Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• strategy for treating inflammatory diseases. Recently, Kim et al. introduced ultrasmall antioxidant cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) with strong SOD and CAT activities, which were used to decrease ROS levels and suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β) in macrophages. CeONPs

• macrophages. Moreover, AuNPs with different sizes and shapes exhibit the capability to inhibit angiogenesis, especially at 20 nm size [178][186]. In 2022, García-Rubio and colleagues introduced a novel diagnostic approach to differentiate between normal blood pressure and hypertension. This method involves

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• intracellular amastigotes are usually found in hepatic macrophages. Amastigotes multiply and differentiate into trypomastigotes, which are released back to the blood after cell rupture. The acute phase is followed by an indeterminate, asymptomatic phase. Ten to thirty years after the acute phase, 30%–40% of

• CD are less accessible than in leishmaniasis, where only macrophages are infected. The first report on BNZ-based nanomedicines intravenously administered to rats and mice dates back to 2004 [67] with disappointing results. An intravenous bolus of 0.7% w/w BNZ/lipid multilamellar liposomes

• proteins, and prematurely release their cargos; also, they are phagocytosed by circulating monocytes or tissue macrophages to be degraded. This gives rise to the emergence of new modes of toxicity, including hemolysis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lysosomal or mitochondrial function. In the

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• ], mannose for the mannose receptor on activated macrophages [6][7], and folic acid for the overexpression of the folate receptor on the surface of cancer cells and activated macrophages [8]. Thus, in this study, PLGA was chosen for NP formulation since it is a biocompatible and biodegradable material

• their high potential applications in various fields, including theragnostics. The PLGA SPION nanoparticles were modified to carry siRNA for silencing the inflammatory cytokine Cox-2 in activated macrophages and to serve as a tracer for locating activated macrophages in a mouse model of intra-uterine

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• invertebrate host; (ii) intracellular amastigote, a spherical form that is found in cells of the vertebrate host. Infected sandflies inject blood with the parasite in promastigote form into the vertebrate host, which causes macrophages or other cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system to phagocytose the

• parasite towards a given drug through decreased uptake of the drug by macrophages [55][56][57]. Thus, nanotechnology-based systems are a promising alternative for drug delivery and vectorization in the treatment of leishmaniasis as they present several advantages. One could mention decreased side effects

• , the intracellular uptake of bioactive molecules is especially hindered for hydrophobic molecules [64], making it difficult for the drug to reach the parasite. On the other hand, nanocarriers can target the interior of macrophages residing in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, effectively delivering

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• together with evasion from recognition by macrophages and the immune system because of the low binding of proteins on the particles’ surface [32]. Representative SEM images of HSA-MPs and CUR-HSA-MPs are displayed in Figure 2C,D. The results reveal that the submicron particles displayed a “hairy” surface

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• the interaction of liver macrophages with HbMPs have not been systematically investigated yet. Since HbMPs are composed of Hb, the elimination via Hp and Hpx seems likely. Hp binds freed Hb, Hpx binds freed heme. The resulting complexes are then bound by the respective receptors, namely CD163 for Hp

• size or other physical properties of the particles. In this study, we screened several monocytic surface receptors for a possible influence on the uptake of HbMPs by monocytes, which are precursor cells of macrophages. We chose to screen for CD14- as well as CD33-dependent HbMP uptake by monocytes

• after a short while in the MRI scan [24]. While the authors hypothesized that the HBOC was taken up by CD163-expressing Kupffer cells/macrophages, Chow et al. reported that when isolated rat livers were perfused with a HBOC solution, hepatocytes also took up abundant hemin, as determined by heme

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• using coconut water [9]. In this article, the ability of macrophages to uptake these SPIONs was evaluated, together with some physical and chemical characterizations. The synthesized green SPIONs are around 4 nm in diameter, are composed of pure nonstoichiometric magnetite, exhibit superparamagnetic

• behavior at room temperature, and are taken up by macrophages without being toxic for these mammalian cells [9]. The application of SPIONs in treating leishmaniasis has been studied by different groups over the past few years, showing promising and satisfactory results [10][11][12][13]; thus, using SPIONs

• promastigotes (Figure 1A,B), the SPIONS are distributed throughout the cytosol. In contrast, in the intracellular amastigotes cultivated in macrophages, the SPIONs appear in the mammalian cytosol, inside the parasitophorous vacuole, and in the parasite cytosol (Figure 1C,D). After the first microscopic analysis

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• tumor cells and sends a “do not eat me” signal to phagocytic cells [41]. CD47 has been shown to avoid uptake by macrophages, which enables the NPs to escape immunogenic clearance [42]. Additionally, CD24 has been found to be overexpressed in several malignant diseases (e.g., ovarian and breast cancer

• ). It also counteracts immune clearance by interacting with Ig-like lectin 10 (Siglec-10) expressed by macrophages [43]. Moreover, PD-L1 and B2M play an important role in preventing macrophage phagocytosis [43]. Most of the protein components can be efficiently retained and transferred to NPs during the

• encapsulation of cancer cell membranes (Figure 4A) [31]. With these features, although NPs encapsulated by a cancer cell membrane are foreign substances, they can still escape the surveillance of the body, thereby resisting phagocytosis by macrophages and prolonging the blood circulation time [20]. The

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• concentration of Pent was 32 μM. Miltefosine was used as a reference drug. Cytotoxicity assays were performed both on primary peritoneal mouse macrophages (PMM) and human fetal lung fibroblasts (MCR-5) according to procedures previously described to assess selectivity [31]. Tamoxifen was employed as the

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• . Furthermore, only the former (pH 5 system) exhibited a desirable slower drug release profile, compared to the free drug. NOR-coated IONPs also enable a 22 times higher drug accumulation in macrophages, compared to identical extracellular concentrations of the free drug. Thus, lowering the drug coating pH to 5

• imparts multiple benefits – improved IONP stability, enhanced drug coating, higher drug uptake in macrophages at reduced toxicity and slower drug release. Keywords: drug-nanoparticle interactions; drug uptake; intra-macrophage; iron oxide nanoparticles; norfloxacin; Introduction Nanoparticles have taken

• drug and nanoparticle uptake in macrophage cells in vitro, as macrophages are the primary site of infection for many intracellular pathogens including Mycobacterium [31]. Results and Discussion Iron oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized, indicated by the appearance of a black coloration

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• macrophages to produce activated ISGs and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins (IL-6, IL-8) [76][115][116][117]. Several studies have shown that AgNPs can act against various types of viruses, viz. human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) [111][118], monkeypox virus (MPV) [112], herpes simplex

• necessary and, in general, it is not a long-lasting protective immunity (immunologic memory). Monocytes and macrophages are the most common phagocytic cells in the body and represent the first innate line of defense, in addition to being responsible for the removal of particles [126]. Carlson et al. and

• Castillo et al. verified the interaction between AgNPs and macrophages and they saw that these NPs remained intact, with no evidence of AgNPs dissolution or cytotoxicity. Once inside the cells, and after 24 h of exposure, the nanoparticles remained at approximately the same size they were before incubation

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• , hematopoietic, which are responsible for the hematopoiesis, and mesenchymal, which produce the stromal, fat, cartilage, and bone tissue. The BM stroma contains fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and endothelial cells. It provides the appropriate microenvironment for efficient

• adsorbs onto the surface of poloxamer 407-coated colloidal particles, thus exhibiting microdomains that are specific for the sinusoidal BM endothelium. Another mechanism of BM targeting is the phagocytosis-mediated uptake from the perisinusoidal macrophages. It is known that the perisinusoidal BM

• macrophages protrude through the vascular endothelial wall to gain access and monitor blood circulation [24]. Hussain et al demonstrated that perisinusoidal macrophages are responsible for the accumulation of the chylomicrons in the BM and, hence, play a crucial role in the delivery of lipids, as a source of

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• occurs primarily in specialized cells, such as macrophages or monocytes, other endocytic pathways occur in virtually all cells [8]. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the predominant endocytosis pathway and is involved mainly in nutrient intake and intracellular communication [9][10]. CME is

• involved in PC formation. Hence, coating of MNPs with BSA can be considered as a PC per se. As a dysopsonin protein, albumin promotes a prolonged blood circulation time through blocking the recognition by macrophages [42]. A comprehensive characterization of nanoparticles in biological fluids is, therefore

• inhibition of de novo synthesis [52]. While both F and N blocked the internalization of cholera toxin (ChT) into A549 cells, no effect of MBCD on ChT uptake was observed. Similar results were obtained in J774A.1 macrophages [48]. In contrast, Rothen-Rutishauser et al. [50] did not find any inhibition of ChT

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• cytometry measurements performed on macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) indicate that cells treated with amino-functionalized particles with a thicker silica shell have a higher viability than those incubated with UCNPs with a thinner silica shell, even if more particles with a thicker shell are taken up. This

• the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. RAW 264.7 cells are particularly sensitive to the treatment with nanoparticles [42][43][44]. They are an established model of activated macrophages and they actively take up nanomaterials from biological media. This way, RAW264.7 cells mimic the behavior of

• macrophages and other immune cells, which eliminate foreign substances from the organism. Moreover, they have already been applied in studies involving uncoated NaGdF4 [42] and silica particles [43][44][45][46]. Upconversion cores consisting of NaYF4 doped with 18% Yb and 2% Er were synthesized. Microporous

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• ]. However, to the best of our knowledge, studies characterizing CNTs according to the dispersibility produced by different oxidizing acids have been scarcely performed. The macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) cannot recognize nonopsonized nanoparticles circulating in the blood system

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• the presence than in the absence of HAp (Figure 5). Extracellular calcium ions are proposed to act as a stimulant for triggering macropinocytosis in macrophages and neurons [25][36]. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed in cardiomyocytes as well as in various other cells [37

• ]. The results suggested that calcium ions from HAp particles might activate macropinocytosis in HL-1 cells. CaSR has different functions depending on the cell type. In osteoclasts, for example, it directs migration toward bone tissue for bone remodeling, whereas in macrophages it aids in the antigen

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• at a concentration of 400 µg Fe/mL, in contrast to the PEG-coated SPIONs, which reached 50% toxicity at 100 µg Fe/mL. Dextran was shown to get stripped from the nanoparticles in macrophages that were later apoptotic. The authors concluded that apoptosis was caused first by dextran intoxication and

• PVA or PEG, for drug release studies [33][76] because the hydrophobic polymers are rapidly uptaken by macrophages [85]. SPIONs coated with a mixture of PVA and polyvinyl amine were shown to induce very active mitochondrial and endocytic processes in cells and to be highly toxic to cells due to the

• increase in macrophages. The general consideration is that polymer coating offers colloidal stability, but in fact PVA-coated SPIONs are only stable in water at a certain pH value. In cell culture medium they agglomerate. Studies showed that the components of the medium, and not the calf serum added to the

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• subsequent presentation of the epitopes on the surface of macrophages are important events in this positive regulation. According to the literature data, GNPs contribute to the penetration of antigens into phagocytic cells [56]. GNPs, in addition to their adjuvant properties, could lead to a more active

• of macrophages, which is required for the activation of specific B-cells. Clearly, such a substitution is more favored for glyco-GNPs based on amine-terminated glycans than for the more stable glyco-GNPs based on thiol-terminated glycans (for B-cell activation, the latter require the addition of

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• effects on tumor cells in vitro. However, only BMV did not activate macrophages in vitro. This suggests that BMV is less immunogenic and may be a potential carrier for therapy delivery in tumor cells. Furthermore, BMV virus-like particles (VLPs) were efficiently loaded with small interfering RNA (siRNA

• . Surprisingly, a remarkable difference was found. CCMV showed a high activation of macrophages, while BMV showed almost no immunogenic response (Figure 3C,D). There is 80% homology in the amino acids sequences of CCMV and BMV [21], however, they differ in their surface charge. The zeta potential at pH 7 was

• particles tend to be phagocytosed by macrophages [44]. Accordingly, the virus uptake by the macrophages can activate intracellular receptors, i.e., toll-like receptors (TLR) 7/8, which can recognize the viral ssRNA genome, promoting the activation of the macrophages. This mechanism of TLR 7/8 activation has

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• could be internalized by HeLa cells [125]. Moreover, the effects of nanoparticle size on the mechanism of uptake may be different in different cell types. For example, it has been shown that murine RAW 264.7 macrophages have a higher uptake efficiency for carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles compared

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• and is restricted to specialized cells (macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils). Pinocytosis, on the other hand, involves the uptake of fluids and solutes and occurs in all cells. At least four different mechanisms have been described for pinocytosis: macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• all a higher aspect ratio (Rg/RH) and a lower fractal dimension. We then compared the kinetics of uptake and the (antiluciferase) siRNA delivery performance in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and in human HCT-116 colorectal tumor cells. The preparative method (and therefore the internal particle

• performing better in macrophages and those with high-MW chitosan in HCT-116. Keywords: aggregation; chitosan; field flow fractionation; light scattering; targeted drug delivery; Introduction Chitosan is a linear copolymer of β-1,4-ᴅ-glucose-2-amine and N-acetyl-ᴅ-glucose-2-amine, and is commonly employed

• presentation of HA [18], which affected the nanoparticle internalization in both RAW 264.7 macrophages [19][20] and XS106 dendritic cells [21]. In both cases, nanoparticles based on chitosan of low molecular weight appeared to be surrounded by a corona of loosely bound HA, which on one hand lowered the maximum

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• macrophages to these hybrid materials combined with an improvement in their in vivo tumour accumulation [6]. Weil and co-workers described the use of multimodal platforms, made of diamond dots combined with gold nanoparticles, as imaging probes of live cell cultures [7]. We have recently characterized a

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• polymer that does not promote immune responses. Pegylation reduces the nonspecific binding of nanoparticles to blood proteins and macrophages, making them non-immunogenic and non-antigenic [21]. PEG-PCL copolymers are amphihilic materials that can spontaneously assemble in aqueous media, forming colloidal