Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• Tristar-3030 system (Micromeritics, USA). The magnetic properties were measured on a Micro Sense vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and energy-dispersive X-ray elemental mapping (EDX mapping) were carried out on a Hitachi S-4800 FESEM

• that the resulting composite can enhance the absorption capacity [11]. This observation is an agreement with previous works [11]. In addition, a slight shift of the PL emission peak is also observed because of the blue shift in the UV–vis spectrum, which is consistent with their bigger bandgap energy

• provided in Supporting Information File 1. The mass spectra of the oxidized MB solutions at different residue times show the various intermediates due to demethylation and hydroxylation processes [38]. Low-bond-energy intermediates and ring-breaking products were obtained in the MB degradation (acetates

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• materials. The values of the exchange energy h, the materials-matching interface parameter, γ, and the interface resistance parameter, γb were chosen in order to provide the correct position of the ΔTc maximum and acceptable overall values of this quantity (cf. Figure 3). The same values were then employed

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• modification – proof of principle simulation Low-energy electrons are assumed to be most effective in the dissociation process. The reason is that low-energy electrons interact more efficiently with molecules than high-energy electrons. One dissociation channel is dissociative electron attachment (DEA), which

• occurs when the electron energy matches that of an anion state. Other dissociation channels, such as neutral dissociation (ND) and dissociative ionization (DI), are threshold processes, but their efficiency declines above roughly 100 eV because the interaction time with the molecule becomes too short

• . The SE1 are distributed close to the primary beam, while the low-density SE2 are spread out over a much larger area. For simplicity, the spatial distribution of low-energy electrons around the point of impact of the primary beam with the substrate is assumed to be of a Gaussian shape. Depending on the

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• ][23]. This phenomenon is closely related to the variation of surface energy with size [24]. For instance, the melting temperature can decrease by several hundred degrees for structures smaller than 10 nm [25]. In practical applications, the diameters of Ag NWs are typically significantly larger

• instability and energy minimization via spheroidization [28][31]. It has been demonstrated that various coatings can effectively protect metallic NWs by suppressing surface diffusion [32][33][34]. The kinetics of diffusive processes in NWs are tightly related to the surface energies of the system. Both Ag and

• Au NWs have a pentagonal cross-section, meaning that for NWs deposited on a flat substrate, 1/5 of the NW surface is in contact with the substrate [35]. This aspect should unavoidably have an influence on the total surface energy of NW. Therefore, in addition to parameters such as temperature, time

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• Karl Rothe Nicolas Neel Jorg Kroger Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.37 Abstract Low-energy argon ion bombardment of graphene on Ir(111) induces atomic-scale defects at the surface. Using a scanning tunneling microscope, the two

• molecular precursor C2H4 (purity: 99.9%) at a partial pressure of 10−5 Pa for 120 s [25][26]. Atomic-scale defects were created by bombarding graphene-covered Ir(111) with low-energy (140 eV) Ar+ ions (purity of the Ar gas: 99.999%) [27][28][29][30] at room temperature for 5 s followed by annealing (900 K

• (bottom spectrum of Figure 1d) two prominent signatures contribute to the spectral data. The broad steplike variation at approx. −200 mV (dashed line) is due to the Ir(111) surface resonance at the -point of the surface Brillouin zone (BZ) [47], which is shifted toward the Fermi energy (EF) because of the

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• treatments. Recently, Wang et al. developed multifunctional Au/Ag nanodots (Au/AgNDs) as “pilot light” for real-time guided surgery (Figure 5) [170]. The authors proved that Au/AgNDs enhanced the deposition of ionizing radiation energy, increased intracellular ROS generation, and significantly improved

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• would mean that all the strain energy provided externally ends up at GBs leading to movements of dislocations at GBs or fractures at GBs. Fitting the tunneling + destruction model to our data, we find that the initial tunneling distance has a value of 3.6 nm, which is comparable to the nanographene

• through bond reformations by formation of pentagon–heptagon pairs due to their low formation energy [38][39]. In addition, the formation of nanocracks appears not so pronounced in the second cycle, as can be seen from the change in resistance between 0.3% and 0.7% and between 1.6% and 2.0% strain, and is

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• Research and Innovation, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies University, Dehradun 248007, India 10.3762/bjnano.15.33 Abstract Desired modifications of surfaces at the nanoscale may be achieved using energetic ion beams. In the present work, a complete study of self-assembled ripple pattern

• surface, it may lose its energy in the following ways. If the ion has enough energy to cross the repulsive potential energy barrier of target atoms at the surface, it will pass through the solid. A collision cascade is created within the target atoms during the slowing-down course. The impinging ion

• subsequently transfers its energy to the atoms of the target material in all the collisions and finally stops. When this energy transfer is sufficient, a displacement of atoms from their equilibrium positions creating a vacancy or a recoil occurs. Alternatively, if the ion energy is high enough such recoils

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• thickness of the Cu spacer layers largely influences the interactions, such as the exchange energy between neighboring magnetic layers [24][26], and further increases the sequential changes of the magnetization direction of the different magnetic layers during the magnetic field sweep. Therefore, when the

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• fascinating optical and electrical properties [1]. WOx is a wide-bandgap oxide semiconductor with a large excitonic binding energy of 0.15 eV and a high optical absorption coefficient (≥104 cm−1 in the UV region) [2]. These, in conjunction with decent carrier mobility (12 cm2·V−1·s−1), make this material an

• ultrapure Ar gas (99.99%) using a mass flow controller at 30 sccm flow rate. The substrate holder was kept 12.5 cm away from the target at a glancing angle of 87° and 50 W rf power (Advanced Energy) was applied to the target, keeping the substrate holder grounded. Pre-sputtering was carried out for a

• -WOx films. The value of Eg is estimated by employing the well-known Tauc’s equation [34]: where hv is the energy of the incident photons (in eV), α is the optical absorption coefficient, k is a constant, and n is a constant whose value depends on the type of transition (n = 2 for direct and n = 1/2

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (ADRs), caused by BNZ reduction products, which are maximal in adults and lead to treatment discontinuation [19]. Typical ADRs include headache, anorexia, weakness and/or lack of energy, skin rash, gastrointestinal complaints, and mild, peripheral neurological effects [20

• in inflamed tissues and could be delivered to amastigotes after being endocytosed by infected cells. In addition, since endocytosis occurs with cellular energy expenditure, the internalization of BNZ would be independent of its permeability and dose. In this way, very small doses of BNZ could be site

• advantageous because of the extraordinarily high BNZ loading, unexplored issues may arise from its huge specific surface area and interfacial free energy. Nanocrystals are thermodynamically unstable, with a tendency to aggregate, undergoing Oswald ripening and changes in the crystal polymorph, inducing

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• application laboratory in Waldbronn, Germany, and the particle counting threshold was set at 30 nm. The samples were first intensively dispersed by ultrasonication in a polyphosphate solution in water (562 J/mL, 2.5% pigment, 2% polyphosphate) one day before measurement. The energy of 562 J/mL was chosen

Investigating structural and electronic properties of neutral zinc clusters: a G₀W₀ and G₀W₀Г₀⁽¹⁾ benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal,
• Mujtaba Ikram and
• Kareem Morsy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 310–316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.28

• clusters. The structural motifs are optimized using the density functional theory approach to ensure that the structures are fully relaxed. Results are compared with the literature to validate the accuracy of the prediction method. The binding energy per cluster is obtained and compared with the reported

• optimization (PSO), combined with density functional approximations, was used to determine the ground state structure. Thus, one can efficiently locate the global minimum in the potential energy surface. Based on the PSO algorithm, Wang et al. [13][14] developed a code called CALYPSO (“Crystal Structure

• clusters have been reported in the literature. Our G0W0 calculations will provide a benchmark to help accelerate the research on clusters and creating materials with high stability that can be used for advanced energy storage applications [17][18][19]. In this work, we have employed the generalized

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• “valence electron potential” (−eV) determines the elements’ reactivity and is based on the charge of the valence electrons and the ionic radius: Here, k is a proportionality factor expressing the energy of the valence electrons in electronvolts. n is the valence, and r is the ionic radius. This descriptor

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• A1g and E12g modes, occurs when the spectra are excited at an energy close to those of the A and B excitons located around 655 nm (1.89 eV) and 601 nm (2.06 eV), respectively, in MoS2 monolayers [35][36]. When the incident laser energy is in the range of the A and B exciton energies (the so-called

• resonance conditions), other bands associated to different second-order processes are observed in the Raman spectra with a strong intensity, their frequencies, widths, and intensity depending on the excitation energy [36]. In addition, resonance conditions alter the symmetry selection rules of phonons of

• MoS2 [35]. Some of the second-order bands overlap with the A1g and E12g modes, complicating the exact determination of the parameters of these modes recorded under resonance conditions. Furthermore, since the MoS2 exciton characteristics (energy, width, and spectral weight) can be changed by several

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• ]. The crystal structure of Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be tailored to allow for precise control, and these nanostructures find utility in various production processes. Magnetite nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behavior due to the negligible energy barrier in the hysteresis of the particles

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• microwave resonators are coupled to mechanical motion through a change in capacitance. Here, we detect motion through a change in kinetic inductance. Kinetic inductance is an electromechanical phenomenon resulting from Cooper pair mass and the kinetic energy of a supercurrent. It can be orders of magnitude

• less than the London penetration depth to the normal-state sheet resistance R□ and the superconducting energy gap Δ0. For a conductor of length ℓ and width w, the kinetic inductance is where Lk,□ is the kinetic inductance per square. From Equation 4, we require a superconducting film with large normal

• temperature Tc = 9.6 K, from which we estimate the superconducting energy gap with the BCS relation Δ0 = 1.76kBTc = 1.46 meV. Using Equation 4, we find a kinetic inductance per square Lk,□ = 35 pH/□ for the 200 nm wide nanowires, corresponding to a kinetic inductance per unit length Lk/ℓ = 175 pH/μm. We

Quantitative wear evaluation of tips based on sharp structures

• Ke Xu and
• Houwen Leng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 230–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.22

• increase in scanning frequency from 0.2 Hz to 1 Hz. This suggests that a faster scanning frequency can cause more wear. This increased wear may be attributed to low-cycle fatigue resulting from the higher speeds, which generate more heat and energy dissipation, thereby rendering the tip more susceptible to

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• based on their energy of adsorption and orientation. We employ a three-level multiscale method (as shown in Figure 3) to calculate the energies of adsorption and the content of the corona for these proteins on the selected surfaces. In the section “Results and Discussion”, we provide a detailed

• -tempered metadynamics (AWT-MetaD) simulations, the adsorption energy was calculated at a temperature of 300 K, a pressure of 1.0 bar, and a neutral pH within the NVT ensemble. Additionally, we measured the interaction energy as a function of surface separation distance (SSD) as a collective variable

• , enabling a comprehensive analysis of the AA–NP interactions. For a detailed explanation of the method used in this study, please refer to previous reports [2][24][28] where the method has been described in depth. Figure 4 and dataset [37] show the obtained free energy of adsorption in units of kBT. The

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• vacuum and in air, respectively. Slow- and medium-energy heavy ion irradiation results in the cutting of the nanostructures or crater formation with ion-induced damage in the 10 nm range around the primary ion track. In all these cases, the designed shape of the 2D origami nanostructure remains

• , we have observed the stability of DNA origami nanotriangles in dry and aqueous conditions upon exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation in the low linear energy transfer (LET) regime [17]. These results demonstrate DNA origami’s suitability for fundamental studies with ionizing radiation and now

• regimes become the basis of commonly used material processing techniques such as high-energy ion implantation, widely applied in laser, detector, and semiconductor industries [30]. Finally, at low (keV) energies, the interaction of heavy ions is dominated by nuclear stopping, which is used in the most

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• work of Neverov and co-workers [49]. This study has unveiled a significant influence of these correlations on the superconductive characteristics at the zero-temperature limit, where thermal energy represents the smallest energy scale within the investigated system. Specifically, the research has

• previously reported in [47]. This work focuses on a different aspect of the influence of the disorder correlations, investigating how the latter affect key spectral characteristics of a superconductor, that is, the energy level distribution. Recent scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments on highly

• , it is worth noting that the choice of the value of ne is not important for our conclusions, as long as μ is far from the singularity [5][6]. The calculations are carried out for the strong coupling regime with g = 1t. The Debye energy is taken as ℏωD = 5t, implying that the coupling is active for all

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• unusual hydrodynamic behavior of electrons, which was observed in narrow graphene nanoconstrictions [6]. Given these unique properties, it is unsurprising that graphene became a top candidate for a broad range of applications in optoelectronics and possible future energy-efficient and high-speed

• is dependent on the precursor dynamics (adsorption/desorption rate, diffusion), electron beam (lateral size, electron flux, energy), and scanning parameters (dwell time, refresh time, scanning strategy) [22]. Additionally, residual hydrocarbons inside the scanning electron microscope chamber manifest

• current of 4 nA and a beam energy of 5 kV using the selected values of the dwell times (1 μs, 10 μs, 100 μs) and doses (400 nC/μm2, 200 nC/μm2, 100 nC/μm2), the pitch point value corresponded to 13 nm. Figure 1 presents the obtained results using several techniques for morphological and topographical

Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites

• Nghiem Thi Thuong,
• Le Dinh Quang,
• Vu Quoc Cuong,
• Cao Hong Ha,
• Nguyen Ba Lam and
• Seiichi Kawahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16

• chemical interaction between GO and NR. Dynamic mechanical properties Dynamic mechanical properties of composite samples reveal how much energy is stored or lost during applied cyclic shearing force. Figure 11 shows the dependence of the storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G''), and loss tangent (tan δ) of

• G' value of DPNR/GO could be explained by thin and large surface GO layers. The GO sheet could not withstand large shearing force, causing the rubber particles to slip. The high G' value of DPNR/GO-VTES(a) and DPNR/GO-VTES(b) may be due to hard silica particles, which may contribute to higher energy

•  11. The G'' values of DPNR and DPNR/GO-VTES(a) slightly decreased with frequency. However, the G'' values for the DPNR/GO and DPNR/GO-VTES(b) samples slightly increased as frequency increased. These distinguishable behaviors suggested that DPNR/GO and DPNR/GO-VTES(b) may have higher energy

Ferromagnetic resonance spectra of linear magnetosome chains

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.15

• field acting on a separate nanoparticle can be calculated as a derivative of the total chain energy W = Wmc + Wmd + WZ: The cubic magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is where V = πD2/6 is the volume of spherical particle, Kc is the cubic anisotropy constant, and (e1i, e2i, e3i

• ) is the set of orthogonal unit vectors that determine the spatial orientations of the cubic easy anisotropy axes of the i-th nanoparticle of the chain. For nearly spherical uniformly magnetized nanoparticles, the magnetostatic energy of the chain can be represented as the energy of the point

• interacting dipoles located at the particle centers ri where nij is the unit vector along the line connecting the centers of the i-th and j-th particles. The Zeeman energy of the assembly in a applied magnetic field H and a weak perpendicular ac magnetic field H1sin(ωt) is given by where ω = 2πf is the

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• relations of refractive indices and extinction coefficient were investigated. The morphologies of the thin films were studied with atomic force microscopy. The chemical boundaries of the ternary layers were determined by Raman spectroscopy. Based on UPS studies, the energy diagram of the potential devices

• pressure of approximately 8 × 10−10 mbar, using the XPS/UPS/ARPES PREVAC setup. The analysis chamber was equipped with a PREVAC Ea15 hemispherical analyzer and a PREVAC EA15 40B source (UV power U = 0.56 kV, PUV = 55 W, He I). The beam energy scale was calibrated at the Fermi level of 16.87 eV. The samples

• , the effect of quantum dots in the spectrum is not apparent, indicating that the transitions in the mixture are quenched. This suppression is a result of energy transfer, which necessitates electron clouds of atoms or chemical groups to exhibit overlapping regions. During energy transfer, an electron