Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• analyzed by LC-MS/MS to determine the amount of DCS. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for DCS analysis The stationary phase of liquid chromatography (LC) was a 5 µm C18 column from Thermo Fisher Scientific (15 cm × 4.6 mm). The mobile phase A was comprised of acetonitrile (Merck

• Millipore) and 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid (Merck Millipore), and the mobile phase B was comprised of deionized water and 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid. The gradient of mobile phases was set with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The temperature of the autosampler was set at 4 °C, and the injection volume was 5 µL

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• defects in the middle of the suspended part. This effect should be even more pronounced if we assume that a NW is deformed and stressed only in the early stage of the hot phase followed by a gradual relaxation of the NW by the means of heat-enhanced rearrangement of Ag atoms at the contact with the

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• revealed from the XRD studies, as-deposited NS-WOx films are amorphous in nature, whereas post-growth vacuum-annealed (at 673 K for 1 h) films show an amorphous-to-crystalline structural phase transition. XPS analysis confirms an increasing concentration of defect density in the form of oxygen vacancies

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• [5]. Globally, CD creates an annual burden exceeding 800,000 disability-adjusted life years and $600,000,000 in healthcare costs [6]. Classically, the infectious cycle in the human host begins as an acute phase, asymptomatic except in children, where trypomastigotes circulate in the blood and

• intracellular amastigotes are usually found in hepatic macrophages. Amastigotes multiply and differentiate into trypomastigotes, which are released back to the blood after cell rupture. The acute phase is followed by an indeterminate, asymptomatic phase. Ten to thirty years after the acute phase, 30%–40% of

• patients will develop a chronic phase. This phase presents typical denervation and fibrosis of cardiac or digestive muscles, with scarcer intracellular forms. The subsequent cardiac arrhythmias or progressive heart failure and sudden death are the highest attributable cost of the disease [7][8]. With 75

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• the nanowire reduces Ic and decreases the maximum nc possible before undesirable nonlinear effects become significant. A nonlinear microwave mode is not part of the standard electromechanical formulation, complicating the analysis in, for example, the phase-sensitive detection scheme. Third in the

• the measured magnitude and phase response of two nominally identical devices, both with nanowire width w = 200 nm, where one device has the shunt inductance and the other does not. For a shunt with inductance Ls = 195 pH, we increase Qext by a factor of roughly twenty at the cost of a slight reduction

• cryogenic amplifier for low-noise microwave reflection measurement, as shown in Figure 8. Low- and high-frequency signals are synchronously synthesized and measured with a digital multifrequency microwave measurement device (Vivace from Intermodulation Products AB) to measure phase-sensitive

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• a temperature of 300 K, following the NPT ensemble, employing Berendsen weak coupling method [36]. Subsequently, a pre-equilibration phase was conducted for 10 nanoseconds within the NVT ensemble. For the short-range interactions, the cut-off distance was defined as 1.0 nm. In the adaptive well

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• etching using water-assisted FEBIE, the final interpretation of SiO2 morphological changes would require more efforts. For example, treating the subject separately with more sophisticated spectroscopy techniques to provide the data on chemical phase and types of Si–OH bonds on the surface and more

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• the aqueous phase, which contained 10 mL of 1.5% PVA. The mixture was then emulsified by vortexing at 1000 rpm for 1 min, followed by sonication (Sonics, Vnibra cells, USA) over an ice bath for 1 min at 40 W, 40%, 10 s pulse, and 2 s rest. Then, the organic phase was magnetically stirred at 200 rpm

• formulations of the three nanoparticles were F127-folate@PLGA/IO/CHL/IR780 (F127-folate@NP), F127@PLGA/IO/CHL/IR780 (F127@NP), and PVA@PLGA/IO/CHL/IR780 (PVA@NP). Coumarin-6 (0.2 mg) was added to the organic phase to create F127-folate@NP/Cou-6, F127@NP/Cou-6, and PVA@NP/Cou-6 for the fluorescence assay in

• nanoparticle surfaces would assist the NPs to enter the cells. Therefore, F127 has been used as a nanoparticle component for drug delivery. For example, doxorubicin-loaded L61/F127 NPs (SP1049C, Supratek Pharma Inc., Montreal, Canada) have reached phase three in clinical trials [41][42]. The F127-folate@NP has

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• spectroscopy ZView software was used to analyze the frequency characteristics. Substitute circuit models for the obtained thin films were proposed. The values of individual model parameters are summarized in Table 4. The replacement models were made up of R-elements and a constant-phase element (CPE), which

• are connected in parallel based on the fit results. The CPE is an element generating impedance with a constant phase angle in the complex plane. The P (phase) of the CPE element (CPE-P) for the analysis varies from 0.8 to 0.95, which is responsible for the capacity. The element T (capacitance) of the

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• be improved by slow anodization at low temperatures [18], because of the spontaneous nature of oxide formation at the initial phase of PAAO growth, process timing alone cannot guarantee the desired outcome. Furthermore, the growth rate of the PAAO can be influenced by other factors, including local

• layer, several samples were mapped via SE. Instead of a single-layer alumina with effective RI neff, the model for SE measurements (Figure 1c) consisted of a barrier layer (phase 1) and a porous alumina layer (phase 2). As can be seen in Figure 4a–e, the thickness variation of the total alumina film was

• software (SEA, v1.3.8, Semilab). The optical model is depicted in Figure 1c. The substrate is aluminum, phase 1 represents the barrier layer and is aluminum oxide, phase 2 represents PAAO and is a mixture of air and aluminum oxide, and ambient is air. The optical properties of all materials were available

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• wurtzite structure and is consistent with the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database card number (ICSD card No. 067454) for the pure ZnO phase with space group P63mc (Figure 1a). All the diffraction peaks at angles (2θ) of 31.77°, 34.43°, 36.26°, 47.55°, 56.61°, 62.89°, 66.39°, 67.98°, and 69.10° correspond

• contaminants were present in the PXRD pattern, specifying that the principal component at the inorganic phase of the sample was ZnO. Hence, the findings unequivocally substantiated the synthesis of ZnO NPs. The FTIR analysis was conducted to validate the presence of specific functional groups on the surface of

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• availability of poorly water-soluble compounds, which is achieved when the oil constitutes the internal phase. In this case, oil-in-water nanoemulsions or aqueous nanoemulsions are obtained. The main advantage of NEs is their better kinetic stability compared to macroemulsions. Also, the NEs protect the EO

• HLB, one can obtain the nanoemulsion with the smallest droplet size, leading to more stable formulations [20]. The rHLB is usually determined by preparing NEs with different ratios of surfactant blends and choosing the most stable formulation to determine the rHLB of the oil phase [21

• present work was (i) to develop stable oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing myrcene or cymene as the dispersed phase, (ii) to determine the required rHLB values for emulsion stability, (iii) to assess the biocompatibility via in vitro and in vivo assays, and (iv) to evaluate the bioefficacy of the NE

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• supports the conclusion that the BBR concentration on the surface of BBR NPs/PLA nanofibers was higher than that on the surface of BBR/PLA nanofibers, which is in agreement with the above FTIR analysis. The poor miscibility between the hydrophilic drug and the hydrophobic polymer might cause phase

• separation during the electrospinning process [17][38][39], leading to the formation of a BBR-rich phase on the surface of nanofibers. The crystallinity of the PLA pellet and electrospun nanofiber scaffolds were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (Figure 3B). The XRD pattern of the PLA pellet shows

• phases. The exponential phase occurred in the first 12 h when the cell numbers were doubled after each generation time. After that, the stationary phase was reached when the number of growth cells was almost equal to that of dead cells. The proliferation of MRSA incubated in the nutrient broth with the

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• observed in the Bode plots for the hydrogel samples tested. At the highest frequencies (104–103 Hz and 104–102 Hz for samples without and with cCB, respectively), a resistive behaviour is observed (Figure 4a), while the phase shift is close to 0° (Figure 4b). For hydrogels containing MCO-cCB, the

• capacitive behaviour starts at 200 Hz, while for samples without cCB, from 2000 Hz. Depending on the sample, the phase angle reaches a maximum of −90° to −65°. The Nyquist plot (Figure 4c) presented similar profiles for all the samples. In the case of samples without cCB and with cCB content not higher than

• Rs corresponds to solution resistance, Rct is related to charge transfer resistance at the interface of the solution and the electrode material, while CPE is a constant phase element, which represents capacitive performance of the electrode. The circuit parameters and their standard deviations were

Josephson dynamics and Shapiro steps at high transmissions: current bias regime

• Artem V. Galaktionov and
• Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 51–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.5

• , equivalently, ω = (k/n)ωJ, where k and n are positive integer numbers. The values k ≥ 2 correspond to the presence of higher harmonics of the Josephson current emerging because of a possibly non-sinusoidal current–phase relation, whereas the numbers n ≥ 2 account for multiphoton processes, which may become non

• ) equals to one half of the Josephson phase being related to the voltage V(t) across the junction by means of the standard Josephson relation . In order to solve this equation, it will be convenient for us to introduce a dimensionless variable, thereby reducing Equation 5 to The solution φ0(s) of the

• the voltage and the phase variables and averaging the resulting expression for V(t) over time, we immediately recover the I–V curve in the form [3] where In the limit a − 1 ≪ 1, that is, provided the current I just slightly exceeds Ic, this result reduces to a simple formula Verifying the assumption

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• identified works presented results in the clinical phase. Finally, based on our findings, the outlook appears favorable, as there is a significant diversity of new substances with schistosomicidal potential. However, financial efforts are required to advance these nanoformulations. Keywords: delivery system

• classic nanocarriers are not present in SLN, such as lack of biocompatibility, difficulty to produce on a large scale, and high raw material cost [36]. Many methods are used to prepare SLN, and they are divided into (1) high-energy methods, for dispersion of the lipid phase (such as high-pressure

• nanoformulations. This is the only way for the product to advance to the next stages, such as clinical phase. In fact, none of the papers in this work was in clinical trials, reflecting the small number of nanosystems that enter the clinical phase. This probably happens not only because many of these works do not

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• sample and a coherently tilted reference plane wave. The intensity of the hologram can be represented in the form of where Ψi(r) stands for the electron wavefunction in the image plane i with amplitude Ai and phase φi, r is a two-dimensional vector in the sample plane, and q is the two-dimensional

• reciprocal space vector related to the tilt of the reference wave. Note that the phase φi(r) is now separated in the third term inside the cosine; it can be retrieved by taking the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the intensity [24]. The phase shift can then be used to recover the in-plane magnetic

• using the transport of intensity equation. Using off-axis electron holography, we were able to directly measure the phase shift induced by the in-plane magnetization in focus and quantitatively. Using the same parameters as in the LTEM experiment, we kept the tilt angle of the sample constant and

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• composition and morphology of FEBID deposits fabricated in an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) chamber were explored on different surfaces and at varied beam currents. In the gas phase, dissociative ionization was found to lead to significant carbon loss from this precursor, and about 50% of the chlorine was on average

• -vacuum (UHV) surface science studies and mass spectrometry in high-vacuum (HV) gas-phase investigations [27][28]. In this context, surface science experiments allow for electron-dose-dependent studies of the elemental composition of the deposit, and desorbing ligands may be monitored by means of mass

• spectrometry. On the other hand, gas-phase studies using controllable, quasi-monoenergetic electron beams under single collision conditions, provide information on the electron energy dependence and extent of the individual fragmentation processes [28]. A number of such comparative gas-phase and surface

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• uptake for softer particles [30]. Cell uptake is often the first biological evaluation during the development phase besides toxicity and biocompatibility. However, after application, particles first need to reach the cells and overcome several other biological barriers. During uptake, other biological

A bifunctional superconducting cell as flux qubit and neuron

• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Pavel V. Pikunov,
• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1116–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.92

• by the second term in Equation 1, wherein the effective coordinate is a phase of the Josephson junction, φ. The quantities Ec = and EJ = are the capacitive and the Josephson energy, respectively, determined by critical current Ic and the capacity C of the Josephson junction. A typical example of

• system is to control the phase difference between a pair of converging levels in the regions of increase (or decrease) in the external field, which of course depends on Δt = t2 − t1. These dependencies are naturally periodic, as shown in Figure 2g,h, for the two cases of application of an external field

• ⟩ = bφin(t) − a⟨φ⟩ is the mean value of the current operator on the Josephson junction when the external flux changes relative to the mean phase of the contact ⟨φ⟩ = ⟨ψ(t)|φ|ψ(t)⟩. As shown in Figure 4a, the transfer characteristic of the parametron has a sigmoidal dependence. It is worth noting that this

Sulfur nanocomposites with insecticidal effect for the control of Bactericera cockerelli

• Lany S. Araujo-Yépez,
• Juan O. Tigrero-Salas,
• Vicente A. Delgado-Rodríguez,
• Vladimir A. Aguirre-Yela and
• Josué N. Villota-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1106–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.91

• processes that involve classical nucleation, aggregation, and/or Ostwald ripening [38]. Figure 6 shows a STEM micrograph of the nanomicellar structure of a rosemary NCMP composed of two immiscible phases, that is, (a) the aqueous phase formed by the sulfur nanoparticles and (b) the oily phase formed by

• and rosemary essential oils. This is in agreement with similar studies where an increase in essential oil concentration influenced the viscosity of the oily phase of the nanomicelle, increasing the diameter of the particles [41][42]. A possible reason is that the viscosity of the oil will influence

• the rate at which cosurfactant molecules move from the oily phase to the aqueous phase. The lower the oil viscosity, the faster the cosurfactant molecules can move and the smaller the formed nanomicelles [43]. Furthermore, the diameters agree with other research that obtained Eucalytus globulus oil

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• , Poland 10.3762/bjnano.14.90 Abstract In recent years, nanostructures with hexagonal polytypes of gold have been synthesised, opening new possibilities in nanoscience and nanotechnology. As bulk gold crystallizes in the fcc phase, surface effects can play an important role in stabilizing hexagonal gold

• power, the atomic structure and specific properties of various interfaces have been successfully studied using first principle calculations [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Up to very high pressures, gold crystallizes in the fcc phase [14] with the ABC repeating pattern of hexagonal planes in the [111] direction

• , involving a hexagonal AuGe β phase present during the intermediate stages of growth. Interestingly, while the fcc crystallites were randomly oriented with respect to the Ge substrate, the hcp nanostructures were typically found with (001) planes at 60–65° to the (111) Ge planes [22]. In a recent experiment

Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• implied the formation of single-phase oxide in the films grown at temperatures above 300 °C. Appropriateness of the mentioned precursor system to the preparation of SnO2 films was established. Keywords: atomic layer deposition; tin oxide; tin tetraiodide; Introduction Atomic layer-deposited SnO2 films

• stoichiometric SnO2 as the major phase at temperatures higher than 300 °C. Film structure Increasing the deposition temperature increased the crystallinity of films, as can be seen in Figure 8. Diffractograms of all crystalline films revealed the presence of tetragonal SnO2 (PDF Card 01-071-5324). Depositions

• films deposited below 200 °C is not SnO2. One diffraction maximum at 24.5° that exists in samples up to 300 °C is not attributable to any SnO2 phase. This is, however, the diffraction maximum of monoclinic I2O5 (PDF card 00-022-0338). This is consistent with the higher iodine and oxygen content measured

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• time-periodic surface electrostatic potential generated under optical (or electrical) pumping with an atomic force microscope. The modulus and phase coefficients are probed by exploiting a double heterodyne frequency mixing effect between the mechanical oscillation of the cantilever, modulated

• components of the time-periodic electrostatic potential at harmonic frequencies of the pump, and an ac bias modulation signal. Each harmonic can be selectively transferred to the second cantilever eigenmode. We show how phase coherent sideband generation and signal demodulation at the second eigenmode can be

• achieved by using two numerical lock-in amplifiers configured in cascade. Dual-heterodyne KPFM (DHe-KPFM) can be used to map any harmonic (amplitude/phase) of the time-periodic surface potential at a standard scanning speed. The Fourier spectrum (series of harmonics) can also be recorded in spectroscopic

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• KPFM shown in Figure 1a illustrates multiple lock-in amplifiers employed to excite the cantilever both mechanically and electrically at the same time, and to retrieve simultaneously the amplitude and phase of the movement of the cantilever at different frequencies. The cantilever is excited at its

• simultaneously determined. One of the shortcomings of the implemented KPFM method in our previous work [32] was its operation in dual-pass mode, in which topography measurements were done in the first pass and the CPD in the second pass. Such a measurement can give rise to a phase shift between these two signals