Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• composition. Moreover, their biocompatibility, biodistribution, stability, capacity, and diagnostic efficacy are related to this factor. Lipid- and surfactant-based nanomaterials, polymeric nanomaterials, and metallic and non-metallic nanomaterials, in addition to micro- and nanomotors and some miscellaneous

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• mainly reorient and move with each other. At high particle density, as the multibody interaction becomes more complex, turbulent aggregates are formed. Guo et al. [30] proposed a method to manipulate nanomotors by using a three-dimensional orthogonal microelectrode device to apply AC and DC electric

• combination of the two enables loading, transportation, and release of cargo. The proposal of this research further promotes high-precision adjustment and real-time velocity control of nanomotors. This is a key step to realize the application of nanofactories and nanorobots in the future. Light field

• and provides a driving force for translational motion. In addition to ultrasonic driving, the Janus microstructure in this method can also be propelled by magnetic fields or chemical driving. This research provides a new option for the design and application of ultrasonic propulsion micro/nanomotors

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• materials for microdevices (e.g., microchannels and microfluidic circuits). Recently, scientists began to explore more complex structures of magnetic MNRs, such as flagella-driven magnetic microswimmers and magnetic micro- and nanomotors. In the article of Zhou et al. [55], several kinds of MNRs driven by

Janus-micromotor-based on–off luminescence sensor for active TNT detection

• Ye Yuan,
• Changyong Gao,
• Daolin Wang,
• Chang Zhou,
• Baohua Zhu and
• Qiang He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1324–1331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.131

• of a fast and facile strategy to detect TNT that does not involve complicated sample pretreatment or expensive equipment. Recently, synthetic micro/nanomotors have attracted tremendous attention because of their unique features and enormous potential applications in different fields [13][14][15][16

• ][17][18][19][20]. Based on the concept of nanoarchitectonics [21][22], various kinds of micro/nanomotors have been fabricated, such as Janus capsule micromotors [23], tubular micromotors [24], helical nanomotors [25], nanowire motors [26], and nanorod motors [27]. Unlike inert particles that move by

• Brownian motion, micro/nanomotors can actively swim in solutions by converting energy from the environment (e.g., chemical fuel, light, acoustic or magnetic) into mechanical movement [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. The active motion of micro/nanomotors has been proposed to improve reaction yields

Molecular machines operating on the nanoscale: from classical to quantum

• Igor Goychuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 328–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.31

• ; nanoscale friction and thermal noise; quantum effects; thermodynamic efficiency; Introduction A myriad of minuscule molecular nanomotors (not visible in standard, classical, optical microscopes) operate in living cells and perform various tasks. These utilize metabolic energy, for example, the energy

• advances and perspectives of nanotechnology have inspired us to devise our own nanomotors [4][5][6]. Learning from nature can help to make the artificial nanomotors more efficient, and possibly even better than those found in nature. Along this way, understanding the main physical operating principles

• same temperature, T1 = T2. Here, the analogy with electrical motors is much more relevant. The analogy becomes almost literal in the case of rotary ATP-synthase [9] or flagellar bacterial motors (the electrical nanomotors of living cells). Here, the energy of a proton electrochemical gradient (an

Evidence for non-conservative current-induced forces in the breaking of Au and Pt atomic chains

• Carlos Sabater,
• Carlos Untiedt and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2338–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.241

• autonomous nanomachines. While this is still a far prospect, micromotors [1] and nanomotors [2][3] have already been demonstrated. A drawback of these nanomotors is that they require externally supplied cyclic driving. It would be very attractive if we could realize a nanomotor driven by a dc current flow

Nonconservative current-driven dynamics: beyond the nanoscale

• Brian Cunningham,
• Tchavdar N. Todorov and
• Daniel Dundas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2140–2147, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.219

• transport; failure mechanisms; nanoelectronic devices; nanomotors; Introduction The development of electronic devices at the nanoscale is a challenging avenue of research with the aim of improving their efficiency and performance. This requires an understanding of the mechanisms for energy transfer from

Nonconservative current-induced forces: A physical interpretation

• Tchavdar N. Todorov,
• Daniel Dundas,
• Anthony T. Paxton and
• Andrew P. Horsfield

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 727–733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.79

• emission of directional phonons. This connection with electron–phonon interactions quantifies explicitly the intuitive notion that nonconservative forces work by angular momentum transfer. Keywords: atomic-scale conductors; current-induced forces; failure mechanisms; nanomotors; Introduction Electron