Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• using electron beams and gas precursors was not widely recognized at the time when earlier studies regarding morphological changes in silica upon the electron irradiation were performed [24]. Therefore, neither of the electron-beam-induced changes into the SiO2 surface during the water purification of

• reactions between H2O molecules and silica could occur, especially in the post-purification of granular materials composed of noble metals, such as Pt–C or Au–C which are directly deposited onto Si or SiO2 substrate. Experimental Sample preparation For this experiment, we chose mechanically exfoliated

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• purification and freeze-drying. The results showed that there was approx. 0.5% of CHL in the NPs (Table 2). The encapsulation efficiency of the single emulsion was approx. 5%. However, it was reported that the encapsulation efficiency could be increased up to 92% using the double emulsion method [28] or to 70

New application of bimetallic Ag/Pt nanoplates in a colorimetric biosensor for specific detection of E. coli in water

• Azam Bagheri Pebdeni,
• Mohammad N. AL-Baiati and
• Morteza Hosseini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 95–103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.9

• bacterial culture medium were supplied from Baharafshan Institute of Research and Development (Tehran, Iran). All other substances were of analytical reagent grade and were used as supplied, with no further purification. The treatment was carried out with sterile deionized water. Apparatus Perkin-Elmer

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• used to prepare all solutions. All the chemicals were used without any purification. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strain were isolated from clinical samples of hospitalized patients and stored according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) regulations. The

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• . Experimental Synthesis Reagents Dopamine (DA) hydrochloride and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and used without purification. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RhBITC), hydrochloric acid 37% (wt/v), absolute ethanol and Hellmanex® were

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• purification of FEBID deposits, where carbon removal led to ≈18% height reduction of the respective nanoparticles [42]. Notwithstanding, changes in the deposition time and in the associated different volume of the deposited material may also contribute to the observed particle size reduction. AFM of FEBID on

• , is that this study was carried out in UHV with a higher electron beam current of 1.5 nA. However, it should be mentioned that the AES used here is surface sensitive as compared to EDX, which is bulk sensitive. As the synthesis and purification routes in both HV and the current UHV studies are

• purification studies [62][63], thin layer exposure to electrons at approx. 500 eV [64][65], gas-phase studies under single collision condition [28][66], and FEBID under HV and UHV conditions [30][60]. Most noticeably, platinum precursors Pt(CO)2X2 (X = Cl, Br) have been studied with respect to FEBID and their

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• effusive molecular beam of ML2. The latter emanates from a vessel containing approximately 1 mg of ≥98% purity powder (products purchased from Alfa Aesar) heated by two in vacuo halogen bulbs. The materials were used as received without further purification. The lamps also maintain all of the electrostatic

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• increasing the antigen binding capacity and the conjugation efficiency [61]. These covalent conjugation methods are highly stable but associated with some drawbacks. These include aggregation and polymerization, cross-linking at multiple sites on the antibodies, the need for additional purification steps for

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• -cost topical treatment. Experimental SPIONs The SPIONs used in the present study were synthesized as described in [9] (patent application registration BR 10 2020 015814 [36]). For assays, after synthesis and purification, the SPIONs were dispersed in a 70% ethanol solution (Merck, Germany). The maximum

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• (USA). Deionized water with a resistivity of 18 MΩ·cm−1, provided by a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore Corp., MA, USA), was used throughout all the experiments. The morphologies of Ag NPs and SERS substrates were examined using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, Mira II

Silver nanoparticles loaded on lactose/alginate: in situ synthesis, catalytic degradation, and pH-dependent antibacterial activity

• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu,
• T. Lan-Anh Vo,
• T. Thu-Trang Ho,
• Kim-Phuong T. Dang,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Phan Nhat Minh,
• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Vinh-Thien Tran,
• Van-Su Dang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Thi-Lan-Huong Nguyen,
• Van-Dat Doan and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 781–792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.64

• reagents were purchased from Acros (Belgium): silver nitrate (AgNO3), methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), calcium acetate hydrate, sodium alginate, and sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH4). Lactose was obtained from Yong Da (China). The chemicals were used without additional purification. Distilled water was

• was ultrasonically treated for 30 min and left to reach equilibrium overnight. After purification, the resulting gel was freeze-dried at −80 °C for 24 h using an EYELA FDU-2110 (Japan) instrument. Next, an aqueous solution of AgNO3 (15 mL) with different concentrations in the range of 7.9–55.6 μg·mL−1

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• Chemicals The chemicals, including germanium oxide (GeO2) (99.99%) from Sigma-Aldrich and hydrochloric acid (HCl) (35–37%), magnesium powder (Mg) (99.95%), ethanol (C2H5OH) (99.5%), and potassium hydroxide (KOH) (85%) from Xilong, China, were used without further purification. Banana peels were collected

Mixed oxides with corundum-type structure obtained from recycling can seals as paint pigments: color stability

• Dienifer F. L. Horsth,
• Julia de O. Primo,
• Nayara Balaba,
• Fauze J. Anaissi and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 467–477, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.37

• purification Formation of sodium chloride (NaCl) during the boehmite synthesis is observed. Therefore, it is necessary to purify the obtained boehmite. Purification was performed by washing the synthesized samples with hot water to remove sodium chloride. After this step, the boehmite was filtered and dried at

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• purified through a Milli-Q water purification system. Figure 1 shows the chemical structures of chitosan, quercetin, and caffeic acid. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles The chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles (Ch-Ag NPs) were synthesized by reducing AgNO3 with NaBH4 in the presence of chitosan

• for aging at room temperature before the purification step. The Ch-Ag NPs were cleaned with 1% acetic acid solution to remove unreacted chitosan by ultracentrifuging (Hitachi, Himac CP100 wx) at 40,000 rpm for 30 min. The collected Ch-Ag NPs were dispersed in distilled water and filtered through a

Batch preparation of nanofibers containing nanoparticles by an electrospinning device with multiple air inlets

• Dong Wei,
• Chengwei Ye,
• Adnan Ahmed and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 141–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.15

• purification. Preparation of spinning solution Firstly, 4.5 g PAN and 44 g DMF solution were weighed separately by an electronic balance (XJ120A, Shanghai Precisa Co., LTD), mixed and placed on an unheated magnetic stirrer (HJ-6A, Gongyi Yuhua Instrument Co., LTD.) for stirring for 24 h. Then 1.5 g ZnO

Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape

• Samuel M. Sousa,
• Helane L. O. Morais,
• Joyce C. C. Santos,
• Ana Paula M. Barboza,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Elisângela S. Pinto and
• Mariana C. Prado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 68–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.8

• graphite monochromator using Cu Kα radiation (1.54056 Å) in the Bragg–Brentano geometry (θ/2θ). Talc liquid-phase exfoliation. Before submitting the material to the liquid exfoliation process, a purification step was performed to remove any contaminations [11]. Talc powder was sonicated for 1 h in

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

• Polina M. Kalachikova,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Eldar M. Khabushev,
• Timofei V. Eremin,
• Timofei S. Zatsepin,
• Elena D. Obraztsova,
• Konstantin V. Larionov,
• Liubov Yu. Antipina,
• Pavel B. Sorokin and
• Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

• received from Sigma-Aldrich and OCSiAl, respectively, and used without further purification. Riboflavin (98%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar and used as received. Sephacryl S-200 High Resolution was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. Preparation of dispersion of riboflavin-wrapped SWCNTs 40 mg of SWCNT powder was

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• purification. Characterization of the photocatalysts The PZC of catalysts was measured according to Kocharova and co-workers [41]. For the determination of pHPZC, eleven vials were filled with 0.1 mol·L−1 NaCl solution. The pH of each vial was adjusted with NaOH and HCl solutions to pH 2–12. Next, 10 mg of

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• etherate (BF3·OEt2) and 2,4-dimethylpyrrole were freshly purified by distillation under reduced pressure. Synthesis and characterization of BDP All chemical reagents were obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C NMR spectra were

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• and utilized without any further purification. Synthesis procedure The modified HBN was synthesized through a solid-state reaction approach with various modifications to the process described in Wang et al. [17]. An equimolar mix (0.1 M) of melamine, boric acid, and glucose was finely grounded in an

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• (AgNO3), ascorbic acid, and pentamidine isethionate were commercially available (Merck). All reagents used (Merck) were used without further purification. Characterization techniques UV–vis spectra were obtained on an Agilent model 8453 diode array spectrophotometer using 1 cm path length quartz cells

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

• Roopakala Kottayi,
• Ilangovan Veerappan and
• Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

• min and quickly poured into cold methanol to form AZGSSe QDs. After purification purification via centrifugation, the QDs were dispersed in 5 mL chloroform. Preparation of a AZGSSe QD-sensitized TiO2 NF-based photoanode A pre-prepared TiO2 nanofiber (NF) paste was coated on FTO glass via the doctor

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• purification [31][32][33][34][35]. However, the present report focuses on understanding the role of different Bi-based photocatalysts concerning their synthesis method and enhancement. The mechanism of photocatalysts for different applications has been described for the type or nature of the photocatalyst

• . This gap is essential for improving the material’s light-harvesting capabilities [78][79]. Consequently, in an attempt to improve the photocatalytic efficiency for water purification and other environmental applications, a variety of techniques, such as defect formation, metal/non-metal doping

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• reagents used were of analytic grade, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Company, and directly used without further purification. Morphology, elemental analysis, and crystal structure Morphology and elemental composition of the as-prepared products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• et al. [39] proposed a multistep assembly method to fabricate carbon nanotube tips by developing a well-controlled procedure to fabricate scanning probe carbon nanotube tip microscopes. The process consists of three steps: purification and alignment of nanotubes using electrophoresis; transfer of

• molecules demonstrates the resolution of these nanotube tips and the potential to elucidate the structural features of biological specimens. The method involves the growth, purification, and movement of carbon nanotubes into a cartridge and, finally, the transfer of the carbon nanotubes to the tip under an