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Search for "bridging ligands" in Full Text gives 8 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Synthesis of esters of diaminotruxillic bis-amino acids by Pd-mediated photocycloaddition of analogs of the Kaede protein chromophore
- Esteban P. Urriolabeitia,
- Pablo Sánchez,
- Alexandra Pop,
- Cristian Silvestru,
- Eduardo Laga,
- Ana I. Jiménez and
- Carlos Cativiela
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1111–1123, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.98
- Figure 5, provides additional information. Complex 4a has a dinuclear structure in which each Pd atom is surrounded by one C,N-ortho-metallated oxazolone and two oxygen atoms of the trifluoroacetate ligands, which act as bridging ligands between the two Pd(C^N) fragments. In turn, the two Pd(C^N
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: (a) General scheme for truxillic acid derivatives; (b) general scheme for symmetric 1,3-diaminotrux...
Figure 2: (a) (Z)-4-Arylidene-2-aryl-5(4H)-oxazolones used for the synthesis of 1,3-diaminotruxillic derivati...
Figure 3: (Z)-4-Arylidene-2((E)-styryl)-5(4H)-oxazolones 2a–j used in this work and overall reaction scheme.
Figure 4: Molecular drawing of the oxazolone 2c.
Scheme 1: Ortho-palladation of oxazolones 2 by treatment with Pd(OAc)2 and different structures obtained for ...
Scheme 2: [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of cyclopalladated complexes 3 in solution to give the dinuclear cyclobu...
Figure 5: Molecular drawing of cyclobutane ortho-palladated 4a. Ellipsoids are shown at the 50% probability l...
Scheme 3: Release of the 1,3-diaminotruxillic bis-amino ester derivatives 5 by methoxycarbonylation of the Pd...
Coordination-driven self-assembly vs dynamic covalent chemistry: versatile methods for the synthesis of molecular metallarectangles
- Li-Li Ma,
- Jia-Qin Han,
- Wei-Guo Jia and
- Ying-Feng Han
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2027–2034, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.178
- elaborately designed building blocks, such as dinuclear half-sandwich molecular clips and appropriate pyridyl ligands. The sizes and structures of the obtained molecular rectangles, cages or rings can be easily tuned by adjusting the length and shape of the bridging ligands and molecular clips. We and others
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of half-sandwich rhodium metallarectangles via three different methods. Method A: coordin...
Figure 1: Partial 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) of (a) L1; (b) the sample of metallarectagle 3a obta...
Figure 2: Partial 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm) of (a) L2; (b) a sample of metallarectangle 3b obtai...
Figure 3: Calculated (bottom) and experimental (top) ESI-MS spectra of the tetracationic half-sandwich rhodiu...
Figure 4: Optimized structures of the charged metallarectangles 3a (top) and 3b (bottom), optimized with the ...
Recent advances in phosphorescent platinum complexes for organic light-emitting diodes
- Cristina Cebrián and
- Matteo Mauro
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1459–1481, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.124
- -thiol as bridging ligands coordinating two Pt(II) centers in a monodentate fashion, Zhu and co-workers have reported on dimeric structures, namely 2 and 3, exhibiting an interaction between the two metallic centres (Pt···Pt distance of ca. 3 Å) (Figure 2). The appearance of a triplet metal–metal-to
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Molecular structure of neutral platinum(II) complex 1 bearing four monodentate ligands; cy = cycloh...
Figure 2: Chemical structure of the dinuclear Pt complexes 2a–b and 3 [20].
Figure 3: Molecular structure of platinum(II) complexes bearing isoquinolinylpyrazolates; dip = 2,6-diisoprop...
Figure 4: Selected neutral platinum(II) complexes featuring dianionic biazolate and neutral bipyridines [27].
Figure 5: Selected neutral platinum(II) complexes from bipyrazolate and carbene-based chelates [34,35].
Figure 6: Cyclometalated thiazol-2-ylidene platinum(II) complexes with different acetylacetonate ligands [37].
Figure 7: Neutral platinum(II) complexes 13–15 bearing azolate ligands [13].
Figure 8: Chemical structure of neutral platinum(II) complexes 16–18 bearing azine-pyrazolato bidentate ligan...
Figure 9: Molecular structure of carbene-containing cyclometallated alkynylplatinum(II) complexes 19–21 [41].
Figure 10: Chemical structure of platinum(II) complexes 22a–d bearing asymmetric C^N^N tridentate ligands [53].
Figure 11: Chemical structure of platinum(II) complexes 23 bearing bis-cyclometalating 2,6-dipyridylbenzene ty...
Figure 12: Molecular structure of dendritic carbazole-containing alkynyl-platinum(II) complexes 24a–d [62].
Figure 13: Molecular structure of bipolar alkynyl-platinum(II) complexes 25 bearing carbazole and electron-acc...
Figure 14: Molecular structures of neutral platinum(II) complexes comprising donor-acceptor alkynyls (26) or e...
Figure 15: Chemical structure of the asymmetric Pt(II) derivatives 28 bearing triazole and tetrazole moieties ...
Figure 16: Molecular structure of the tetradentate platinum complexes 29–32 bearing N^C^C^N and C^C^C^N ligand...
Figure 17: Chemical structure of the tetradentate Pt complexes 33–38 based on N^C^C^N-type of ligands [80-84].
Figure 18: Chemical structure of the macrocyclic tetradentate platinum complexes reported by Wang and co-worke...
Figure 19: Molecular structure of complex 41–46 [88,89].
Figure 20: Molecular structure of asymmetric derivatives 47–49 based on triaryl-type of bridge [90].
Figure 21: Chemical structure of the asymmetric tetradentate derivatives 50 and 51 based on spirofluorene link...
Figure 22: Molecular structure of the pyridylazolate-based complexes 52–54 reported by Chi and co-workers [97].
Figure 23: Chemical structure of the red-to-NIR emitting complexes 55–57 bearing donor–acceptor triphenylamino...
Figure 24: Molecular structures of the Pt(IV) derivatives 58 and 59 employed as triplet emitters in solution-p...
Versatile deprotonated NHC: C,N-bridged dinuclear iridium and rhodium complexes
- Albert Poater
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 117–124, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.13
- , and PMe3 later confirm the H-T coordination as the thermodynamically preferred. It is envisaged the exchange of the metal, from iridium to rhodium, confirming here the innocence of the nature of the metal for such arrangements of the bridging ligands. Keywords: DFT; head-to-head; head-to-tail
- the bridging ligands, but sterics as stated above. Further, the NBO charges show a decrease of the charge on both metals of 0.777e in the 3→4 transformation. Despite the π-backdonation of CO the donation to the iridium centres is larger than the corresponding electron density transferred by the cod
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Equilibrium between the monoiridum complex bearing a C-bound anionic imidazolide and its correspond...
Scheme 2: Experimental routes to the “equilibrium” between 3H-H and 3H-T.
Figure 1: View of the molecular structure of a) 3H-H and b) 3H-T. Hydrogen atoms have been omitted for the sa...
Figure 2: Steric maps for the NHC ligand of 3H-H, coordinated to iridium by a) carbene or b) nitrogen. The is...
Scheme 3: Equilibrium between complexes 3–6, in the presence of CO, PMe3, and MeI.
Figure 3: View of the molecular structure of a) 4H-H and b) 4H-T (main distances in Å).
Figure 4: View of the molecular structure of 6. Hydrogen atoms have been omitted for the sake of clarity (mai...
Asymmetric 1,4-bis(ethynyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane rotators via monocarbinol functionalization. Ready access to polyrotors
- Cyprien Lemouchi and
- Patrick Batail
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1881–1885, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.202
- and polyrotors demonstrates the efficiency of this strategy. Keywords: bridging ligands; molecular rotors; polyrotors; Findings Synthesis-informed design [1] of rotors is essential to the development of molecular machines [2][3][4][5]. Recent advances in the chemistry of functional rotors with a 1,4
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of the asymmetric rotor 1.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of dirotors 6 and 10.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of the tertiary amide 12.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of the extended alkaloid ligand 14.
Spin state switching in iron coordination compounds
- Philipp Gütlich,
- Ana B. Gaspar and
- Yann Garcia
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 342–391, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.39
- three synthetic strategies that have been developed to create and strengthen cooperativity, i.e., (i) incorporation of a hydrogen-bonded network; (ii) incorporation of π-stacking moieties; and (iii) coordination of bridging ligands. The thermal ST behavior is commonly expressed in terms of the molar
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Change of electron distribution between HS and LS states of an octahedral iron(II) coordination com...
Figure 2: Types of spin transition curves in terms of the molar fraction of HS molecules, γHS(T), as a functi...
Figure 3: Single crystal UV–vis spectra of the spin crossover compound [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2 (ptz = 1-propyltetraz...
Figure 4: Thermal spin crossover in [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2 (ptz = 1-propyltetrazole) recorded at three different te...
Figure 5: (a) Mössbauer spectra of the LS compound [Fe(phen)3]X2 recorded over the temperature range 300–5 K....
Figure 6: (left) Demonstration of light-induced spin state trapping (LIESST) in [Fe(ptz)6]BF4)2 with 57Fe Mös...
Figure 7: Schematic representation of the pressure influence (p2 > p1) on the LS and HS potential wells of an...
Figure 8: χMT versus T curves at different pressures for [Fe(phen)2(NCS)2], polymorph II. (Reproduced with pe...
Figure 9: Molecular structure (a) and γHS(T) curves at different pressures for [CrI2(depe)2] (b) (Reproduced ...
Figure 10: HS molar fraction γHS versusT at different pressures for [Fe(phy)2](BF4)2. The hysteresis loop broa...
Figure 11: Proposed structure of the polymeric [Fe(4R-1,2,4-triazole)3]2+ spin crossover cation (a) and plot o...
Figure 12: Temperature dependence of the HS fraction γHS(T), determined from Mössbauer spectra of [Fe(II)xZn1-x...
Figure 13: Influence of the noncoordinated anion on the spin transition curve γHS(T) near the transition tempe...
Figure 14: Spin transition curves γHS(T) for different solvates of the SCO complexes. [Fe(II)(2-pic)3]Cl2·Solv...
Figure 15: ST curves γHS(T) of the deuterated solvates of [Fe(II)(2-pic)3]Cl2·Solv with Solv = C2D5OH and C2H5...
Figure 16: Sketch of the two-step spin transition; [LS–LS] pair is diamagnetic, [LS–HS] is paramagnetic and th...
Figure 17: (left) Temperature dependence of χMT for {[Fe(L)(NCX)2]2bpym}(L = bpym or bt and X = S or Se). (rig...
Figure 18: Temperature dependence of χMT for [bpym, NCS−] (left) and [bpym, NCSe−] (right) at different pressu...
Figure 19: 57Fe Mössbauer spectra of [bpym, NCSe−] measured at 4.2 K at zero field (a) and at 5 T (b) (see tex...
Figure 20: Temperature dependence of χMT for [Fe2(L)3](ClO4)4·2H2O showing a complete two-step spin conversion...
Figure 21: (a) View of the dinuclear unit in the crystal structure of [Fe2(Hsaltrz)5(NCS)4]·4MeOH. (b) Tempera...
Figure 22: (left) AFM pattern recorded in tapping mode at room temperature on hexagonal single crystals of [Fe3...
Figure 23: (right) Stepwise SCO in an Fe4 [2 × 2] grid, which reveals a smooth magnetic profile under ambient ...
Figure 24: (left) View of the discrete nanoball made of Fe(II) SCO units as well as Cu(I) building blocks. (ri...
Figure 25:
(left) Linear dependency between T1/2 in the heating (Δ) and cooling (![[Graphic 1]](/bjoc/content/inline/1860-5397-9-39-i3.png?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
) modes versus the anion volu...
Figure 26: (left) View of the linear chain structure of [Fe(1,2-bis(tetrazol-1-yl)propane)3]2+ along the a axi...
Figure 27: (left) View of the 2D layered structure of [Fe(btr)2(NCS)2]·H2O (at 293 K). The water molecules (in...
Figure 28: (left) Three interpenetrated square networks for [Fe(bpb)2(NCS)2]·MeOH. (right) χMT versus T plot s...
Figure 29: Part of the crystal structure of [Fe{N(entz)3}](BF4)2 (T = 293 K) [335,336]. (Reproduced with permission fro...
Figure 30: (left) Projection of the crystal structure of [Fe(btr)3](ClO4)2 along the c axis revealing a 3D str...
Figure 31: Size-dependent SCO properties in [Fe(pz)Pt(CN)4] (left), change of color upon spin state transition...
Figure 32: Schematic showing the epitaxial growth of polymer {Fe(pz)[Pt(CN)4]} and the spin transition propert...
Figure 33: Microcontact printing (μCP) of nanodots on Si-wafer of [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2 after deposition of crystal...
Figure 34: (left) Projection of the two independent cations of [Fe(C6–trenH)]2+ with atom numbering scheme (15...
Figure 35: (a) χMT versus T for [Fe(C16-trenH)]Cl2·0.5H2O and variation of the distance d with temperature (T)...
Figure 36: Schematic illustration of the structure of compounds [Fe(Cn-tba)3]X2 adopting a columnar mesophase ...
Figure 37: Temperature dependence of the magnetic moment (M) at 1000 Oe and DSC profiles (inset; 5 °C/min) of ...
Figure 38: Porous structure of the SCO-PMOFs {Fe(pz)[M(II)(CN)4]} (left), representation of the host–guest int...
Figure 39: Porous structure of the guest-free SCO-PMOF’s {Fe(pz)[M(II)(CN)4]} (left), magnetic properties of t...
Figure 40: (left) The 3D porous structure of {Fe(pz)[Pt(CN)4]}·0.5(CS(NH2)2) (1) and {Fe(pz)[Pd(CN)4]}·1.5H2O·...
Figure 41: Top: The 3D porous structure of {Fe(dpe)[Pt(CN)4]}·phenazine in a direction close to [101] emphasiz...
Figure 42: View of the segregated stacking of [Ni(dmit)2]− and [Fe(sal2-trien)]+ in [Fe(qsal)2][Ni(dmit)2]3·CH3...
Figure 43: Thin films based on Fe(III) compounds coordinated to Terthienyl-substituted QsalH ligands [434] together...
Figure 44: Left: Temperature-dependent emission spectra for [Fe2(Hsaltrz)5(NCS)4]·4MeOH at λex = 350 nm over t...
Synthesis of conformationally restricted glutamate and glutamine derivatives from carbonylation of orthopalladated phenylglycine derivatives
- Esteban P. Urriolabeitia,
- Eduardo Laga and
- Carlos Cativiela
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1569–1575, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.179
- this method, and we present here an optimized synthesis of complex 1, which is achieved by heating a solution of Pd(OAc)2 with [C6H5C(H)(CO2Me)NMe2] (1:1 molar ratio) in acetone under reflux for 24 h, followed by the typical metathesis of acetate by chloride bridging ligands in MeOH. Our improved
- )NHTf] with Pd(OAc)2 (1:1 molar ratio) affords the orthometallated [Pd(µ-Cl)(C6H4CH(CO2Me)NHTf-2)]2 (3), after metathesis of acetate by chloride bridging ligands, as shown in Scheme 2. In this case the reaction also takes place in acetone under reflux, but 48 h of heating is necessary to achieve
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of methyl (1H)-isoindolin-1-one-3-carboxylates by carbonylation of phenylglycine derivati...
Scheme 2: Synthesis and NMR characterization of orthometallated complex 3.
Scheme 3: Carbonylation of 1 to afford glutamate and glutamine derivatives 2a–j.
Figure 1: Scope of the carbonylation reaction.
Scheme 4: Reaction of 1 and CO in CH2Cl2 [18].
Scheme 5: Reactivity of 3 with CO in the presence (left) and absence (right) of nucleophiles.
Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors
- Andreas Späth and
- Burkhard König
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically important amines and quaternary ammonium salts: histamine (1), dopamine (2) and acetyl...
Figure 2: Crown ether 18-crown-6.
Figure 3: Conformations of 18-crown-6 (4) in solvents of different polarity.
Figure 4: Binding topologies of the ammonium ion depending on the crown ring size.
Figure 5: A “pseudorotaxane” structure consisting of 24-crown-8 and a secondary ammonium ion (5); R = Ph.
Figure 6: Typical examples of azacrown ethers, cryptands and related aza macrocycles.
Figure 7: Binding of ammonium to azacrown ethers and cryptands [111-113].
Figure 8: A 19-crown-6-ether with decalino blocking groups (11) and a thiazole-dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether (12).
Figure 9: 1,3-Bis(6-oxopyridazin-1-yl)propane derivatives 13 and 14 by Campayo et al.
Figure 10: Fluorescent azacrown-PET-sensors based on coumarin.
Figure 11: Two different pyridino-cryptands (17 and 18) compared to a pyridino-crown (19); chiral ammonium ion...
Figure 12: Pyridino-18-crown-6 ligand (21), a similar acridino-18-crown-6 ligand (22) and a structurally relat...
Figure 13: Ciral pyridine-azacrown ether receptors 24.
Figure 14: Chiral 15-crown-5 receptors 26 and an analogue 18-crown-6 ligand 27 derived from amino alcohols.
Figure 15: C2-symmetric chiral 18-crown-6 amino alcohol derivatives 28 and related macrocycles.
Figure 16: Macrocycles with diamide-diester groups (30).
Figure 17: C2-symmetric chiral aza-18-crown-6 ethers (31) with phenethylamine residues.
Figure 18: Chiral C-pivot p-methoxy-phenoxy-lariat ethers.
Figure 19: Chiral lariat crown ether 34.
Figure 20: Sucrose-based chiral crown ether receptors 36.
Figure 21: Permethylated fructooligosaccharide 37 showing induced-fit chiral recognition.
Figure 22: Biphenanthryl-18-crown-6 derivative 38.
Figure 23: Chiral lariat crown ethers derived from binol by Fuji et al.
Figure 24: Chiral phenolic crown ether 41 with “aryl chiral barriers” and guest amines.
Figure 25: Chiral bis-crown receptor 43 with a meso-ternaphthalene backbone.
Figure 26: Chromogenic pH-dependent bis-crown chemosensor 44 for diamines.
Figure 27: Triamine guests for binding to receptor 44.
Figure 28: Chiral bis-crown phenolphthalein chemosensors 46.
Figure 29: Crown ether amino acid 47.
Figure 30: Luminescent receptor 48 for bis-alkylammonium guests.
Figure 31: Luminescent CEAA (49a), a bis-CEAA receptor for amino acids (49b) and the structure of lysine bindi...
Figure 32: Luminescent CEAA tripeptide for binding small peptides.
Figure 33: Bis crown ether 51a self assembles co-operatively with C60-ammonium ion 51b.
Figure 34: Triptycene-based macrotricyclic dibenzo-[24]-crown-8 ether host 52 and guests.
Figure 35: Copper imido diacetic acid azacrown receptor 53a and the suggested His-Lys binding motif; a copper ...
Figure 36: Urea (54) and thiourea (55) benzo crown receptor for transport and extraction of amino acids.
Figure 37: Crown pyryliums ion receptors 56 for amino acids.
Figure 38: Ditopic sulfonamide bridged crown ether receptor 57.
Figure 39: Luminescent peptide receptor 58.
Figure 40: Luminescent receptor 59 for the detection of D-glucosamine hydrochloride in water/ethanol and lumin...
Figure 41: Guanidinium azacrown receptor 61 for simple amino acids and ditopic receptor 62 with crown ether an...
Figure 42: Chiral bicyclic guanidinium azacrown receptor 63 and similar receptor 64 for the enantioselective t...
Figure 43: Receptors for zwitterionic species based on luminescent CEAAs.
Figure 44: 1,10-Azacrown ethers with sugar podand arms and the anticancer agent busulfan.
Figure 45: Benzo-18-crown-6 modified β-cyclodextrin 69 and β-cyclodextrin functionalized with diaza-18-crown-6...
Figure 46: Receptors for colorimetric detection of primary and secondary ammonium ions.
Figure 47: Porphyrine-crown-receptors 72.
Figure 48: Porphyrin-crown ether conjugate 73 and fullerene-ammonium ion guest 74.
Figure 49: Calix[4]arene (75a), homooxocalix[4]arene (75b) and resorcin[4]arene (75c) compared (R = H, alkyl c...
Figure 50: Calix[4]arene and ammonium ion guest (R = H, alkyl, OAcyl etc.), possible binding sites; A: co-ordi...
Figure 51: Typical guests for studies with calixarenes and related molecules.
Figure 52: Lower rim modified p-tert-butylcalix[5]arenes 82.
Figure 53: The first example of a water soluble calixarene.
Figure 54: Sulfonated water soluble calix[n]arenes that bind ammonium ions.
Figure 55: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with a sulfonato-calix[6]arene (84b).
Figure 56: Amino acid inclusion in p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (84a).
Figure 57: Calixarene receptor family 86 with upper and lower rim functionalization.
Figure 58: Calix[6]arenes 87 with one carboxylic acid functionality.
Figure 59: Sulfonated calix[n]arenes with mono-substitution at the lower rim systematically studied on their r...
Figure 60: Cyclotetrachromotropylene host (91) and its binding to lysine (81c).
Figure 61: Calixarenes 92 and 93 with phosphonic acids groups.
Figure 62: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid (94a) and a double bridged analogue (94b).
Figure 63: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid ester (92c) for surface recognition experiments.
Figure 64: Calixarene receptors 95 with α-aminophosphonate groups.
Figure 65: A bridged homocalix[3]arene 95 and a distally bridged homocalix[4]crown 96.
Figure 66: Homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 97a and the Reichardt’s dye (97b) for colorimetric assays.
Figure 67: Chromogenic diazo-bridged calix[4]arene 98.
Figure 68: Calixarene receptor 99 by Huang et al.
Figure 69: Calixarenes 100 reported by Parisi et al.
Figure 70: Guest molecules for inclusion in calixarenes 100: DAP × 2 HCl (101a), APA (101b) and Lys-OMe × 2 HC...
Figure 71: Different N-linked peptido-calixarenes open and with glycol chain bridges.
Figure 72: (S)-1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol calixarene derivative 104 published by Kubo et al.
Figure 73: A chiral ammonium-ion receptor 105 based on the calix[4]arene skeleton.
Figure 74: R-/S-phenylalaninol functionalized calix[6]arenes 106a and 106b.
Figure 75: Capped homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 107.
Figure 76: Two C3 symmetric capped calix[6]arenes 108 and 109.
Figure 77: Phosphorous-containing rigidified calix[6]arene 110.
Figure 78: Calix[6]azacryptand 111.
Figure 79: Further substituted calix[6]azacryptands 112.
Figure 80: Resorcin[4]arene (75c) and the cavitands (113).
Figure 81: Tetrasulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarene (114).
Figure 82: Resorcin[4]arenes (115a/b) and pyrogallo[4]arenes (115c, 116).
Figure 83: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene (117).
Figure 84: Tetramethoxy resorcinarene mono-crown-5 (118).
Figure 85: Components of a resorcinarene based displacement assay for ammonium ions.
Figure 86: Chiral basket resorcin[4]arenas 121.
Figure 87: Resorcinarenes with deeper cavitand structure (122).
Figure 88: Resorcinarene with partially open deeper cavitand structure (123).
Figure 89: Water-stabilized deep cavitands with partially structure (124, 125).
Figure 90: Charged cavitands 126 for tetralkylammonium ions.
Figure 91: Ditopic calix[4]arene receptor 127 capped with glycol chains.
Figure 92: A calix[5]arene dimer for diammonium salt recognition.
Figure 93: Calixarene parts 92c and 129 for the formation molecular capsules.
Figure 94: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by two resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe4+@[75c]2 × Cl−...
Figure 95: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by six resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe3D+@[130]6 × Cl−...
Figure 96: Structure and schematic of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6], 131a).
Figure 97: Cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CB′[6], 132) and the guest molecule spermine (133).
Figure 98: α,α,δ,δ-Tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril (134).
Figure 99: Structure of the cucurbituril-phthalhydrazide analogue 135.
Figure 100: Organic cavities for the displacement assay for amine differentiation.
Figure 101: Displacement assay methodology for diammonium- and related guests involving cucurbiturils and some ...
Figure 102: Nor-seco-Cucurbituril (±)-bis-ns-CB[6] (140) and guest molecules.
Figure 103: The cucurbit[6]uril based complexes 141 for chiral discrimination.
Figure 104: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) and its ferrocene guests (142) opposed.
Figure 105: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) guest inclusion and representative guests.
Figure 106: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) binding to succinylcholine (145) and different bis-ammonium and bis-phosphon...
Figure 107: Paraquat-cucurbit[8]uril complex 149.
Figure 108: Gluconuril-based ammonium receptors 150.
Figure 109: Examples of clefts (151a), tweezers (151b, 151c, 151d) and clips (151e).
Figure 110: Kemp’s triacid (152a), on example of Rebek’s receptors (152b) and guests.
Figure 111: Amino acid receptor (154) by Rebek et al.
Figure 112: Hexagonal lattice designed hosts by Bell et al.
Figure 113: Bell’s amidinium receptor (156) and the amidinium ion (157).
Figure 114: Aromatic phosphonic acids.
Figure 115: Xylene phosphonates 159 and 160a/b for recognition of amines and amino alcohols.
Figure 116: Bisphosphonate recognition motif 161 for a colorimetric assay with alizarin complexone (163) for ca...
Figure 117: Bisphosphonate/phosphate clip 164 and bisphosphonate cleft 165.
Figure 118: N-Methylpyrazine 166a, N-methylnicotinamide iodide (166b) and NAD+ (166c).
Figure 119: Bisphosphate cavitands.
Figure 120: Bisphosphonate 167 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 121: Tweezer 168 for noradrenaline (80b).
Figure 122: Different tripods and heparin (170).
Figure 123: Squaramide based receptors 172.
Figure 124: Cage like NH4+ receptor 173 of Kim et al.
Figure 125: Ammonium receptors 174 of Chin et al.
Figure 126: 2-Oxazolin-based ammonium receptors 175a–d and 176 by Ahn et al.
Figure 127: Racemic guest molecules 177.
Figure 128: Tripods based on a imidazole containing macrocycle (178) and the guest molecules employed in the st...
Figure 129: Ammonium ion receptor 180.
Figure 130: Tetraoxa[3.3.3.3]paracyclophanes 181 and a cyclophanic tetraester (182).
Figure 131: Peptidic bridged paraquat-cyclophane.
Figure 132: Shape-selective noradrenaline host.
Figure 133: Receptor 185 for binding of noradrenaline on surface layers from Schrader et al.
Figure 134: Tetraphosphonate receptor for binding of noradrenaline.
Figure 135: Tetraphosphonate 187 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 136: Zinc-Porphyrin ammonium-ion receptors 188 and 189 of Mizutani et al.
Figure 137: Zinc porphyrin receptor 190.
Figure 138: Zinc porphyrin receptors 191 capable of amino acid binding.
Figure 139: Zinc-porphyrins with amino acid side chains for stereoinduction.
Figure 140: Bis-zinc-bis-porphyrin based on Tröger’s base 193.
Figure 141: BINAP-zinc-prophyrin derivative 194 and it’s guests.
Figure 142: Bisaryl-linked-zinc-porphyrin receptors.
Figure 143: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 199 for diamine recognition and guests.
Figure 144: Bis-zinc-porphyrin crown ether 201.
Figure 145: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 202 for stereodiscrimination (L = large substituent; S = small substituent).
Figure 146: Bis-zinc-porphyrin[3]rotaxane and its copper complex and guests.
Figure 147: Dien-bipyridyl ligand 206 for co-ordination of two metal atoms.
Figure 148: The ligand and corresponding tetradentate co-complex 207 serving as enantioselective receptor for a...
Figure 149: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) complex 208 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 150: Zinc-salen-complexes 209 for the recognition tertiary amines.
Figure 151: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) 211 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 152: Zn(II)-complex of a C2 terpyridine crown ether.
Figure 153: Displacement assay and receptor for aspartate over glutamate.
Figure 154: Chiral complex 214 for a colorimetric displacement assay for amino acids.
Figure 155: Metal complex receptor 215 with tripeptide side arms.
Figure 156: A sandwich complex 216 and its displaceable dye 217.
Figure 157: Lanthanide complexes 218–220 for amino acid recognition.
Figure 158: Nonactin (221), valinomycin (222) and vancomycin (223).
Figure 159: Monesin (224a) and a chiral analogue for enantiodiscrimination of ammonium guests (224b).
Figure 160: Chiral podands (226) compared to pentaglyme-dimethylether (225) and 18-crown-6 (4).
Figure 161: Lasalocid A (228).
Figure 162: Lasalocid derivatives (230) of Sessler et al.
Figure 163: The Coporphyrin I tetraanion (231).
Figure 164: Linear and cyclic peptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 165: Cyclic and bicyclic depsipeptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 166: α-Cyclodextrin (136a) and novocaine (236).
Figure 167: Helical diol receptor 237 by Reetz and Sostmann.
Figure 168: Ammonium binding spherand by Cram et al. (238a) and the cyclic[6]metaphenylacetylene 238b in compar...
Figure 169: Receptor for peptide backbone and ammonium binding (239).
Figure 170: Anion sensor principle with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide of Jiang et al.
Figure 171: 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene 2-carboxamide (241) and its amine binding.
Figure 172: Naturally occurring catechins with affinity to quaternary ammonium ions.
Figure 173: Spiropyran (244) and merocyanine form (244a) of the amino acid receptors of Fuji et al.
Figure 174: Coumarin aldehyde (245) and its iminium species with amino acid bound (245a) by Glass et al.
Figure 175: Coumarin aldehyde appended with boronic acid.
Figure 176: Quinolone aldehyde dimers by Glass et al.
Figure 177: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptors with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motifs.
Figure 178: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptor with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motif bound on different m...
