Cryogels: recent applications in 3D-bioprinting, injectable cryogels, drug delivery, and wound healing

• Luke O. Jones,
• Leah Williams,
• Tasmin Boam,
• Martin Kalmet,
• Chidubem Oguike and
• Fiona L. Hatton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2553–2569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.171

• intermolecular hydrogen bonding changes, leading to variations on how hydrated the cryogel is, triggering a volume phase transition [34][35]. Changes in solubility can be described by the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) and lower critical solution temperatures (LCST). The UCST is the temperature at

• which a polymer becomes soluble upon heating, and the LCST is the temperature at which polymers become insoluble upon heating. Any LCST or UCST behaviour can be identified from a polymer/solvent phase diagram, if it has both one-phase and two-phase regions [34][36]. Most commonly, the physical change in

Constrained thermoresponsive polymers – new insights into fundamentals and applications

• Patricia Flemming,
• Alexander S. Münch,
• Andreas Fery and
• Petra Uhlmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2123–2163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.138

• representative. In contrast, for polymer arrangements with an upper critical solution temperature (UCST), there is only limited knowledge about preparation, application and precise physical understanding of the phase transition. This review article provides an overview about the current knowledge of

• thermoresponsive polymers with limited mobility focusing on UCST behavior and the possibilities for influencing their thermoresponsive switching characteristics. It comprises star polymers, micelles as well as polymer chains grafted to flat substrates and particulate inorganic surfaces. The elaboration of the

• solution temperature (UCST); Introduction During the last decades, the class of stimuli-responsive materials has entered the focus of scientific research and applied polymer science [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. They are characterized primarily by their ability to adapt spontaneously and reversibly to

Influence of cyclodextrin on the UCST- and LCST-behavior of poly(2-methacrylamido-caprolactam)-co-(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)

• Alexander Burkhart and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1951–1958, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.203

• (LCST) in water and an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) in ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol. The solubility properties of the copolymers can be influenced significantly by the addition of randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (CD). The complexation of the copolymers with CD, was confirmed by

• the use of ROESY-NMR-spectroscopy. Keywords: cyclodextrin; LCST; lysine; 2-methacrylamido-caprolactam; UCST; Introduction Recently, increasing interest has been spent on thermoresponsive polymer solutions, mainly because of their potential application in the field of drug delivery, gene delivery, or

• become insoluble by heating their solutions above the TC. In contrast, some polymers forming hydrogen bonds, like poly(acrylic acid) or polymers containing zwitter-ionic groups are soluble in water above a critical temperature (UCST) [6][7]. Only a few reports deal with polymers which have both, LCST

Hybrid biofunctional nanostructures as stimuli-responsive catalytic systems

• Gernot U. Marten,
• Thorsten Gelbrich and
• Annette M. Schmidt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 922–931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.98

• stabilizing shell composed of LCST or upper critical solution temperature (UCST) polymers lead to nanocomposites that show thermally inducible flocculation behavior in the carrier medium [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The particles agglomerate at a critical temperature resulting in an enhanced magnetic

• proposed based on thermoresponsive polymers such as poly(N-isopropylamide) (PNiPAAm) [15][21][22][23][24] and (oligoethylene glycol) methacrylate copolymers (POEGMA) [25], which both show an LCST type behavior, and on glycinamide copolymers with an UCST behavior at around 10 °C [20][26]. The formation of a