Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape

• Samuel M. Sousa,
• Helane L. O. Morais,
• Joyce C. C. Santos,
• Ana Paula M. Barboza,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Elisângela S. Pinto and
• Mariana C. Prado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 68–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.8

• materials in an appropriate liquid medium. To exfoliate a material of interest, it must be reduced to a fine powder and mixed with a liquid that serves as an exfoliation medium. The solution is exposed to a mechanical energy source that leads to the delamination of the material, resulting in a suspension of

• leads to delamination of its layers. After exfoliation, the sample is centrifuged to separate non-exfoliated flakes from nanometer-sized flakes, and the supernatant is collected for further analysis. Atomic force microscopy images of the samples produced employing the four different media under

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• . For composites with plastic-fragile and fragile behavior, the ISE is caused by involving and developing delamination and cracking with increasing load (Figure 6), which leads to the relaxation of stress in the deformation zone and, as a result, to the decrease of hardness. SBF testing and bioactivity

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• transparency due to the exfoliation of stacking layers of GO. This suggests an increased surface area due to delamination of graphene layers (thickness of about one to a few layers) by electrochemical reduction. The high-resolution TEM of ERGO shows a d-spacing of 0.413 nm (Figure 3E), indicating a reduced

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• power of 100 mW were selected after process optimization to reduce MN fabrication time and delamination from the substrate. GWL files are then imported to NanoWrite software (Nanoscribe GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany), which is synced with NanoScribe to initiate the polymerization. The IP-S negative-tone

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• irradiation-induced defects and implanted ions [79][80][82][83][86][87], and at higher doses, the subsurface swelling that results in blistering and delamination [84] (Figure 3d), which for deployment of a material in a reactor needs to be avoided [80][82][83][84][85]. Returning to silicon, the nanomechanical

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• . synthesized large-scale 2D Mo2CTx from Mo2Ga2C powder by etching gallium (Ga) selectively with the aid of two etchants, hydrogen fluoride (HF) and lithium fluoride (LiF)/HCl, with subsequent delamination. The morphology of the developed flakes differed with the used etchant. After using LiF/HCl as etchant

• stability [36]. Xu et al. developed an rGO/Ti3C2Tx MXene-based supercapacitor. The rGO/Ti3C2Tx films were synthesized using vacuum-assisted filtration of rGO/Ti3C2Tx. The supercapacitor showed specific capacitance values up to 405 F·g−1. The approach used here eliminated the requirement of a delamination of

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• that of pure FTO is higher than three. This means that there are B-type defects in the barrier film. These defects cause not only the delamination of the Al2O3 film from the FTO substrate, but also a slowdown of the charge-transfer kinetics (accompanied by a strong increase in ΔEpp). The Table 1 shows

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• -plane features, at the nanoscale, of the pre-deposited films. Ion irradiation of the Au-coated samples results in delamination, bulging, and perforation of the Au film, which is attributed to the accumulation of gases from radiolysis at the film–substrate interface. The irradiation with Ne+ and Ga+ ions

• [4], the results shown in this work demonstrate that for samples coated with 5 nm Pt60Pd40 films, extensive delamination and bulging of the Au film from the substrate surface are observed in the irradiated cells and in the regions surrounding the cells. This is seen as changes in the color contrast

• features. The irradiation of the Au-coated samples results in delamination of the Au thin film followed by its bulging and perforation, which points to the important role of available pathways for the desorption of gases resulting from radiolysis. The irradiation with Ne+ or Ga+ ion beams destroys the

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• created nanoporous sponge-like structures, which consist of various pinholes with a diameter below 1 nm. This shows that the etching was dominated by the second etching mechanism where n = 2. Higher H2O2 concentrations lead to significant structural destruction, including the delamination of wide areas

• . The etching process with Pd yields bundles of nanoscopic sponge structures. They are separated by larger free spaces formed by agglomerated Pd particles (Figure 7b). The mean etching depth was approx. 600 nm at the wafer centre. The wafer edge showed significant structure delamination. In contrast to

Fabrication of phase masks from amorphous carbon thin films for electron-beam shaping

• Lukas Grünewald,
• Dagmar Gerthsen and
• Simon Hettler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1290–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.128

• considerably smoother compared to the technique described first (cf. Figure 3a,b). However, we observed delamination of the aC film from the Pt layer. This effect was more pronounced for thicker aC films, e.g., an 80 nm thick film was detached from the Pt layer when it came in contact with another surface

• alternative material to commonly used SixNy for beam-shaping phase masks (PMs). The most challenging aspect is the fabrication of smooth aC thin films in combination with an aperture. Floated aC thin films from mica yielded best results, although possible delamination of the film makes these PMs in general

• ) Delamination of floated aC films is visible in the bottom half of the SEM image. FIB scanning over relatively large areas flattens the film, which is visible in the top part. The straight edges of the FIB scanning windows are clearly visible. SEM images after structuring the pattern according to Equation 3

Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles

• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Marwa Akkari,
• Nithima Khaorapapong and
• Makoto Ogawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1140–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.114

• NPs already synthesized or formed in situ by incorporation of the corresponding precursors (alkoxides, salts in alkaline medium and metal complexes) as schematized in Figure 3. Of particular relevance is the irreversible delamination of the 2:1 charged layered silicates, e.g., smectite clay minerals

• TiO2@clay and ZnO@clay materials. Following this approach, micro- and mesoporous clay–semiconductor nanoarchitectures with high pore volume and increased specific surface area due to clay delamination have been obtained. In some of these materials, the TiO2 and ZnO NPs generated from the corresponding

• for the removal of ammonia from wastewater (Table 1) [161]. Also, TiO2–ZnO@clay nanoarchitectures derived from a smectite (Cloisite®30B) have been also prepared by sol–gel reactions involving the delamination of the silicate. The resulting materials show good photocatalytic activity for the

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• towards lower wavelengths, at about 300 nm, which is characteristic for pristine amino acid. A similar phenomenon was observed for the PBS composite with Zn2Al/TYR LDH and is described in the literature [15]. It can be explained by the delamination of the LDH platelets and the presence of LDH filler in a

Effects of post-lithography cleaning on the yield and performance of CVD graphene-based devices

• Eduardo Nery Duarte de Araujo,
• Thiago Alonso Stephan Lacerda de Sousa,
• Luciano de Moura Guimarães and
• Flavio Plentz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 349–355, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.34

• solubility of graphene in NMP, which tends to promote the delamination of the graphene layer from the substrate. Since procedure P1 is quite destructive, its yield of high-quality GFETs was 10% in a total of 60 devices. In order to improve the efficiency of device production, we removed the photoresist and

Graphene–graphite hybrid epoxy composites with controllable workability for thermal management

• Idan Levy,
• Eyal Merary Wormser,
• Maxim Varenik,
• Matat Buzaglo,
• Roey Nadiv and
• Oren Regev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 95–104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.9

• a result of the cycling between high and low working temperatures that is typical in electronic devices [2]. In solid TIMs, delamination, which can occur due to differences in thermal expansion between the substrate and the TIM, will introduce thermally insulating air voids into the interface. In

Layered calcium phenylphosphonate: a hybrid material for a new generation of nanofillers

• Kateřina Kopecká,
• Ludvík Beneš,
• Klára Melánová,
• Vítězslav Zima,
• Petr Knotek and
• Kateřina Zetková

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2906–2915, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.269

• used to obtain nanostructures [12][13]. As was mentioned in the Introduction, calcium phenylphosphonate, by its layered nature, should be a good candidate for the delamination. As previously described by several research groups, solvent compatibility with exfoliated material is one of the key

• parameters for successful delamination [13][14]. If the solvent–material interaction is not favorable, delamination could likely be observed within a short time; however, the dispersion of the resulting nanosheets will not be stable enough for further application. There is the possibility to extend the

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• post-treatment and purification steps for CNC production [33]. Mechanical disintegration is commonly used to break cellulose pulp into smaller particles. However, efficient mechanical disintegration of cellulosic fibre normally requires elementary fibril delamination of cellulosic fibre instead of

• merely fibre shredding [32]. The occurrence of fibre shredding during mechanical disintegration of dry cellulose pulp tends to produce nanocellulose with poor mechanical properties. For improved delamination of nanofibrils, an aqueous medium is employed during mechanical disintegration to loosen

• interfibrillar hydrogen bonding and avoid reverse coalescence or fibril aggregation [32]. Several examples of commonly used techniques for efficient delamination of cellulosic fibre include homogenization [63], grinding [64][65], and refining [66]. Unlike finely structured or short rod-like nanocelluloses

Formation mechanisms of boron oxide films fabricated by large-area electron beam-induced deposition of trimethyl borate

• Aiden A. Martin and
• Philip J. Depond

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1282–1287, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.120

• instabilities produced during the thermally induced fabrication process. Exposure to high temperatures is incompatible with many substrate materials and leads to the development of undesirable stress, which often results in film cracking and delamination [1]. A rapidly developing technique that has been

Semi-automatic spray pyrolysis deposition of thin, transparent, titania films as blocking layers for dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells

• Hana Krýsová,
• Josef Krýsa and
• Ladislav Kavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1135–1145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.105

• the defect causes not only the delamination of the titania film from FTO, but also the slowdown of charge transfer kinetics (accompanied by a strong increase in ΔEpp). The barrier properties after post calcination were fairly good for the 0.05 M TAA precursor and the largest layer thickness (200 SCs

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• result that the coating delamination rate reduced also in the presence of pure β-CD [8]. This observation served as a motivation to investigate whether β-CD acts as corrosion inhibitor on its own. β-CD consists of seven α-D-1,4-linked glucosepyranose subunits, and is produced from starch by enzymatic

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• concentration of PVP in the aqueous NaBH4 solution was 5 × 10−3 M per monomer. The tuning of the silver(I) oxide behavior was not actualized by variation of the reductant concentration, because low concentrations of NaBH4 required longer immersion of the film, which increased the risk of delamination. Namely

• , for the films immersed to the aqueous medium for ≈60 min, strong delamination was observed. Empirically, 40 min reduction was found to be optimal to achieve effective Ag2O reduction with minimal film delamination. The reduction of Ag2O films was carried out in individual NaBH4 solutions and

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• substrate [11][12][13]. A major challenge towards the usage of graphene is the isolation from this planar metal substrate [14][15][16]. Besides mechanical exfoliation [17][18] and electrochemical delamination [19][20][21], polymer-supported etching of the substrate is generally used to transfer CVD graphene

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

Nanotribological behavior of deep cryogenically treated martensitic stainless steel

• Germán Prieto,
• Konstantinos D. Bakoglidis,
• Walter R. Tuckart and
• Esteban Broitman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1760–1768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.177

• [11]. In that work, wear occurred mainly by delamination, driven by ratcheting, while in this present work wear is mainly abrasive. In [11], the smaller carbides in DCT specimens delayed the subsuperficial cracking due to a reduction in the stress concentration effect. Instead, in this present work

The integration of graphene into microelectronic devices

• Guenther Ruhl,
• Sebastian Wittmann,
• Matthias Koenig and
• Daniel Neumaier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.107

• integrity of graphene devices is strongly affected by the adhesion strength. Adhesion strength generally depends on adhesion energy, device area and externally induced strain, e.g., from metal and dielectric layers. Figure 5 depicts our experimental findings on the probability of delamination of a high-k

• dielectric/nickel stack on graphene as a function of the graphene device area. The 200 nm thick Ni film was introduced as a layer to provoke delamination through tensile stress. The existence of a distinctive device area threshold for delamination can clearly be seen. This indicates that delamination effects

• with permission from [50], copyright 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Probability of delamination of a high-k dielectric/Ni stack on graphene devices as a function of the device area. The data are extracted from 520 devices in total. Obtained Rc·contact width values as a function of the contact

Organoclay hybrid materials as precursors of porous ZnO/silica-clay heterostructures for photocatalytic applications

• Marwa Akkari,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Abdessalem Ben Haj Amara and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1971–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.188

• water solution was tested using methylene blue and ibuprofen compounds, respectively, as model of pollutants. Keywords: delamination; montmorillonite; organoclays; photocatalysis; porous clay heterostructures; sepiolite; ZnO nanoparticles; Introduction In the last decades, great effort has been

• methodology in which it was possible to reach the delamination of layered silicates previously exchanged with long-chain alkylammonium cations (organoclays) [13]. In this way, organo-smectites and organo-vermiculites have been used to prepare a new type of nanocomposites consisting of delaminated layered

• a clay delamination that leads to new porous TiO2/SiO2-layered clay heterostructures [20]. The procedure has been also applied to fibrous clays with the aim to form TiO2/SiO2 NP anchored on the external surface of sepiolite, leading to porous heterostructures exhibiting photocatalytical properties