Production of non-natural 5-methylorsellinate-derived meroterpenoids in Aspergillus oryzae

• Jia Tang,
• Yixiang Zhang and
• Yudai Matsuda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 638–644, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.56

• : farnesyl pyrophosphate; FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. (B) HPLC profiles of the metabolites from Aspergillus oryzae transformants. The chromatograms were extracted at 254 nm. (C) Structures of metabolites detected or isolated in this study. Note that

Recommendations for performing measurements of apparent equilibrium constants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and for reporting the results of these measurements

• Robert N. Goldberg,
• Robert T. Giessmann,
• Peter J. Halling,
• Carsten Kettner and
• Hans V. Westerhoff

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 303–316, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.26

• , spectroscopic methods, and HPLC have proven to be workhorses in much of the literature in this area. Spectroscopic absorbance has proven to be exceptionally useful for reactions involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Radioactivity and GC methods have been

An accelerated Rauhut–Currier dimerization enabled the synthesis of (±)-incarvilleatone and anticancer studies

• Tharun K. Kotammagari,
• Sweta Misra,
• Sayantan Paul,
• Sunita Kunte,
• Rajesh G. Gonnade,
• Manas K. Santra and
• Asish K. Bhattacharya

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 204–211, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.19

• a growth suppression. Colorimetric MTT assays are widely used to examine a growth suppression. In these assays, viable cells reduce MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) to its insoluble formazan by oxidoreductase enzymes in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Ferrocenoyl-adenines: substituent effects on regioselective acylation

• Mateja Toma,
• Gabrijel Zubčić,
• Jasmina Lapić,
• Senka Djaković,
• Davor Šakić and
• Valerije Vrček

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1270–1277, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.133

• /bjoc.18.133 Abstract A series of N6-substituted adenine–ferrocene conjugates was prepared and the reaction mechanism underlying the synthesis was explored. The SN2-like reaction between ferrocenoyl chloride and adenine anions is a regioselective process in which the product ratio (N7/N9-ferrocenoyl

• the N6-substituent is prevailing. That was supported by calculations of Fukui functions and molecular orbital coefficients. Both descriptors indicated that the N7 atom was more nucleophilic than its N9-counterpart in all adenine anion derivatives. We demonstrated that selected substituents may shift

• organometallic (metallocene) and heterocyclic (purine) parts. Specifically, adenine and its N6-derivatives, most of which are pharmaceutically attractive and/or biologically relevant [20][21][22], have been selected to study the mechanism underlying the synthesis of the ferrocene–nucleobase conjugates. Several

(Phenylamino)pyrimidine-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as analogs of imatinib: searching for novel compounds against chronic myeloid leukemia

• Luiz Claudio Ferreira Pimentel,
• Lucas Villas Boas Hoelz,
• Henayle Fernandes Canzian,
• Frederico Silva Castelo Branco,
• Andressa Paula de Oliveira,
• Vinicius Rangel Campos,
• Floriano Paes Silva Júnior,
• Rafael Ferreira Dantas,
• Jackson Antônio Lamounier Camargos Resende,
• Anna Claudia Cunha,
• Nubia Boechat and
• Mônica Macedo Bastos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2260–2269, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.144

• compared to IMT (Table 2). The lacking of that interaction prevents the pyridine ring from mimicking the ATP adenine in the hinge region [39]. As previously mentioned, the absence of the hydrogen-bond interaction between the Glu305 residue and the amide group of 2c, 2d, and 2g (Figure 4b–d) also

Cationic oligonucleotide derivatives and conjugates: A favorable approach for enhanced DNA and RNA targeting oligonucleotides

• Mathias B. Danielsen and
• Jesper Wengel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1828–1848, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.125

• -toluenesulfonyl-5’-O-dimethoxytrityl-2’-deoxycytidine followed by ON synthesis [63]. A less investigated strategy is the anchoring of amine functionalities onto purines. Beginning with adenine, the N6 position has been the most explored attachment point. For example, a 2’-deoxy-N6-triazole-substituted adenosine

• monomer (9-(5’-O-dimethoxytrityl-2’-deoxy-β-ᴅ-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-N6-(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)adenine) was reacted with spermine to yield 5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-N6-(4,9,13-triazatridecane-1-yl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (28) and subsequently incorporated into an ON (Table 3C) [63][64][65]. A different approach must

Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications

• Nikita Brodyagin,
• Martins Katkevics,
• Venubabu Kotikam,
• Christopher A. Ryan and
• Eriks Rozners

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1641–1688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.116

• triplex, most likely due to reduced ability of R to π-stack [103]. As expected, fluorescence microscopy showed improved cellular uptake of the cationic guanidinium-modified PNAs [103]. PNA nucleobases for Hoogsteen recognition of adenine: Because the T•A–T triplets are reasonably stable under

• precursors in vitro [133]. Furan (F, Figure 8) as a reactive nucleobase mimic was well accommodated in a duplex with DNA without decreasing its thermal stability [134]. Upon oxidation of the furan ring, F-modified PNAs reacted preferentially with cytosine and adenine and irreversibly crosslinked with ssDNA

• : Because PNA has become a key component of many assays and diagnostics, development of fluorescent nucleobases as labels for PNA has attracted considerable attention. 2-Aminopurine (Figure 10), a fluorescent structural isomer of adenine [141], was one of the first fluorescent nucleobases used in PNA [142

Double-headed nucleosides: Synthesis and applications

• Vineet Verma,
• Jyotirmoy Maity,
• Vipin K. Maikhuri,
• Ritika Sharma,
• Himal K. Ganguly and
• Ashok K. Prasad

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1392–1439, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.98

• literature search regarding double-headed nucleosides disclosed that these modified nucleosides were constituted with any two naturally occurring nucleobases, i.e., adenine, guanine, thymine, uracil, and cytosine [9][10] or one naturally occurring nucleobase and one heterocyclic/carbocyclic moiety either

• the nucleophilic opening of O-2,2′-anhydrouridine [44]. The azido nucleoside 12 was reacted with N6-benzoyl-N9-propargyladenine (13a) and N1-propargylthymine (13b) via a CuAAC reaction where the triazole-containing linker connected the additional thymine or adenine to the 2′-position of 2

• -ribofuranose (30) [48]. The ribose derivative 30 was then reacted with triflic anhydride in the presence of pyridine followed by reaction with adenine in the presence of sodium hydride to afford nucleoside 34. The nucleoside 34 was further reacted with benzoyl chloride to afford the fully protected nucleoside

Beyond ribose and phosphate: Selected nucleic acid modifications for structure–function investigations and therapeutic applications

• Christopher Liczner,
• Kieran Duke,
• Gabrielle Juneau,
• Martin Egli and
• Christopher J. Wilds

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 908–931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.76

• simplicity combined with the five natural bases, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U, in RNA) belies the fact that both DNA and RNA are decorated with chemical modifications. For a catalogue of natural modifications in DNA, see https://dnamod.hoffmanlab.org/ [1], and in RNA, see

• (R) or (S) starting material, respectively. These simple nucleic acid building blocks were first synthesized in 1971 by Ueda et al. [96]. The group was able to synthesize adenine, cytosine, and uracil GNA analogues by reacting these bases with glycerol α-chlorohydrin or glycidol. The following year

• iodide and silver oxide. The protected adenine base was regenerated by treatment with ammonia followed by benzoylation. Once the methyl group was incorporated into these ribonucleosides, the TIPDS group was selectively removed by tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) or hydrochloric acid treatment, followed

Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects

• Shivani Gulati,
• Stephy Elza John and
• Nagula Shankaraiah

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 819–865, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.71

• furnished the desired products 105 in good to moderate yields. 7 Purines Purines are categorized as heterocyclic aromatic compounds, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Adenine and guanine are purine nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids. Utilizing purine analogs as isosteres are

• methods [98][99]. The conventional method produced the target molecule in a trace amount (1.5%). Addition of TMSCl to this approach resulted in 2.5% yield of the desired product. On the contrary in the presence of microwave irradiation the regioselctive 5-aza-adenine was afforded in 65% yield within 20

• potential rearrangement explained the regioselectivity during ring closure as depicted in Scheme 44. Theoretically, two regioisomeric pairs of adenine (115, A) and isoadenine are possible (C, D) (Scheme 44). However, using the multicomponent approach one product, 4-amino-7-arylimidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazines

Synthesis and properties of oligonucleotides modified with an N-methylguanidine-bridged nucleic acid (GuNA[Me]) bearing adenine, guanine, or 5-methylcytosine nucleobases

• Naohiro Horie,
• Takao Yamaguchi,
• Shinji Kumagai and
• Satoshi Obika

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 622–629, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.54

• technology. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of GuNA[Me] phosphoramidites bearing other typical nucleobases including adenine (A), guanine (G), and 5-methylcytosine (mC). The phosphoramidites were successfully incorporated into oligonucleotides following the method previously developed for the GuNA

• expected to provide further mechanistic insights into how small substituents affect the efficacy and safety of therapeutic oligonucleotides. Thus, the synthesis of GuNA[Me] phosphoramidites bearing other typical nucleobases, i.e., adenine (A), guanine (G), or 5-methylcytosine (mC), instead of the

Biochemistry of fluoroprolines: the prospect of making fluorine a bioelement

• Vladimir Kubyshkin,
• Rebecca Davis and
• Nediljko Budisa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 439–460, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.40

Incorporation of a metal-mediated base pair into an ATP aptamer – using silver(I) ions to modulate aptamer function

• Marius H. Heddinga and
• Jens Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2870–2879, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.236

• applications [34][35][36]. A slight disadvantage of using this metal-mediated base pair could be the fact that Ag(I) is known to have an affinity to adenine derivatives (such as ATP, i.e., the target molecule of the aptamer) [37][38]. However, as the incorporation into an Im–Ag(I)–Im base pair should be

One-pot multicomponent green Hantzsch synthesis of 1,2-dihydropyridine derivatives with antiproliferative activity

• Giovanna Bosica,
• Kaylie Demanuele,
• José M. Padrón and
• Adrián Puerta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2862–2869, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.235

• structural resemblance of these compounds to the coenzyme reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) sparked the potential pharmaceutical properties, and till today, the Hantzsch synthesis is the main route for obtaining such products, which are eventually used as active pharmaceutical ingredients in

Using multiple self-sorting for switching functions in discrete multicomponent systems

• Amit Ghosh and
• Michael Schmittel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2831–2853, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.233

• functions, for instance, to control the biological processes that eventually sustain life on our planet [1]. A well-known example is the storage of an immense amount of information in the DNA, using the algorithm of base pairing (AT and GC) between the heterocycles adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and

Synthesis and investigation of quadruplex-DNA-binding, 9-O-substituted berberine derivatives

• Jonas Becher,
• Daria V. Berdnikova,
• Heiko Ihmels and
• Christopher Stremmel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2795–2806, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.230

• berberine derivatives was synthesized by the Cu-catalyzed click reaction of 9-propargyladenine with 9-O-(azidoalkyl)berberine derivatives. The association of the resulting berberine–adenine conjugates with representative quadruplex-forming oligonucleotides 22AG dA(G3TTA)3G3 and a2 d(ACAG4TGTG4)2 was

• with one representative ligand from the series that such berberine–adenine conjugates exhibit a selective binding, specifically a selectivity to quadruplex DNA in competition with duplex DNA, and a preferential thermal stabilization of the G4-DNA forms 22AG and KRAS. Notably, the experimental data do

• not provide evidence for a significant effect of the adenine unit on the binding affinity of the ligands, for example, by additional association with the loops, presumably because the adenine residue is sterically shielded by the neighboring triazole unit. Keywords: berberine alkaloids; DNA ligands

Synthesis of purines and adenines containing the hexafluoroisopropyl group

• Viacheslav Petrov,
• Rebecca J. Dooley,
• Alexander A. Marchione,
• Elizabeth L. Diaz,
• Brittany S. Clem and
• William Marshall

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2739–2748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.224

• 19713, USA DuPont Corporate Center for Analytical Sciences, Experimental Station, P.O. Box 80500, Wilmington, DE 19880-0500, USA 10.3762/bjoc.16.224 Abstract Several new derivatives of adenine, purine, and theophylline containing the (CF3)2CH group connected to a nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring

• products in 47–78% yield. While for purine and 4- and 5-azabenzimidazole, the reaction led to a mixture of two isomers, the reaction of adenine and the corresponding 2-fluoro derivative was regioselective, resulting in the formation of only one isomer in each case. The alkylation of theophylline led to the

• formation of a new derivative of caffeine. Keywords: adenine; caffeine; cyclic dimer of hexafluorothioacetone; hexafluoroisopropyl group; purine; 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dithietane; theophylline; Introduction Despite significant progress in the last 20–30 years, the selective introduction of

Installation of -SO₂F groups onto primary amides

• Jing Liu,
• Shi-Meng Wang,
• Njud S. Alharbi and
• Hua-Li Qin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1907–1912, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.186

• liver [23]. The nucleotide-derived probe 5’-(para-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenosine (5’-FSBA) was used for labelling the second nucleotide binding site, the adenine nucleotide regulatory site [24]. In addition, aryl fluorosulfates have also been widely applied as sustainable alternative to aryl halides in

An improved synthesis of adefovir and related analogues

• David J. Jones,
• Eileen M. O’Leary and
• Timothy P. O’Sullivan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 801–810, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.77

• tetrabutylammonium salt of adenine facilitates alkylations in solvents other than DMF. Additionally, we have investigated how regioselectivity is affected by the substitution pattern of the nucleobase. Finally, this chemistry was successfully applied to the synthesis of several new adefovir analogues, highlighting

• have been the subject of several recent studies [31][32][33][34]. It is clear, therefore, that there is still demand for a robust synthetic route to adefovir. The most widely employed method for accessing adefovir is shown in Scheme 1 [17][35][36]. Alkylation of commercially available adenine (3) to

• ]. The poor solubility of adenine and its derivatives in most organic solvents restricts the choice of solvent for this and subsequent reactions to polar aprotic solvents such as DMF, NMP and DMSO [38]. The choice of base for the alkylation of alcohol 4 with tosylate 5 has been the subject of recent

Syntheses and chemical properties of β-nicotinamide riboside and its analogues and derivatives

• Mikhail V. Makarov and
• Marie E. Migaud

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 401–430, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.36

• Mikhail V. Makarov Marie E. Migaud Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Ave., Mobile, AL 36604, USA 10.3762/bjoc.15.36 Abstract The β-anomeric form of nicotinamide riboside (NR+) is a precursor for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a redox cofactor

• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+, Figure 1), an intracellular redox cofactor, central to all cells’ biochemistry. Unlike its phosphorylated and reduced forms, NAD+ is also a non-redox substrate for many intra- and extracellular enzymes, participating in cellular signaling pathways and regulating post

• -dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), NaBH4 reduces NAD+ to a mixture of the 1,2-, 1,4-, and 1,6-NADH isomers [65][66]. Recent attempts to reduce substituted pyridinium salts using less powerful and more selective sodium cyanoborohydride also failed to produce 1,4-DHP derivatives in good yields [56]. As a

Thermophilic phosphoribosyltransferases Thermus thermophilus HB27 in nucleotide synthesis

• Ilja V. Fateev,
• Ekaterina V. Sinitsina,
• Aiguzel U. Bikanasova,
• Maria A. Kostromina,
• Elena S. Tuzova,
• Larisa V. Esipova,
• Tatiana I. Muravyova,
• Alexei L. Kayushin,
• Irina D. Konstantinova and
• Roman S. Esipov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3098–3105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.289

• , 117997, Russia 10.3762/bjoc.14.289 Abstract Phosphoribosyltransferases are the tools that allow the synthesis of nucleotide analogues using multi-enzymatic cascades. The recombinant adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (TthAPRT) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (TthHPRT) from Thermus thermophilus

• parameters for TthHPRT with natural substrates were determined. Two nucleotides were synthesized: 9-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-chloroadenine 5'-monophosphate (2-Сl-AMP) using TthAPRT and 1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4-one 5'-monophosphate (Allop-MP) using TthНPRT. Keywords: adenine

• synthesis, where enzymes of thermophilic microorganisms Thermus thermophilus HB27 (phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase – PRPPS and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase – APRT) and Thermus sp. 2.9 (ribokinase – RK) carry out successive transformations of ribose and adenine heterocyclic bases into the

DABCO- and DBU-promoted one-pot reaction of N-sulfonyl ketimines with Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates: a sequential approach to (2-hydroxyaryl)nicotinate derivatives

• Soumitra Guin,
• Raman Gupta,
• Debashis Majee and
• Sampak Samanta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2771–2778, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.254

• products [4], medicines [5], chelating agents in transition metal complexes [6][7], and material science [8][9]. Pyridine derivatives such as vitamins B6, B3 (niacin), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) play a significant role in the metabolism process of living organisms. Consequently, many

Targeting the Pseudomonas quinolone signal quorum sensing system for the discovery of novel anti-infective pathoblockers

• Christian Schütz and
• Martin Empting

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2627–2645, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.241

• anthraniloyl-AMP. The reason why the fluorinated anthraniloyl-AMP shows good affinity is the formation of a hydrogen bond of the fluorine with the G279 backbone amide hydrogen and furthermore an interaction with the N7 position of the adenine moiety. Additionally a very typical fluorine/main-chain interaction

Synthesis of new p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-based polyammonium triazolyl amphiphiles and their binding with nucleoside phosphates

• Vladimir A. Burilov,
• Guzaliya A. Fatikhova,
• Mariya N. Dokuchaeva,
• Ramil I. Nugmanov,
• Diana A. Mironova,
• Pavel V. Dorovatovskii,
• Victor N. Khrustalev,
• Svetlana E. Solovieva and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1980–1993, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.173

• attention to the synthesis of host molecules with high affinity to biologically important anions [1][2][3][4][5]. Among these anions, nucleotide recognition and sensing represents an especially important research area due to the great biological significance of these anions. Adenine-containing nucleotides

• interactions between the adenine groups of the nucleotide and the receptor’s aromatic moieties [9] can additionally contribute to the complex stability and binding selectivity. Polyammoniums mimic the biologically important acyclic polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, which have strong

• the recognition and sensing based on the principle of competitive EY displacement by adenine-containing nucleotides. The incorporation of 10b into a polydiacetylene matrix allowed to create covalently bonded vesicles for the selective detection of ADP. Experimental Material and methods All reagents

An overview of recent advances in duplex DNA recognition by small molecules

• Sayantan Bhaduri,
• Nihar Ranjan and
• Dev P. Arya

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1051–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.93

• MGBs is their preference for narrow A·T-rich regions compared to G·C regions because (i) they can form hydrogen bonds to N3 of adenine and O2 of thymine in the A·T region; (ii) less steric hindrance in the A·T region in comparison to the G·C region due to the presence of an extra protruding C2-amino

• a broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities. Tallimustine retains the preference for A·T-rich regions in the minor groove that alkylates N3 of adenine in a highly sequence specific manner, thereby inhibiting the binding of transcription factors such as OTF-1 and NFE1 on specific AT

• activities were evaluated [102]. A molecular docking study has revealed that GRA interacts with ct-DNAs via hydrogen bonding interactions between the oxygen atoms of GRA and adenine bases of DNA and van der Waals interactions. Moreover, GRA significantly reduces the polymerization activity of DNA polymerase