Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• -enhanced Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. They can open new avenues for characterizing nano-objects and make it possible to study chemical and physical phenomena occurring at the nanoscale. Following the preparation and application of monometallic nanowire probes, Fang et al. [36] proposed a

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• developed and implemented for a detailed study of the structure and spatial profile of a S/F material. The results were visualized using the Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) [42] and Open Visualization Tool (OVITO) [43] software packages, which not only provide images of nano-objects atomic and molecular

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• -50009 Zaragoza, Spain Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain 10.3762/bjnano.11.104 Abstract Currently, the patterning of innovative three-dimensional (3D) nano-objects is required for the development of future advanced electronic components

• is present along the whole nanowire length. Moreover, these nanowires become superconducting at 6.8 K and show high values of critical magnetic field and critical current density. Consequently, these 3D nano-objects could be implemented as components in the next generation of electronics, such as

• dramatically, mostly due to the complex fabrication and characterization. A technique successfully utilized for fabricating 3D nano-objects is direct writing by a focused beam of positively charged particles, the so-called focused-ion-beam induced deposition (FIBID) [20]. A very promising development of FIBID

Thermophoretic tweezers for single nanoparticle manipulation

• Jošt Stergar and
• Natan Osterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1126–1133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.97

• manipulated everywhere in the experimental chamber. Here we demonstrate simpler yet useful thermophoretic tweezers for nano-objects, which enables both the independent manipulation of multiple nano-objects and the creation of arbitrary trapping potentials. It is based on feedback-controlled local heating of

Growth dynamics and light scattering of gold nanoparticles in situ synthesized at high concentration in thin polymer films

• Corentin Guyot,
• Philippe Vandestrick,
• Ingrid Marenne,
• Olivier Deparis and
• Michel Voué

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1768–1777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.172

• Department, Namur, Belgium 10.3762/bjnano.10.172 Abstract Background: Numerous optical applications of nano-objects require a dispersion of the nanoparticles in a dielectric matrix. In order to achieve high particle concentrations, one can, as an alternative, directly grow the particles in a polymer or an

Development of a new hybrid approach combining AFM and SEM for the nanoparticle dimensional metrology

• Loïc Crouzier,
• Alexandra Delvallée,
• Sébastien Ducourtieux,
• Laurent Devoille,
• Guillaume Noircler,
• Christian Ulysse,
• Olivier Taché,
• Elodie Barruet,
• Christophe Tromas and
• Nicolas Feltin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1523–1536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.150

• the expanded uncertainty (2.0 nm, k = 2) of the standard justifying that the NP measurements were made on a calibrated device. Development of a repositioning system Because no instrument is suitable for measuring nano-objects in 3D at the nanoscale, the combination of several techniques is required

• for completely describing the NP morphology. In this study, we propose to combine two complementary microscopy techniques. However, using this complementarity requires tools capable of locating nano-objects on a substrate and identifying an area of interest. Some solutions are emerging such as the

Gas sensing properties of individual SnO₂ nanowires and SnO₂ sol–gel nanocomposites

• Alexey V. Shaposhnik,
• Dmitry A. Shaposhnik,
• Sergey Yu. Turishchev,
• Olga A. Chuvenkova,
• Stanislav V. Ryabtsev,
• Alexey A. Vasiliev,
• Xavier Vilanova,
• Francisco Hernandez-Ramirez and
• Joan R. Morante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1380–1390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.136

• surface-to-volume ratio of gas sensing materials an important parameter in determining their gas sensitivity. Traditionally, quasi-0-dimensional (i.e., spherical) nano-objects have been used in order to create highly porous materials. In gas sensors, agglomerates of nanoparticles with a high specific area

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• environmental remediation are detailed in this review. Categorization of nanocellulose Cellulose nanomaterials (nanocellulose) can be categorized into two major groups based on its size and structure: nano-objects and nanostructures [24]. The two major groups can be branched down into specific subgroups

Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

• structure and composition of AFM tips is often ill-defined and therefore obstructs any systematic analysis of problems where accurate interface structures are required [43]. As a consequence, a growing number of studies is now focusing on friction of sliding nano-objects, where well-defined interfaces are

Tuning adhesion forces between functionalized gold colloidal nanoparticles and silicon AFM tips: role of ligands and capillary forces

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Marta Berholts,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 660–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.61

• on particles, indicating the importance of the surface curvature. And yet, the overall trend from the least adhesive to the most adhesive remained the same. With this work we demonstrated that functionalization of nano-objects represents a powerful method for tuning the adhesion of nanoscale systems

The nanofluidic confinement apparatus: studying confinement-dependent nanoparticle behavior and diffusion

• Stefan Fringes,
• Felix Holzner and
• Armin W. Knoll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 301–310, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.30

• of κa ≈ 0.9 (κa ≈ 2.1) and a relative glass-particle distance of κh − κa ≈ 4.5 (κh − κa ≈ 3.6). These values are in agreement with the ≈45% lower diffusion we measure for κa ≈ 3.4 and κh − κa ≈ 4. Conclusion We have developed a new versatile setup for investigating the behavior of nano-objects in a

• tunable confinement between two surfaces. The interferometric detection setup allows us not only to detect the nano-objects with high sensitivity, but also to determine the 3D particle position and the wall separation in situ with nanometer spatial and millisecond temporal precision. Furthermore, a

Evaluation of preparation methods for suspended nano-objects on substrates for dimensional measurements by atomic force microscopy

• Petra Fiala,
• Daniel Göhler,
• Benno Wessely,
• Michael Stintz,
• Giovanni Mattia Lazzerini and
• Andrew Yacoot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1774–1785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.179

• Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK 10.3762/bjnano.8.179 Abstract Dimensional measurements on nano-objects by atomic force microscopy (AFM) require samples of safely fixed and well individualized particles with a suitable surface-specific particle number on flat and clean

• measurements. Different suspensions of nano-objects (with varying material, size and shape) stabilized in aqueous solutions were prepared therefore on different flat substrates. The drop-drying method was found to be the most suitable one for the analysed suspensions, because it does not require expensive

• dedicated equipment and led to a uniform local distribution of individualized nano-objects. Traceable AFM measurements based on Si and SiO2 coated substrates confirmed the suitability of this technique. Keywords: atomic force microscope; nano-object; particle preparation; Introduction Today

A top-down approach for fabricating three-dimensional closed hollow nanostructures with permeable thin metal walls

• Carlos Angulo Barrios and
• Víctor Canalejas-Tejero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1231–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.124

• flexibility and controllability offered by top-down nanofabrication techniques opens the door to the possibility of massive integration of these hollow 3D nano-objects on a chip for applications such as nanocontainers, nanoreactors, nanofluidics, nano-biosensors and photonic devices. Keywords: nanocages

• reactivity with the environment [1]. For most applications, wall permeability is desirable in order to facilitate material interchange with the surroundings and/or increase the active surface of these nano-objects. Thus, permeable-wall nanocontainers can be used for a variety of appealing applications, such

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• Nanotool [53] and the Web-Based Tool for Risk Prioritization of Airborne Manufactured Nano Objects (Stoffenmanager Nano) [54]. The potential for using existing frameworks for environmental impact/risk assessment and other relevant health and safety assessment of ENMs was evaluated systematically (see

Organized films

• Maurizio Canepa and
• Helmuth Möhwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 406–408, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.35

• the development of functional capsules, opening interesting application perspectives [19][20][21]. Another side of the field of OF met the explosion of research on nano-objects such as nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes or the latest, graphene [22]. These have been used to build hybrid structures endowed

Two step formation of metal aggregates by surface X-ray radiolysis under Langmuir monolayers: 2D followed by 3D growth

• Smita Mukherjee,
• Marie-Claude Fauré,
• Michel Goldmann and
• Philippe Fontaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2406–2411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.247

• precursors. The radiolysis induced by reduction of metal ions is generally considered as an efficient method to control this synthesis in solution as it leads to the formation of monodisperse, tailored, metal nano-objects [3]. The synthesis route involves the irradiation of a metal-ion aqueous solution that

• more recently X-rays [4][5] are used to perform the irradiation. In order to increase the variety of shapes of the formed nano-objects and to vary their properties, we have proposed a technique that brings together the advantages of both – the radiolytic reduction of metal ions to atoms and the self

Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups

• Maria Nowacka,
• Anna Kowalewska and
• Tomasz Makowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2377–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.244

• energy calculations [37]. However, macromolecules of LPSQ-COOH/GSH, LPSQ-COOH/Cys-HCl and LPSQ-COOH/NAC do not easily extend parallel to the mica substrate. The surface of coated samples is covered with globular nano-objects (Figure 1) that can be possibly formed by single oligomers (or their clusters

The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Ryusuke Nakamura and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1348–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.139

• nanomaterials [7]. Since this discovery, the Kirkendall effect applied to nano-objects has been considered as a very powerful synthesis strategy for hollow nanomaterials. The importance here rises from the fact that hollow nanostructures find applications in various technological applications including

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• , individual nano-objects are composed of far fewer atoms, and thus usual dopant concentrations correspond to a rather limited number of heteroatoms in the lattice. A typical sample must therefore be composed of innumerable such nanostructures in order to reach a measurable quantity, and thus any variability

Si/Ge intermixing during Ge Stranski–Krastanov growth

• Alain Portavoce,
• Khalid Hoummada,
• Antoine Ronda,
• Dominique Mangelinck and
• Isabelle Berbezier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2374–2382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.246

• analyzing the composition of three-dimensional (3D) nano-objects. In general, the investigations performed on Ge dot compositions involve indirect methods, often coupled with calculations. These studies shown that Ge dots do not consist of pure Ge, but rather contain a significant amount of Si in addition

Localized surface plasmon resonances in nanostructures to enhance nonlinear vibrational spectroscopies: towards an astonishing molecular sensitivity

• Dan Lis and
• Francesca Cecchet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2275–2292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.237

• observed and correspond to the nonlinear wave mixing: SFG, SHG (second harmonic generation) and CARS signals. Interestingly, coupling nano-objects, i.e., tuning the distance between gold nanoparticles until they get in contact [60], shifts the frequency of the LSPR. For an optimal distance, i.e., when LSPR

Hybrid spin-crossover nanostructures

• Carlos M. Quintero,
• Gautier Félix,
• Iurii Suleimanov,
• José Sánchez Costa,
• Gábor Molnár,
• Lionel Salmon,
• William Nicolazzi and
• Azzedine Bousseksou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2230–2239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.232

• approaches for controlling the size, shape and even the organization of SCO nano-objects [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Furthermore, there is an active quest for developing novel methods which are sensitive enough to probe extremely small quantities of SCO materials for a better understanding of these

• materials at the nanoscale. All of these recent results have been extensively reviewed in [12][13][14][15][16]. In the present review, we focus on new types of emerging, hybrid nano-objects that involve SCO nanomaterials in complex structures, which reveal unique functionalities due to the synergy between

• of the SCO complex (centered at 543 nm), these molecules may serve as ligands in substitution for hptrz and thus, they are likely to approach the Fe(II) centers during the synthesis. Regular arrays of luminescent, SCO, nano-objects with an average size of 200 × 150 nm were patterned by employing a

Nanometer-resolved mechanical properties around GaN crystal surface steps

• Jörg Buchwald,
• Marina Sarmanova,
• Bernd Rauschenbach and
• Stefan G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2164–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.225

• the indentation modulus. Acknowledgements Fruitful discussions with M. Hennes are gratefully acknowledged. This work was performed within the Leipzig Graduade School of Natural Sciences “Building with Molecules and Nano-objects” (BuildMoNa), established by the German Science Foundation (DFG) within

Nano-rings with a handle – Synthesis of substituted cycloparaphenylenes

• Anne-Florence Tran-Van and
• Hermann A. Wegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1320–1333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.145

• blocks different from phenyl rings bear challenges of their own. Such structures, however, are highly interesting, as they allow for an incorporation of CPPs as defined nano-objects for other applications. Therefore, this review provides a status report about the current efforts in synthesizing CPPs

Scale effects of nanomechanical properties and deformation behavior of Au nanoparticle and thin film using depth sensing nanoindentation

• Dave Maharaj and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 822–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.94

• Dave Maharaj Bharat Bhushan Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio-& Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLBB), The Ohio State University, 201 W.19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1142, USA 10.3762/bjnano.5.94 Abstract Nanoscale research of bulk solid surfaces, thin films and micro- and nano-objects has shown

• . Repeated compression tests of nanoparticles were performed that showed a strain hardening effect and increased pop-ins during subsequent loads. Keywords: gold (Au); Hall–Petch; hardness; nanoindentation; nano-objects; Introduction The characterization of mechanical properties is crucial for a fundamental

• nano-objects that are continually being developed and incorporated into a wide variety of macro- to nanoscale systems [3]. With the depth-sensing nanoindenter, indentation studies with a sharp three-sided pyramidal Berkovich tip and compression studies with a flat punch have been performed. The sharp