Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• distance to the electron beam focus. The interaction of the incident and scattered electrons with the substrate and adsorbed precursor layer causes the dissociation of the precursor molecules. This results in either deposition of solid precursor fragments (focused electron beam-induced deposition, FEBID

• modification – proof of principle simulation Low-energy electrons are assumed to be most effective in the dissociation process. The reason is that low-energy electrons interact more efficiently with molecules than high-energy electrons. One dissociation channel is dissociative electron attachment (DEA), which

• occurs when the electron energy matches that of an anion state. Other dissociation channels, such as neutral dissociation (ND) and dissociative ionization (DI), are threshold processes, but their efficiency declines above roughly 100 eV because the interaction time with the molecule becomes too short

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• sites are responsible for the adsorption, activation, and dissociation of the reactants, while the desorption occurs at the gold sites. The combination of multiple metals significantly improves the catalytic efficiency through synergistic effects. The nanocomposites not only disrupt the redox

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• deposit, and at a current of 245 pA (higher electron flux) the indent shape. This controllable switching between the hydrocarbons pinning and etching caused by increasing electron flux was explained using the continuum model. The model is based on the dissociation process of adsorbed molecules by

• dissociation products of water molecules and thus could be actively involved in the SiO2 removal process. Our results, showing topographical changes in SiO2 are partially consistent with former studies reported by Steven Kalceff et al. [24] of either swelling or deswelling of a silica substrate upon electron

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• equal to or greater than the binding energy of singlet and triplet excitons. The energy levels system of the considered devices with QDs determines the optimal photocurrent of dissociation for most singlet excitons, which require at least 0.07 eV energy [64]. The production of charge-transfer carrier

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• fabrication of functional gold nanostructures for application in plasmonic and detector technology, we conducted a comprehensive study on [Au(CH3)2Cl]2 as a potential precursor for such depositions. Fundamental electron-induced dissociation processes were studied under single collision conditions, and the

• , which in turn is critical to the resulting purity of the FEBID deposits. In general, electron-induced fragmentation processes are categorized as dissociative ionization (DI), dissociative electron attachment (DEA), dipolar dissociation (DD), and neutral dissociation (ND) [25]. To fully comprehend the

• cleanliness of the substrate. Although we have not considered neutral dissociation upon electron excitation in the current gas-phase experiments, it is clear that the electron-induced fragmentation of [Au(CH3)2Cl]2 is strongly influenced in the FEBID experiments as compared to the single collision conditions

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• organic blends, charge photogeneration can be understood, in a first approach, as the result of exciton dissociation into Coulomb bound charge transfer (CT) states at the donor–acceptor interfaces. This event is finally followed by the dissociation of the CT states into delocalized carriers of opposite

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• these two species, the interaction of slow electrons with the metal chelates also produces a rich variety of fragment anions, which are reported and discussed in the present report. A comprehensive picture of the fragmentation pattern of each ML2 precursor, including the quantification of dissociation

• electron energy range investigated in the present work, that is, below 10 eV, DEA, as well as neutral dissociation and dissociative ionization, are the mechanisms responsible for the efficient fragmentation of molecules. In the case of dissociative electron attachment, studied in the present work, the

• incoming scattering electron is captured by the precursor molecule to form a transient negative ion, TNI or [ML2]#−. If the electron autodetachment time of the TNI is longer than the dissociation time, the transient anion undergoes dissociation into a negative fragment and one or more neutral counterpart(s

Humidity-dependent electrical performance of CuO nanowire networks studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Juris Katkevics,
• Jana Andzane,
• Raitis Sondors,
• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Kiryl Niherysh,
• Yelyzaveta Rublova and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 683–691, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.54

• 20–50% (Figure 3a). Possibly, at these RH levels, the concentration of free charge carriers in the CuO nanowires reduces, as hole trapping [32] occurs due to adsorption of gaseous H2O molecules on the CuO surface, dissociation in H+ and OH−, and formation of surface dipoles (Cu+–OH−). Water reactions

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• heterojunction interface (Figure 10) [126]. This synthesis strategy is based on the difference in dissociation energies of C–Br and C–I bonds. The growth order of the block copolymers of graphene nanoribbons can be controlled. Such heterojunctions provide a viable platform that can be used directly for

• strategy based on the difference in dissociation energies of C–Br and C–I bonds. Figure 10 was adapted with permission from [126], Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. This content is not subject to CC-BY-4.0. On-surface synthesis of a C144 hexagon with a zigzag outer edge by hierarchical Ullmann

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• , the dissociation of the cadherin pair cluster is more effective for localized Au NPs than for NPs evenly distributed throughout the endothelium. Localized Au NPs inhibited the rate of rebinding between adjacent VE-cadherin pairs to a greater extent compared to evenly distributed NPs because of the

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• delivery to the liver are: (i) DLin-MC3-DMA (an ionizable cationic lipid that contains amine functions with an acid dissociation constant of ca. 6.5, neutral at physiological pH and relatively non-toxic and non-immunogenic because of a low surface charge in the physiological environment), (ii) distearoyl

• and exposure of the ionizable lipids at the surface of the LNPs. After dissociation of the PEGylated lipids, the naked surface of the particles containing the ionizable DLin-KC2-DMA, which is neutral in a biological environment, interacts with apolipoprotein E (ApoE), enabling ApoE liver-mediated

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• isomerization of azobenzene or its analogues is the most widely employed. CyD-based nanoarchitectures are sufficiently dynamic so that even these subtle molecular changes induce the dissociation of the whole nanoarchitecture for the release of the encapsulated drug. 2.1 Drug release from CyD-based

• inclusion complexes with β-CyD. Hence, the whole assembly spontaneously dissociated (Figure 5b). Furthermore, the azo groups were exposed to cytoplasm during the dissociation of nanoparticles and digested by the enzyme azoreductase. This unique enzyme is abundant in the cells of eukaryotes and degrades azo

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• constants and the half-lives are summarized in Table 2. Significant differences in reactivity were observed for phenol and DBMP. The dissociation constant (pKa) of DBMP is approx. 7.21, hence, almost 90% of the DBMP was dissociated at pH 8, while phenol was mainly (98%) undissociated (Figure 3). The high

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• bovine serum, 100 U/mL of penicillin, 100 µg/mL of streptomycin, and 2 mM ʟ-glutamine. The cells were kept at 37 °C with saturated humidity and 5% CO2. The culture medium was removed to collect the human breast cancer cells, which were then washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). A cell dissociation

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• by addition of Au3+. After the same vortex and ultrasonication, the obtained product, designated as AB-LNPs1, exhibited green color in suspension. However, green precipitates could be collected after centrifugation, suggesting the dissociation of BDP or Au from LNPs. Green precipitates also could be

• attributed to the increased solution temperature, which accelerated the dissociation of BDP from AB-LNPs. There are no obvious differences between the release profiles of AB-LNPs at pH 5.5 and at pH 7.4, indicating that AB-LNPs do not exhibit pH-responsive drug release. The stimulus-responsive release

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• catalyze chemical processes and transform constantly recoverable solar energy into productive chemical energy [1]. Various semiconductor nanoparticles have been used as effective photocatalysts in essential photocatalytic applications such as wastewater treatment, water dissociation, and energy conversion

Role of titanium and organic precursors in molecular layer deposition of “titanicone” hybrid materials

• Arbresha Muriqi and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1240–1255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.103

• with Ti–N bonds. Bond dissociation energy values for the breakage of the Ti–Cl and Ti–N bonds serve as a measure of the stability of these precursors and these are 494 kJ/mol and 464 kJ/mol for Ti–Cl and Ti–N, respectively. Bond dissociation energies indicate that a lower energy is needed to break the

• consistent with bond dissociation energy values for the breakage of the Ti–Cl and Ti–N bonds (494 kJ/mol and 464 kJ/mol, respectively) which show that the Ti–Cl bond is stronger and thus more difficult to break. The overall reaction energy which includes the interaction of Ti(DMA)4 with the surface and the

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• molecules, whose products of dissociation are deposited on the irradiated area [9][10][11]. Normally, precursor molecules are intentionally delivered to the irradiated area by a gas flow. However, residual gases in the vacuum chamber can also be used as a precursor for EBID. Nanostructures produced from

Influence of water contamination on the sputtering of silicon with low-energy argon ions investigated by molecular dynamics simulations

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 986–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.86

• interatomic distance in distance units, r0 the interatomic distance in the equilibrium state (also in distance units), D0 the depth well in energy units (defined per atomic interaction and related to the molecule dissociation energy), and α the control parameter on the well thickness, proportional to the

• of the water molecules have been fragmented, the atomic mixing is facilitated by the presence of fragments in the amorphous region. Furthermore, at higher incidence angles we observe an increased rate of water dissociation. Conclusion In this work, we analysed the influence of the incidence angle on

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• ligands by exponential enrichment” (SELEX). In this study, we select an aptamer (termed ZIKV60) by capillary electrophoresis SELEX (CE-SELEX) to the Zika virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and counterselection against the NS1 proteins of DENV (serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4) and YFV. The ZIKV60 dissociation

• methodology using the M13 promoter primer. The sequencing was carried out at the René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ/Minas). Secondary structure prediction The secondary structure was predicted using Mfold analysis [21][22]. Determination of the dissociation constant Enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay (ELONA) was

• used to determine the dissociation constant Kd of ZIKV60 [23]. Briefly, NS1 ZIKV (10 pmol) was attached to a Cu2+-coated plate overnight. The plate was washed three times in borate buffer. After that, increasing concentrations (1.56, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 200 nM) of ZIKV60 digoxigenin-labeled ssDNA

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• role in science and technology. A highly focused electron beam is employed to create nanostructures via electron-beam lithography [1], and has been further developed to produce three-dimensional structures through controlled dissociation of precursor molecules [2]. Electron-induced chemistry has also

• of molecular dissociation and bond formation. In related efforts, on surface polymerization, a reaction of monomers in a two-dimensional confined space has developed rapidly in the last decades, representing a new strategy to create functional molecular nanostructures in a controlled fashion [6][7][8

Low-energy electron interaction and focused electron beam-induced deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)₆)

• Po-Yuan Shih,
• Maicol Cipriani,
• Christian Felix Hermanns,
• Jens Oster,
• Klaus Edinger,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 182–191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.13

• ]. In general, there are four distinct electron-induced processes that lead to molecular fragmentation [13]. These are dissociative electron attachment (DEA), dissociative ionization (DI), neutral dissociation (ND) and dipolar dissociation (DD). The processes differ distinctly in their energy dependence

• previous studies [19][20]. The four dissociation channels describe the series of loss of the CO ligand. As also observed for W(CO)6 [15][19][20], but in contrast to Cr(CO)6 [16][17][19][20] and Fe(CO)5 [51], the series of CO loss is not complete [19][20] and there is no formation of the bare metal anion

• dissociation of the respective temporary negative ions (TNIs), whereby the survival probability with respect to dissociation is largest at low energies [13]. This assignment of the 1.6 and 3.2 eV contributions in the [Mo(CO)4]− ion yield and the 3.7 eV contribution in the [Mo(CO)4]− ion yield to the 1.65 and

Effect of lubricants on the rotational transmission between solid-state gears

• Huang-Hsiang Lin,
• Jonathan Heinze,
• Alexander Croy,
• Rafael Gutiérrez and
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 54–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.3

• we enforce the first gear to keep rotating after C–C bond formation between gears, which results in the dissociation of atoms from the teeth and the short-range repulsion in the Lennard-Jones contribution. This makes the corresponding atom suddenly move outside the simulation box in very short time

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• multiply charged ions (Ar2+, M2+). If the plasma is generated in an argon/reactive gas mixture R+, R2+, R2+, and MRx+ ions (with R being, e.g., O or N) can also be found; (3) chemically reactive radicals such as O or N atoms produced through dissociation reactions during reactive sputtering. O atoms can

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• due to the dissociation of salts and ion aggregates at higher temperatures. The analysis of the modulus is very useful in distinguishing between electrode polarization with that of other interfacial effects. Figure 7a and Figure 7b show the real part Mr and the imaginary part Mi of the electrical

• . This is due to the dissociation of ion aggregates at higher temperatures. Figure 9 shows the variation of tan δ as a function of frequency for an optimized composition of polymer gel electrolytes at different temperatures. From Figure 9 it can be seen that the values of tan δ increase as the frequency