestingly, it was revealed that subjects with AAT deficiency suffer from increased activation of neutrophils, levels of cytokines, and inflammation, and that AAT administration can slow down a decrease in insulin production during diabetes [20][21]. A few poly (ᴅ,ʟ-lactide-co-glycolide

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• enzymes by chondrocytes [63][64]. Anti-inflammatory drugs can be used as a primary strategy to suppress inflammatory cytokines to ameliorate OA, particularly inflammatory arthritis. For instance, celecoxib-loaded hyaluronan nanocapsules showed excellent potential in the management of osteoarthritis by

• prolonging the drug residence time. The intra-articular administration of these nanocapsules in a rat model of OA remarkably decreased knee swelling and improved cartilage repair [65]. In another study, to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflamed cartilage, researchers designed poly

• (NIPAm-AMPS) NPs for the delivery of cell penetrating anti-inflammatory peptides, which selectively target defective sites [66]. In this study, the results showed that an anti-inflammatory peptide-loaded NP could selectively and effectively reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines within the

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• cytokines of carrageenan was carried out using human intestinal cells (HCT-8 and HT-29) [108]. Also, carrageenan, due to the SO3− groups, showed interaction with positively charged quaternary ammonium surfactants [109]. However, this sulfated oligosaccharide is yet to realize its full potential in the field

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• macrophages to produce activated ISGs and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins (IL-6, IL-8) [76][115][116][117]. Several studies have shown that AgNPs can act against various types of viruses, viz. human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) [111][118], monkeypox virus (MPV) [112], herpes simplex

• and uptake by the cells, as shown in Figure 7 [102], and they showed a potent ability to activate macrophages to produce ISGs and pro-inflammatory cytokines [115]. Toxicity of AgNPs For a long time, silver was considered a safe antibacterial agent. The only reported side effect was argyria, which is a

• detected. In addition, no significant changes were observed regarding reactive pulmonary oxygen species or in the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines [130]. The Australian health agency reports on the oral toxicity of AgNPs say that: “Studies report low toxicity in rats, mice and guinea pigs after

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• anti-inflammatory cytokines. Despite the increased usage of and the likely increased exposure to AgNPs, there is a lack of quantitative analysis of bio-uptake and potential cytotoxicity in PBMCs after exposure to well-characterized AgNPs. A number of studies have investigated the bioavailability and

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• function of cytokines in the immune response of insects using the Bombyx mori silkworm as a model. It was shown that the activation of a paralytic peptide resulted in cellular and humoral immune responses, which contribute to the host defense in the silkworm Bombyx mori [96]. It was also reported that β

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• recognizing intracellular toll-like receptors [45][58][59], or the expression of cytokines and chemokines, which activate infiltrated neutrophils in the tumor producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) [60]. The virus could also modulate and recruit CD8 + T cells, and natural killer cells to generate a cytotoxic

Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier

• Aniela Bittner,
• Angélique D. Ducray,
• Hans Rudolf Widmer,
• Michael H. Stoffel and
• Meike Mevissen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 941–954, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.95

• , oxidative stress and an increase in inflammatory cytokines in dopaminergic neuron-like cells. In vivo intranasal administration of these NPs corroborated these findings and showed localization of Si-NPs mainly in the striatum and hippocampus [13]. As LTS finds its application in vessels of the brain, the

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• are considered to be innate immune cells residing in brain. Once they are activated by exogenous substances, pro-inflammatory cytokines are released to induce neuro-inflammation [27][28]. TiO2 NPs acting as a stimulus were able to activate microglia cells. Su et al. [29] treated mice with TiO2 NPs by

• injection, neuro-inflammation was not directly induced by Ti accumulation in the brain, but instead was indirectly stimulated by cytokines or pro-inflammatory mediators in systemic circulation. Hong et al. [56] demonstrated that the decreased cell viability of primary hippocampal neurons was associated with

Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• the Nalp3 inflammasome, thus initiating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines [37]. Phospholipids such as DPPC are also a crucial component of lung surfactant. Other studies reported that the aSNP-silanol-phospholipid interaction or even aSNP in aqueous solutions have the potential to initiate

• and without Alveofact® to a similar extent, which addresses the hypothesis of a minor membrane perturbation/ disruption, which is sensed by the Nalp3 inflammasome, initiating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such al IL-1β, followed by IL-8 [37]. Again, these observations suggest that

Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells: polymeric nanoparticle uptake and lineage differentiation

• Ivonne Brüstle,
• Thomas Simmet,
• Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Volker Mailänder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 383–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.38

• the differentiation potential or secretion profile of, for example, cytokines. The evaluation of these risks is a milestone for the combination of nanomaterials with stem cells. One of the most widely studied stem cell populations is undoubtedly the human hematopoietic stem cell (hHSC), which has been

• toxicity (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). Cytokine secretion of hMSCs and hHSCs To determine if the polymeric nanoparticles have an impact on the cell functionality, IL-6 und IL-8 were chosen as they have been reported to be secreted by hMSCs [21][22]. The concentration of these two cytokines

• process [9]. For polymeric nanoparticles and hHCSs, there are no studies currently available to the authors’ knowledge. Since hMSCs constantly secreted IL-6 and IL-8 [21][22], we therefore investigated these two cytokines. Whereas the secretion of IL-6 was not influenced at all by the polymeric

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

• Stephanie Hirn,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Matthias Epple,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Markus Rehberg and
• Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

• polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated Ag-NPs under submerged culture conditions in vitro. ZnO-NPs (NM110) served as ‘soluble’ and quartz particles (Min-U-Sil) as ‘non-soluble’ control particles. After 4 and 24 h, the cell viability and the release of proinflammatory cytokines was measured. In addition, multiphoton

• types and concentrations need to be tested in further studies. Keywords: cytokines; cytotoxicity; ex vivo; lung slices; nanoparticles; Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs) are defined as materials with one dimension between 1–100 nm that occur naturally or anthropogenically. The class of synthetic NPs can

• , PCLS did not react with the release of proinflammatory cytokines upon exposure to the particles at the concentrations tested here. The low cytotoxic response to Ag-NPs, the absent cytotoxic response to quartz particles, and also the non-existent inflammatory response to all particles are in contrast to

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• interactions between proteins in media may occur in a concentration-dependent manner and influence the particle–cell interactions, which is supported by our previous findings on the different aggregation behaviors of particles in biological media. Changes in the release of inflammatory cytokines and cell cycle

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• /RISK” of high polymer DDMC/PTX [49]. It is known that the TLR3/TICAM-1 pathway of M1 macrophages in a tumor is the key to TNF-α production [50]. PTX reportedly affects the native or acquired immune response, thereby inducing M1 macrophages, which secrete NO and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β

• enzyme, a very small amount of proinflammatory cytokines must be released, leading to M2 macrophage differentiation. It seems that it is not very rare to receive useless inflammatory signals in an enzyme reaction model. From another point of view, it is imagined that the production of M2 macrophages by

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• , i.e., oxidative stress and different pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, were observed. Compared to a representative lung deposition attributable to occupational exposure of 5–100 nm silver nanoparticles calculated after 24 h, as described by Gangwal et al. [131], an expected deposited dose in

Biocompatibility of cerium dioxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles with endothelial cells

• Claudia Strobel,
• Martin Förster and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1795–1807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.190

• -inflammatory and pro-thrombotic impact of CeO2 nanoparticles and intracellular ROS generation after CeO2 nanoparticle exposure In order to identify the pro-inflammatory impact of CeO2 nanoparticles, the release of three different cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and

• was used (0.2% FBS), since the serum itself could contain cytokines. After the corresponding incubation time, the cell culture supernatants were collected and stored at −80 °C until the human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed using commercially available kits addressing MCP-1

In vitro and in vivo interactions of selected nanoparticles with rodent serum proteins and their consequences in biokinetics

• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Stefanie Fertsch-Gapp,
• Martin Schäffler,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Christian Pfeiffer,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Manuela Semmler-Behnke,
• Matthias Epple and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1699–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.180

• twenty-four hours the viability of the PCLS was tested by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analysis for cell membrane damage and a WST-1 assay for mitochondrial activity in the cell culture supernatant as well as the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin

• -inflammatory cytokines of PCLS exposed to either AgNP or dissolved Ag or mixtures of both. The LDH release of PCLS increased significantly when the rats were instilled with the aqueous supernatants of AgNP centrifugation compared to PCLS of untreated control rats (Figure 7). Consistently, LDH was also

• /digested intracellularly probably faster than the engulfed AgNP that formed Ag+ ions or other reactive Ag species, which apparently caused the increased LDH release and the release of both cytokines [9][27]. Interestingly, instilled silver acetate showed a similar trend as the suspension of the six-month

Silica nanoparticles are less toxic to human lung cells when deposited at the air–liquid interface compared to conventional submerged exposure

• Alicja Panas,
• Andreas Comouth,
• Harald Saathoff,
• Thomas Leisner,
• Marco Al-Rawi,
• Michael Simon,
• Gunnar Seemann,
• Olaf Dössel,
• Sonja Mülhopt,
• Hanns-Rudolf Paur,
• Susanne Fritsch-Decker,
• Carsten Weiss and
• Silvia Diabaté

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1590–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.171

• NPs. The medium was also analysed for the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-6. Figure 8 shows, that the electrical field and the exposure to clean air had no effect on IL-8 release. The results at the ALI were qualitatively comparable with those obtained under submerged conditions

• without HEPES at 37 °C and 95% humidity and analysed after 24 h. Post-incubation was performed submerged in order to allow optimal release of cytokines into the apical compartment. For comparison, cells grown in Transwell inserts were simultaneously treated under submerged conditions in serum-free RPMI

Mimicking exposures to acute and lifetime concentrations of inhaled silver nanoparticles by two different in vitro approaches

• Fabian Herzog,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Sandor Balog,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Matthias Epple,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1357–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.149

• . As a release of cytokines could not be detected with ELISA we assume that this is a transient and acute effect, which decreases to normal levels within a short time. Dependent on how NPs are applied, i.e., either by submerged or ALI conditions, different toxicological results can be obtained [60

• proliferation and migration (chemotaxis) both decreased, and the release of cytokines was affected. Increased IL-8 and decreased IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were detected at high Ag NP concentrations [65]. These studies however, were obtained with human mesenchymal stem cells