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Search for "carbamoylation" in Full Text gives 11 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies
- Mattia Lepori,
- Simon Schmid and
- Joshua P. Barham
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1055–1145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.81
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Oxidative and reductive activations of organic compounds harvesting photoredox catalysis.
Figure 2: General catalytic cycles of radical ion conPET (left) and radical ion e-PRC (right).
Figure 3: “Beginner’s guide”: comparison between advantages, capacities, and prospectives of conPET and PEC.
Figure 4: A) conPET reductive dehalogenation of aryl halides with PDI. B) Reductive C–H arylation with pyrrol...
Figure 5: A) Chromoselective mono- and disubstitution or polybrominated pyrimidines with pyrroles. B) Sequent...
Figure 6: A) Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinolines. B) Synthesis of ullazines.
Figure 7: A) Reductive phosphorylation of aryl halides via conPET. B) Selected examples from the substrate sc...
Figure 8: A) Reductive dehalogenation of aryl halides via conPET and selected examples from the substrate sco...
Figure 9: A) Reductive C–H arylation of aryl halides via conPET (top) and selected examples from the substrat...
Figure 10: A) Reductive hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides with Mes-Acr-BF4. B) Selected examples from the su...
Figure 11: A) Reductive hydrodechlorination of aryl chlorides with 4-DPAIPN. B) Proposed formation of CO2•−. C...
Figure 12: A) Reductive conPET borylation with 3CzEPAIPN (top) and selected examples from the substrate scope ...
Figure 13: Scale-up of conPET phosphorylation with 3CzEPAIPN.
Figure 14: A) Borylation of 1d. B) Characteristics and structure of PC1 with green and red parts showing the l...
Figure 15: A) Reductive C–H arylation scope with polysulfide conPET (top) and selected examples from the subst...
Figure 16: Scale-up of A) C–H arylation and B) dehaloborylation with polysulfide photocatalysis in continuous-...
Figure 17: A) Formation of [Ir1]0 and [Ir2]0 upon PET between [Ir1]+ and Et3N. B) Mechanism of multi-photon ta...
Figure 18: A) Reductive hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides via multi-photon tandem photocatalysis. B) Selecte...
Figure 19: A) Carbonylative amidation of aryl halides in continuous flow. B) Selected examples from the substr...
Figure 20: A) General scheme for reductive (RQ) and oxidative quenching (OQ) protocols using [FeIII(btz)3](PF6)...
Figure 21: A) Carbonylative amidation of alkyl iodides with [IrIII(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6. B) Selected examples fro...
Figure 22: A) Carboxylative C–N bond cleavage in cyclic amines. B) Selected examples from the substrate scope....
Figure 23: A) Formal reduction of alkenes to alkanes via transfer hydrogenation. B) Selected examples from the...
Figure 24: A) Birch-type reduction of benzenes with PMP-BPI. B) Selected examples from the substrate scope (sc...
Figure 25: Proposed mechanism of the OH− mediated conPET Birch-type reduction of benzene via generation of sol...
Figure 26: Reductive detosylation of N-tosylated amides with Mes-Acr-BF4. B) Selected examples from the substr...
Figure 27: A) Reductive detosylation of N-tosyl amides by dual PRC. B) Selected examples from the substrate sc...
Figure 28: A) Mechanism of the dual PRC based on PET between [Cu(dap)2]+ and DCA. B) Mechanism of the dual PRC...
Figure 29: A) N–O bond cleavage in Weinreb amides with anthracene. B) N–O bond cleavage in Weinreb amides rely...
Figure 30: A) Pentafluorosulfanylation and fluoride elimination. B) Mechanism of the pentafluorosulfanylation ...
Figure 31: A) α-Alkoxypentafluorosulfanylation (top) and selected examples from the substrate scope (bottom). ...
Figure 32: A) Oxidative amination of arenes with azoles catalyzed by N-Ph PTZ. B) Selected examples from the s...
Figure 33: A) C(sp3)–H bond activation by HAT via chloride oxidation by *N-Ph PTZ•+. B) Proposed mechanism for...
Figure 34: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H azolation of electron-rich arenes with pyrazoles using Mes-Acr+ as a photoca...
Figure 35: A) Radical ion e-PRC direct oxidation of unactivated arenes using TAC+ as an electro-activated phot...
Figure 36: A) Radical ion e-PRC direct oxidation of unactivated arenes using TPA as an electro-activated photo...
Figure 37: Proposed mechanism (top) and mode of preassembly (bottom).
Figure 38: A) Possible preassemblies of reactive (left) vs unreactive (right) arenes. B) Calculated spin densi...
Figure 39: A) Recycling e-PRC C(sp2 )–H acetoxylation of arenes using DDQ as a photocatalyst. B) Proposed cata...
Figure 40: Gram scale hydroxylation of benzene in a recirculated flow setup.
Figure 41: A) Radical ion e-PRC vicinal diamination of alkylarenes using TAC+ as an electro-activated photocat...
Figure 42: A) Sequential oxygenation of multiple adjacent C–H bonds under radical ion e-PRC using TAC+ as an e...
Figure 43: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC cyanation of benzylic C–H bonds using ADQS as photocatalyst. B)...
Figure 44: Proposed tandem mechanism by Xu and co-workers.
Figure 45: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC decarboxylative cyanation using Cu(acac)2, Ce(OTf)3 and a box l...
Figure 46: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC benzylic cyanation using Cu(MeCN)4BF4, box ligand and anthraqui...
Figure 47: A) Radical ion e-PRC acetoxyhydroxylation of aryl olefins using TAC+ as an electro-activated photoc...
Figure 48: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 49: Photoelectrochemical acetoxyhydroxylation in a recirculated flow setup.
Figure 50: A) Radical ion e-PRC aminooxygenation of aryl olefins using TAC+ as an electro-activated photocatal...
Figure 51: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H alkylation of heteroarenes with organic trifluoroborates using Mes-Acr+ as p...
Figure 52: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H alkylation of heteroarenes using CeCl3·7H2O as catalyst. B) ...
Figure 53: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H alkylation of heteroarenes using Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O as cata...
Figure 54: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H alkylation of heteroarenes with alkyl oxalates and 4CzIPN as photocatalyst. ...
Figure 55: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H carbamoylation of heteroarenes using 4CzIPN as photocatalyst...
Figure 56: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated hydrocarbon activation via the chlorine radical. B) Proposed m...
Figure 57: A) Selected examples from the substrate scope. B) Gram and decagram scale semi-continuous flow PEC ...
Figure 58: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated dehydrogenative coupling of benzothiazoles with aliphatic C–H ...
Figure 59: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT activation of ethers using electro-activated TAC+ as photocatalyst. B) ...
Figure 60: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 61: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated synthesis of alkylated benzimidazo-fused isoquinolinones using...
Figure 62: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical cerium-catalyzed oxydichlorination of alkynes using CeCl3 as cata...
Figure 63: Proposed decoupled photoelectrochemical mechanism.
Figure 64: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical ring-opening bromination of tertiary cycloalkanols using MgBr2 as...
Figure 65: A) Recycling e-PRC ring-opening functionalization of cycloalkanols using CeCl3 as catalyst. B) Prop...
Figure 66: Selected examples from the substrate scope of the PEC ring-opening functionalization.
Figure 67: A) Radical ion e-PRC reduction of chloro- and bromoarenes using DCA as catalyst and various accepto...
Figure 68: A) Screening of different phthalimide derivatives as catalyst for the e-PRC reduction of aryl halid...
Figure 69: Screening of different organic catalysts for the e-PRC reduction of trialkylanilium salts.
Figure 70: A) e-PRC reduction of phosphonated phenols and anilinium salts. B) Selected examples from the subst...
Figure 71: A) ConPET and e-PRC reduction of 4-bromobenzonitrile using a naphthalene diimide (NDI) precatalyst ...
Figure 72: A) Radical ion e-PRC reduction of phosphinated aliphatic alcohols with n-BuO-NpMI as catalyst. B) C...
Figure 73: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 74: A) Recycling e-PRC reductive dimerization of benzylic chlorides using a [Cu2] catalyst. B) Proposed...
Figure 75: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical C–H alkylation of heteroarenes through deamination of Katritzky s...
Figure 76: Proposed mechanism by Chen and co-workers.
Strategies in the synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]heteropines
- David I. H. Maier,
- Barend C. B. Bezuidenhoudt and
- Charlene Marais
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 700–718, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.51
- ). Carbamoylation of 151 gives the intermediate oxcarbazepine 152, whereafter hydrolysis of the methyl enol ether affords oxcarbazepine (153) [32][56]. 6.2.2 Ring functionalisation: Weng et al. [80] reported the synthesis of dihydrodibenzo[b,f]azepine (2a)-based pincer ligands for Rh and Ir metal complexes. The
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Dibenzo[b,f]azepine (1a), -oxepine (1b) and -thiepine (1c) as examples of dibenzo[b,f]heteropines (1...
Figure 2: Selected pharmaceuticals with the dibenzo[b,f]azepine skeleton.
Figure 3: Examples of 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]azepine-based ligands.
Figure 4: The dibenzo[b,f]azepine moiety in dyes with properties suitable for the use in organic light emitti...
Figure 5: Selective bioactive natural products (13–18) containing the dibenzo[b,f]oxepine scaffold and Novart...
Scheme 1: Retrosynthetic approach to 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine (1a) from nitrotoluene (22).
Scheme 2: Oxidative coupling of o-nitrotoluene (22) and reduction of 2,2'-dinitrobibenzyl (21) to form 2,2'-d...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine (2a) via amine condensation.
Scheme 4: Catalytic reduction of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine (2a).
Scheme 5: The Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement of acridin-9-ylmethanol (23) into 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine (1a).
Scheme 6: Oxidative ring expansion of 2-(9-xanthenyl)malonates 24.
Scheme 7: Ring expansion via C–H functionalisation.
Scheme 8: The synthesis of fluorinated 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine 38 from isatin (32).
Scheme 9: The synthesis of substituted dibenzo[b,f]azepines 43 from indoles 39.
Scheme 10: Retrosynthetic pathways to dibenzo[b,f]azepines via Buchwald–Hartwig amination.
Scheme 11: Synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]oxepine 54 and -azepine 55 derivatives via (i) Heck reaction and (ii) Buch...
Scheme 12: Double Buchwald–Hartwig amination and thioetherification in the synthesis of tricyclic azepines 60 ...
Scheme 13: Double Buchwald–Hartwig amination towards substituted dibenzoazepines 62.
Scheme 14: Double Buchwald–Hartwig amination towards 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine derivatives 71.
Scheme 15: One-pot Suzuki coupling–Buchwald–Hartwig amination.
Scheme 16: One-pot Rh/Pd-catalysed synthesis of dihydropyridobenzazepines.
Scheme 17: A retrosynthetic pathway to dibenzo[b,f]azepines via Mizoroki–Heck reaction.
Scheme 18: One-pot domino Pd-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck–Buchwald–Hartwig synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]azepines.
Scheme 19: Dibenzo[b,f]thiapine and -oxepine synthesis via SNAr (thio)etherification, Wittig methylenation and...
Scheme 20: A retrosynthetic pathway to dibenzo[b,f]oxepines via Ullmann coupling.
Scheme 21: Ullmann-type coupling in dibenzo[b,f]oxepine synthesis.
Scheme 22: Wittig reaction and Ullmann coupling as key steps in dihydrobenz[b,f]oxepine synthesis.
Scheme 23: Pd-catalysed dibenzo[b,f]azepine synthesis via norbornene azepine intermediate 109.
Scheme 24: A simple representation of olefin metathesis resulting in transalkylidenation.
Scheme 25: Ring-closing metathesis as key step in the synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]heteropines.
Scheme 26: Alkyne–aldehyde metathesis in the synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]heteropines.
Scheme 27: Hydroarylation of 9-(2-alkynylphenyl)-9H-carbazole derivatives.
Scheme 28: Oxidative coupling of bisphonium ylide intermediate to give pacharin (13).
Scheme 29: Preparation of 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]heteropines via intramolecular Wurtz reaction.
Scheme 30: Phenol deprotonation and intramolecular etherification in the synthesis of bauhinoxepine J.
Figure 6: Functionalisation of dibenzo[b,f]azepine.
Scheme 31: Palladium-catalysed N-arylation of dibenzo[b,f]azepine.
Scheme 32: Cu- and Ni-catalysed N-arylation.
Scheme 33: N-Alkylation of dibenzo[b,f]azepine (1a) and dihydrodibenzo[b,f]azepine (2a).
Scheme 34: Preparation of methoxyiminosilbene.
Scheme 35: Synthesis of oxcarbazepine (153) from methoxy iminostilbene 151.
Scheme 36: Ring functionalisation of dihydrodibenzo[b,f]azepine.
Menadione: a platform and a target to valuable compounds synthesis
- Acácio S. de Souza,
- Ruan Carlos B. Ribeiro,
- Dora C. S. Costa,
- Fernanda P. Pauli,
- David R. Pinho,
- Matheus G. de Moraes,
- Fernando de C. da Silva,
- Luana da S. M. Forezi and
- Vitor F. Ferreira
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 381–419, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.43
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Natural bioactive naphthoquinones.
Figure 2: Chemical structures of vitamins K.
Figure 3: Redox cycle of menadione.
Scheme 1: Selected approaches for menadione synthesis using silver(I) as a catalyst.
Scheme 2: Methylation approaches for the preparation of menadione from 1,4-naphthoquinone using tert-butyl hy...
Scheme 3: Methylation approach of 1,4-naphthoquinone using i) rhodium complexes/methylboronic acid and ii) bi...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of menadione (10) from itaconic acid.
Scheme 5: Menadione synthesis via Diels–Alder reaction.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of menadione (10) using p-cresol as a synthetic precursor.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of menadione (10) via demethoxycarbonylating annulation of methyl methacrylate.
Scheme 8: Furan 34 used as a diene in a Diels–Alder reaction for the synthesis of menadione (10).
Scheme 9: o-Toluidine as a dienophile in a Diels–Alder reaction for the synthesis of menadione (10).
Scheme 10: Representation of electrochemical synthesis of menadione.
Figure 4: Reaction sites and reaction types of menadione as substrate.
Scheme 11: DBU-catalyzed epoxidation of menadione (10).
Scheme 12: Phase-transfer catalysis for the epoxidation of menadione.
Scheme 13: Menadione epoxidation using a hydroperoxide derived from (+)-norcamphor.
Scheme 14: Enantioselective Diels–Alder reaction for the synthesis of asymmetric quinone 50 catalyzed by a chi...
Scheme 15: Optimized reaction conditions for the synthesis of anthra[9,1-bc]pyranone.
Scheme 16: Synthesis of anthra[9,1-bc]furanone, anthra[9,1-bc]pyridine, and anthra[9,1-bc]pyrrole derivatives.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of derivatives employing protected trienes.
Scheme 18: Synthesis of cyclobutene derivatives of menadione.
Scheme 19: Menadione reduction reactions using sodium hydrosulfite.
Scheme 20: Green methodology for menadiol synthesis and pegylation.
Scheme 21: Menadione reduction by 5,6-O-isopropylidene-ʟ-ascorbic acid under UV light irradiation.
Scheme 22: Selected approaches of menadione hydroacetylation to diacetylated menadiol.
Scheme 23: Thiele–Winter reaction catalyzed by Bi(OTf)3.
Scheme 24: Carbonyl condensation of menadione using resorcinol and a hydrazone derivative.
Scheme 25: Condensation reaction of menadione with thiosemicarbazide.
Scheme 26: Condensation reaction of menadione with acylhydrazides.
Scheme 27: Menadione derivatives functionalized with organochalcogens.
Scheme 28: Synthesis of selenium-menadione conjugates derived from chloromethylated menadione 84.
Scheme 29: Menadione alkylation by the Kochi–Anderson method.
Scheme 30: Menadione alkylation by diacids.
Scheme 31: Menadione alkylation by heterocycles-substituted carboxylic acids.
Scheme 32: Menadione alkylation by bromoalkyl-substituted carboxylic acids.
Scheme 33: Menadione alkylation by complex carboxylic acids.
Scheme 34: Kochi–Anderson method variations for the menadione alkylation via oxidative decarboxylation of carb...
Scheme 35: Copper-catalyzed menadione alkylation via free radicals.
Scheme 36: Nickel-catalyzed menadione cyanoalkylation.
Scheme 37: Iron-catalyzed alkylation of menadione.
Scheme 38: Selected approaches to menadione alkylation.
Scheme 39: Menadione acylation by photo-Friedel–Crafts acylation reported by Waske and co-workers.
Scheme 40: Menadione acylation by Westwood procedure.
Scheme 41: Synthesis of 3-benzoylmenadione via metal-free TBAI/TBHP system.
Scheme 42: Michael-type addition of amines to menadione reported by Kallmayer.
Scheme 43: Synthesis of amino-menadione derivatives using polyalkylamines.
Scheme 44: Selected examples for the synthesis of different amino-substituted menadione derivatives.
Scheme 45: Selected examples of Michael-type addition of complex amines to menadione (10).
Scheme 46: Addition of different natural α-amino acids to menadione.
Scheme 47: Michael-type addition of amines to menadione using silica-supported perchloric acid.
Scheme 48: Indolylnaphthoquinone or indolylnaphthalene-1,4-diol synthesis reported by Yadav et al.
Scheme 49: Indolylnaphthoquinone synthesis reported by Tanoue and co-workers.
Scheme 50: Indolylnaphthoquinone synthesis from menadione by Escobeto-González and co-workers.
Scheme 51: Synthesis of menadione analogues functionalized with thiols.
Scheme 52: Synthesis of menadione-derived symmetrical derivatives through reaction with dithiols.
Scheme 53: Mercaptoalkyl acids as nucleophiles in Michael-type addition reaction to menadione.
Scheme 54: Reactions of menadione (10) with cysteine derivatives for the synthesis of quinoproteins.
Scheme 55: Synthesis of menadione-glutathione conjugate 152 by Michael-type addition.
Recent developments in enantioselective photocatalysis
- Callum Prentice,
- James Morrisson,
- Andrew D. Smith and
- Eli Zysman-Colman
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2363–2441, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.197
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Amine/photoredox-catalysed α-alkylation of aldehydes with alkyl bromides bearing electron-withdrawi...
Scheme 2: Amine/HAT/photoredox-catalysed α-functionalisation of aldehydes using alkenes.
Scheme 3: Amine/cobalt/photoredox-catalysed α-functionalisation of ketones and THIQs.
Scheme 4: Amine/photoredox-catalysed α-functionalisation of aldehydes or ketones with imines. (a) Using keton...
Scheme 5: Bifunctional amine/photoredox-catalysed enantioselective α-functionalisation of aldehydes.
Scheme 6: Bifunctional amine/photoredox-catalysed α-functionalisation of aldehydes using amine catalysts via ...
Scheme 7: Amine/photoredox-catalysed RCA of iminium ion intermediates. (a) Synthesis of quaternary stereocent...
Scheme 8: Bifunctional amine/photoredox-catalysed RCA of enones in a radical chain reaction initiated by an i...
Scheme 9: Bifunctional amine/photoredox-catalysed RCA reactions of iminium ions with different radical precur...
Scheme 10: Bifunctional amine/photoredox-catalysed radical cascade reactions between enones and alkenes with a...
Scheme 11: Amine/photocatalysed photocycloadditions of iminium ion intermediates. (a) External photocatalyst u...
Scheme 12: Amine/photoredox-catalysed addition of acrolein (94) to iminium ions.
Scheme 13: Dual NHC/photoredox-catalysed acylation of THIQs.
Scheme 14: NHC/photocatalysed spirocyclisation via photoisomerisation of an extended Breslow intermediate.
Scheme 15: CPA/photoredox-catalysed aza-pinacol cyclisation.
Scheme 16: CPA/photoredox-catalysed Minisci-type reaction between azaarenes and α-amino radicals.
Scheme 17: CPA/photoredox-catalysed radical additions to azaarenes. (a) α-Amino radical or ketyl radical addit...
Scheme 18: CPA/photoredox-catalysed reduction of azaarene-derived substrates. (a) Reduction of ketones. (b) Ex...
Scheme 19: CPA/photoredox-catalysed radical coupling reactions of α-amino radicals with α-carbonyl radicals. (...
Scheme 20: CPA/photoredox-catalysed Povarov reaction.
Scheme 21: CPA/photoredox-catalysed reactions with imines. (a) Decarboxylative imine generation followed by Po...
Scheme 22: Bifunctional CPA/photocatalysed [2 + 2] photocycloadditions.
Scheme 23: PTC/photocatalysed oxygenation of 1-indanone-derived β-keto esters.
Scheme 24: PTC/photoredox-catalysed perfluoroalkylation of 1-indanone-derived β-keto esters via a radical chai...
Scheme 25: Bifunctional hydrogen bonding/photocatalysed intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of quinolon...
Scheme 26: Bifunctional hydrogen bonding/photocatalysed intramolecular RCA cyclisation of a quinolone.
Scheme 27: Bifunctional hydrogen bonding/photocatalysed intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of quinolon...
Scheme 28: Bifunctional hydrogen bonding/photocatalysed [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reactions. (a) First use of...
Scheme 29: Bifunctional hydrogen bonding/photocatalysed deracemisation of allenes.
Scheme 30: Bifunctional hydrogen bonding/photocatalysed deracemisation reactions. (a) Deracemisation of sulfox...
Scheme 31: Bifunctional hydrogen bonding/photocatalysed intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of coumarins....
Scheme 32: Bifunctional hydrogen bonding/photocatalysed [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of quinolones. (a) Intramo...
Scheme 33: Hydrogen bonding/photocatalysed formal arylation of benzofuranones.
Scheme 34: Hydrogen bonding/photoredox-catalysed dehalogenative protonation of α,α-chlorofluoro ketones.
Scheme 35: Hydrogen bonding/photoredox-catalysed reductions. (a) Reduction of 1,2-diketones. (b) Reduction of ...
Scheme 36: Hydrogen bonding/HAT/photocatalysed deracemisation of cyclic ureas.
Scheme 37: Hydrogen bonding/HAT/photoredox-catalysed synthesis of cyclic sulfonamides.
Scheme 38: Hydrogen bonding/photoredox-catalysed reaction between imines and indoles.
Scheme 39: Chiral cation/photoredox-catalysed radical coupling of two α-amino radicals.
Scheme 40: Chiral phosphate/photoredox-catalysed hydroetherfication of alkenols.
Scheme 41: Chiral phosphate/photoredox-catalysed synthesis of pyrroloindolines.
Scheme 42: Chiral anion/photoredox-catalysed radical cation Diels–Alder reaction.
Scheme 43: Lewis acid/photoredox-catalysed cycloadditions of carbonyls. (a) Formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of en...
Scheme 44: Lewis acid/photoredox-catalysed RCA reaction using a scandium Lewis acid between α-amino radicals a...
Scheme 45: Lewis acid/photoredox-catalysed RCA reaction using a copper Lewis acid between α-amino radicals and...
Scheme 46: Lewis acid/photoredox-catalysed synthesis of 1,2-amino alcohols from aldehydes and nitrones using a...
Scheme 47: Lewis acid/photocatalysed [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of enones and alkenes.
Scheme 48: Meggers’s chiral-at-metal catalysts.
Scheme 49: Lewis acid/photoredox-catalysed α-functionalisation of ketones with alkyl bromides bearing electron...
Scheme 50: Bifunctional Lewis acid/photoredox-catalysed radical coupling reaction using α-chloroketones and α-...
Scheme 51: Lewis acid/photocatalysed RCA of enones. (a) Using aldehydes as acyl radical precursors. (b) Other ...
Scheme 52: Bifunctional Lewis acid/photocatalysis for a photocycloaddition of enones.
Scheme 53: Lewis acid/photoredox-catalysed RCA reactions of enones using DHPs as radical precursors.
Scheme 54: Lewis acid/photoredox-catalysed functionalisation of β-ketoesters. (a) Hydroxylation reaction catal...
Scheme 55: Bifunctional copper-photocatalysed alkylation of imines.
Scheme 56: Copper/photocatalysed alkylation of imines. (a) Bifunctional copper catalysis using α-silyl amines....
Scheme 57: Bifunctional Lewis acid/photocatalysed intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition.
Scheme 58: Bifunctional Lewis acid/photocatalysed [2 + 2] photocycloadditions (a) Intramolecular cycloaddition...
Scheme 59: Bifunctional Lewis acid/photocatalysed rearrangement of 2,4-dieneones.
Scheme 60: Lewis acid/photocatalysed [2 + 2] cycloadditions of cinnamate esters and styrenes.
Scheme 61: Nickel/photoredox-catalysed arylation of α-amino acids using aryl bromides.
Scheme 62: Nickel/photoredox catalysis. (a) Desymmetrisation of cyclic meso-anhydrides using benzyl trifluorob...
Scheme 63: Nickel/photoredox catalysis for the acyl-carbamoylation of alkenes with aldehydes using TBADT as a ...
Scheme 64: Bifunctional copper/photoredox-catalysed C–N coupling between α-chloro amides and carbazoles or ind...
Scheme 65: Bifunctional copper/photoredox-catalysed difunctionalisation of alkenes with alkynes and alkyl or a...
Scheme 66: Copper/photoredox-catalysed decarboxylative cyanation of benzyl phthalimide esters.
Scheme 67: Copper/photoredox-catalysed cyanation reactions using TMSCN. (a) Propargylic cyanation (b) Ring ope...
Scheme 68: Palladium/photoredox-catalysed allylic alkylation reactions. (a) Using alkyl DHPs as radical precur...
Scheme 69: Manganese/photoredox-catalysed epoxidation of terminal alkenes.
Scheme 70: Chromium/photoredox-catalysed allylation of aldehydes.
Scheme 71: Enzyme/photoredox-catalysed dehalogenation of halolactones.
Scheme 72: Enzyme/photoredox-catalysed dehalogenative cyclisation.
Scheme 73: Enzyme/photoredox-catalysed reduction of cyclic imines.
Scheme 74: Enzyme/photocatalysed enantioselective reduction of electron-deficient alkenes as mixtures of (E)/(Z...
Scheme 75: Enzyme/photoredox catalysis. (a) Deacetoxylation of cyclic ketones. (b) Reduction of heteroaromatic...
Scheme 76: Enzyme/photoredox-catalysed synthesis of indole-3-ones from 2-arylindoles.
Scheme 77: Enzyme/HAT/photoredox catalysis for the DKR of primary amines.
Scheme 78: Bifunctional enzyme/photoredox-catalysed benzylic C–H hydroxylation of trifluoromethylated arenes.
Anomeric modification of carbohydrates using the Mitsunobu reaction
- Julia Hain,
- Patrick Rollin,
- Werner Klaffke and
- Thisbe K. Lindhorst
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1619–1636, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.138
- approach was recently adopted in a total synthesis of aurantoside G, involving the Mitsunobu ligation of a D-xylopyranose derivative 116 and N-nosylated methyl asparaginate 117 to give 118 (Scheme 22) [87]. Compared to N-sulfonylation, N-carbamoylation can also prove effective to enhance the acidity of a
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Left: The Mitsunobu reaction is essentially a nucleophilic substitution of alcohols occurring with ...
Scheme 2: Mechanistic considerations on the Mitsunobu reaction with carbohydrate hemiacetals (depicted in sim...
Scheme 3: Anomeric esterification using the Mitsunobu procedure [29].
Scheme 4: Conversion of allyl glucuronate into various 1-O-esterified allyl glucuronates using anomeric Mitsu...
Scheme 5: Synthesis of anomeric glycosyl esters as substrates for Au-catalyzed glycosylation [40].
Scheme 6: Correlation between pKa value of the employed acids (or alcohol) and the favoured anomeric configur...
Scheme 7: Synthesis of the β-mannosyl phosphates for the synthesis of HBP 43 by anomeric phosphorylation acco...
Scheme 8: Synthesis of phenyl glycosides 44 and 45 from unprotected sugars [24].
Scheme 9: Synthesis of azobenzene mannosides 47 and 48 without protecting group chemistry [46].
Scheme 10: Synthesis of various aryl sialosides using Mitsunobu glycosylation [25].
Scheme 11: Mitsunobu synthesis of different jadomycins [54,55]. BOM: benzyloxymethyl.
Scheme 12: Stereoselectivity in the Mitsunobu synthesis of catechol glycosides in the gluco- and manno-series [56]....
Scheme 13: Formation of a 1,2-cis glycoside 80 assisted by steric hindrance of the β-face of the disaccharide ...
Scheme 14: Stereoselective β-D-mannoside synthesis [60].
Scheme 15: TIPS-assisted synthesis of 1,2-cis arabinofuranosides [63]. TIPS: triisopropylsilyl.
Scheme 16: The Mitsunobu reaction with glycals leads to interesting rearrangement products [69].
Scheme 17: Synthesis of disaccharides using mercury(II) bromide as co-activator in the Mitsunobu reaction [75].
Scheme 18: Synthesis of various fructofuranosides according to Mitsunobu and proposed neighbouring group parti...
Scheme 19: The Mitsunobu reaction allows stereoslective acetalization of dihydroartemisinin [77].
Scheme 20: Synthesis of alkyl thioglycosides by Mitsunobu reaction [81].
Scheme 21: Preparation of iminoglycosylphthalimide 115 from 114 [85].
Scheme 22: Mitsunobu reaction as a key step in the total synthesis of aurantoside G [87].
Scheme 23: Utilization of an N–H acid in the Mitsunobu reaction [88].
Scheme 24: Mitsunobu reaction with 1H-tetrazole [89].
Scheme 25: Formation of a rebeccamycin analogue using the Mitsunobu reaction [101].
Scheme 26: Synthesis of carbohydrates with an alkoxyamine bond [114].
Scheme 27: Synthesis of glycosyl fluorides and glycosyl azides according to Mitsunobu [118,119].
Scheme 28: Anomeric oxidation under Mitsunobu conditions [122].
Mechanochemical synthesis of small organic molecules
- Tapas Kumar Achar,
- Anima Bose and
- Prasenjit Mal
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1907–1931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.186
- involving mild reaction conditions, simple purification processes are always desirable. In 2014, Colacino and co-workers reported the protection of -NH2 and -COOH groups of amino acids by solvent-free milling methods using two different conditions [85]: 1) carbamoylation of amino esters using Fmoc-Cl and
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Mechanochemical aldol condensation reactions [48].
Scheme 2: Enantioselective organocatalyzed aldol reactions under mechanomilling. a) Based on binam-(S)-prolin...
Scheme 3: Mechanochemical Michael reaction [51].
Scheme 4: Mechanochemical organocatalytic asymmetric Michael reaction [52].
Scheme 5: Mechanochemical Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction [53].
Scheme 6: Mechanochemical Wittig reactions [55].
Scheme 7: Mechanochemical Suzuki reaction [56].
Scheme 8: Mechanochemical Suzuki–Miyaura coupling by LAG [57].
Scheme 9: Mechanochemical Heck reaction [59].
Scheme 10: a) Sonogashira coupling under milling conditions. b) The representative example of a double Sonogas...
Scheme 11: Copper-catalyzed CDC reaction under mechanomilling [67].
Scheme 12: Asymmetric alkynylation of prochiral sp3 C–H bonds via CDC [68].
Scheme 13: Fe(III)-catalyzed CDC coupling of 3-benzylindoles [69].
Scheme 14: Mechanochemical synthesis of 3-vinylindoles and β,β-diindolylpropionates [70].
Scheme 15: Mechanochemical C–N bond construction using anilines and arylboronic acids [78].
Scheme 16: Mechanochemical amidation reaction from aromatic aldehydes and N-chloramine [79].
Scheme 17: Mechanochemical CDC between benzaldehydes and benzyl amines [81].
Scheme 18: Mechanochemical protection of -NH2 and -COOH group of amino acids [85].
Scheme 19: Mechanochemical Ritter reaction [87].
Scheme 20: Mechanochemical synthesis of dialkyl carbonates [90].
Scheme 21: Mechanochemical transesterification reaction using basic Al2O3 [91].
Scheme 22: Mechanochemical carbamate synthesis [92].
Scheme 23: Mechanochemical bromination reaction using NaBr and oxone [96].
Scheme 24: Mechanochemical aryl halogenation reactions using NaX and oxone [97].
Scheme 25: Mechanochemical halogenation reaction of electron-rich arenes [88,98].
Scheme 26: Mechanochemical aryl halogenation reaction using trihaloisocyanuric acids [100].
Scheme 27: Mechanochemical fluorination reaction by LAG method [102].
Scheme 28: Mechanochemical Ugi reaction [116].
Scheme 29: Mechanochemical Passerine reaction [116].
Scheme 30: Mechanochemical synthesis of α-aminonitriles [120].
Scheme 31: Mechanochemical Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis [121].
Scheme 32: Mechanochemical Biginelli reaction by subcomponent synthesis approach [133].
Scheme 33: Mechanochemical asymmetric multicomponent reaction[134].
Scheme 34: Mechanochemical Paal–Knorr pyrrole synthesis [142].
Scheme 35: Mechanochemical synthesis of benzothiazole using ZnO nano particles [146].
Scheme 36: Mechanochemical synthesis of 1,2-di-substituted benzimidazoles [149].
Scheme 37: Mechanochemical click reaction using an alumina-supported Cu-catalyst [152].
Scheme 38: Mechanochemical click reaction using copper vial [155].
Scheme 39: Mechanochemical indole synthesis [157].
Scheme 40: Mechanochemical synthesis of chromene [158].
Scheme 41: Mechanochemical synthesis of azacenes [169].
Scheme 42: Mechanochemical oxidative C-P bond formation [170].
Scheme 43: Mechanochemical C–chalcogen bond formation [171].
Scheme 44: Solvent-free synthesis of an organometallic complex.
Scheme 45: Selective examples of mechano-synthesis of organometallic complexes. a) Halogenation reaction of Re...
Scheme 46: Mechanochemical activation of C–H bond of unsymmetrical azobenzene [178].
Scheme 47: Mechanochemical synthesis of organometallic pincer complex [179].
Scheme 48: Mechanochemical synthesis of tris(allyl)aluminum complex [180].
Scheme 49: Mechanochemical Ru-catalyzed olefin metathesis reaction [181].
Scheme 50: Rhodium(III)-catalyzed C–H bond functionalization under mechanochemical conditions [182].
Scheme 51: Mechanochemical Csp2–H bond amidation using Ir(III) catalyst [183].
Scheme 52: Mechanochemical Rh-catalyzed Csp2–X bond formation [184].
Scheme 53: Mechanochemical Pd-catalyzed C–H activation [185].
Scheme 54: Mechanochemical Csp2–H bond amidation using Rh catalyst.
Scheme 55: Mechanochemical synthesis of indoles using Rh catalyst [187].
Scheme 56: Mizoroki–Heck reaction of aminoacrylates with aryl halide in a ball-mill [58].
Scheme 57: IBX under mechanomilling conditions [8].
Scheme 58: Thiocarbamoylation of anilines; trapping of reactive aryl-N-thiocarbamoylbenzotriazole intermediate...
Regioselective (thio)carbamoylation of 2,7-di-tert-butylpyrene at the 1-position with iso(thio)cyanates
- Anna Wrona-Piotrowicz,
- Marzena Witalewska,
- Janusz Zakrzewski and
- Anna Makal
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1032–1038, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.102
- opinion, the observed difference in the regioselectivity of the (thio)carbamoylation and acylation of 2 may be due to different bulkiness of the reacting electrophile: the electrophilic center of the protonated iso(thio)cyanate is relatively unhindered and able to attack the electronically activated but
- sterically hindered pyrene 1-position, whereas the bulkier protonated acetyl trifluoroacetate (the postulated electrophile in the examined Friedel–Crafts acylation) attacks sterically the less hindered 4-position. Conclusion We found that triflic acid-promoted (thio)carbamoylation of 2 with aliphatic iso
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Sites of electrophilic attack in 1 and 2.
Scheme 1: Triflic acid promoted reaction of 2 with iso(thio)cyanates.
Scheme 2: Triflic acid promoted reaction of 2 with ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate.
Figure 2: Molecular structure of 4.
Scheme 3: Friedel–Crafts acylation of 2.
Derivatives of the triaminoguanidinium ion, 5. Acylation of triaminoguanidines leading to symmetrical tris(acylamino)guanidines and mesoionic 1,2,4-triazolium-3-aminides
- Jan Szabo,
- Julian Greiner and
- Gerhard Maas
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 579–588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.57
- been addressed only rarely, reactions with acid chlorides appear to be unknown. We have recently reported on the threefold carbamoylation of N,N’,N’’-tris(benzylamino)guanidinium salts with aryl isocyanates [3]. Concerning the reaction with carboxylic acids, it is known that TAG-Cl and formic acid on
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Reactions of aminoguanidines with carboxylic acids and acid chlorides. The structural formulae show...
Scheme 2: Threefold N-acylation of triaminoguanidinium chloride (1) with acyl chloride 2b.
Scheme 3: Reaction of 1,2,3-tris(benzylamino)guanidinium salts 4 and 5 with acyl chlorides to give 1,2,3-tris...
Figure 1: Molecular structure of 6b·2C2H5OH in the solid state, with numbering of atoms (ORTEP plot). Selecte...
Scheme 4: Protonation and methylation of 1,2,4-triazolium-3-aminides 7b,c.
Scheme 5: Catalytic hydrogenation/debenzylation of betaines 7.
Figure 2: Left: molecular structure of 8b in the solid state (OLEX2 plot). Right: crystal structure viewed al...
Figure 3: Left: solid-state structure of 9b·H2O (ORTEP plot). Right: centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded dimer of...
Figure 4: Solid-state structure of mesoionic compound 7a (ORTEP plot); thermal displacement ellipsoids are dr...
Figure 5: UV–vis spectra of 7a–d in chloroform (c = 0.04 mmol L−1); λmax [nm] (ε [L mol−1 cm−1]): 7a: 350 (47...
Derivatives of the triaminoguanidinium ion, 3. Multiple N-functionalization of the triaminoguanidinium ion with isocyanates and isothiocyanates
- Jan Szabo,
- Kerstin Karger,
- Nicolas Bucher and
- Gerhard Maas
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2255–2262, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.234
- triaminoguanidinium salts underwent a threefold carbamoylation with aryl isocyanates to furnish 1,2,3-tris(ureido)guanidinium salts, while p-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate led only to a mono-ureido guanidinium salt. With aryl isothiocyanates, 3-hydrazino-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione derivatives were obtained. Compounds
- 7a and 8 show interesting solid-state structures with intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Keywords: aryl isocyanate; aryl isothiocyanate; carbamoylation; sulfonyl isocyanate; triaminoguanidinium salt; 1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione; Introduction The 1,2,3-triaminoguanidinium ion, [C(NHNH2)3
- , which are reduced to form 1,2,3-tris(alkylamino)guanidinium salts, and finally N-carbamoylation with arylisocyanates. With (p-toluenesulfonyl) isocyanate only a N-mono-sulfonylcarbamoylation could be achieved. In contrast, 3-hydrazinyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thiones were obtained from 1,2,3-tris
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Conditions: a) benzaldehyde, ethanol/water, reflux, 1 h, 96% yield; b) H2, Pd/C (10%), MeOH, rt, 48...
Scheme 2: Carbamoylation of 1,2,3-tris(benzylamino)guanidinium salts 3 and 5-OTs.
Figure 1: Solid-state structure of 7a·3CH3CN. Left: Molecular structure with numbering of atoms. Right: N–H··...
Scheme 3: Deprotonation of 7a to yield the neutral guanidine derivative 8.
Figure 2: Solid-state structure of 8. Thermal displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 20% probability level....
Scheme 4: Sulfonylcarbamoylation of salt 3.
Figure 3: Hydrogen-bonded one-dimensional network of guanidine 8 in the solid state. The intramolecular N9···...
Scheme 5: Reaction of 1,2,3-trisbenzylaminoguanidinium chloride (3) with aryl isothiocyanates.
Figure 4: Solid-state structure of 10b. Thermal displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability leve...
Scheme 6: Proposed mechanism of the formation of 10 and 11.
Addition of H-phosphonates to quinine-derived carbonyl compounds. An unexpected C9 phosphonate–phosphate rearrangement and tandem intramolecular piperidine elimination
- Łukasz Górecki,
- Artur Mucha and
- Paweł Kafarski
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 883–889, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.85
- Discussion Quinine-based carbonyl compounds were obtained by oxidation of either the secondary C9 hydroxy group to the corresponding ketone or the vinyl group to homologous aldehydes. The last-mentioned alternative demanded a protection of the OH function. This was performed via carbamoylation of quinine (1
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Quinine (1) and O-9-t-butylcarbamoylquinine (2) as the substrates for oxidation of the C9 hydroxy a...
Scheme 2: Oxidation of the vinyl group of 9-O-tert-butylcarbamoylquinine to homologous aldehydes.
Scheme 3: Addition of diethyl phosphite to aldehydes obtained in oxidation of the vinyl group.
Scheme 4: Oxidation of quinine to quininone and quinidinone and addition of phosphites to the ketones yieldin...
Scheme 5: Spectroscopic features that confirmed the structure of the phosphate ester product of rearrangement...
Scheme 6: Tentative mechanism of the phosphonate–phosphate rearrangement associated with tandem quinuclidine ...
Unprecedented deoxygenation at C-7 of the ansamitocin core during mutasynthetic biotransformations
- Tobias Knobloch,
- Gerald Dräger,
- Wera Collisi,
- Florenz Sasse and
- Andreas Kirschning
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 861–869, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.96
- reported the use of a mutant of A. pretiosum blocked in Asm12 (chlorination) and Asm21 (carbamoylation) and therefore producing proansamitocin (2) in good yield (up to 106 mg/L of fermentation broth) [17]. Additionally, we isolated small amounts of O-methyl proansamitocin 7 (2.3 mg/L), 10-epi
- , proansamitocin derivatives 11g–h are notable for their C-9 alcohol, while 11h shows additional carbamoylation of the unusual alcohol moiety. The extraordinary proansamitocin derivatives 11f–h were fully characterized, except for the configuration at C-9 in 11g and 11h (single diastereomer). Overlap with other
- does not occur with the blocked mutant A. pretiosum ∆asm12/21. The major difference between these three mutants is the presence (HGF073, HGF059) or absence (Δasm12/21) of the carbamoyl transferase Asm21. Carbamoylation of proansamitocin derivatives at C-7 (e.g. 11a, 9a/b and 7) introduces a fairly good
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Summary of ansamitocin biosynthesis and structure of the related ansamycin antibiotic geldanamycin (...
Figure 1: Fermentation products, proansamitocin (2) and derivatives 7–9, of the Asm12 and Asm21-blocked (chlo...
Scheme 2: Mutasynthetic preparation of ansamitocin derivatives 11a–h by using 3-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (10...
Scheme 3: Mutasynthetic biotransformation of proansamitocin derivatives 9a and 9b with AHBA(−) mutant A. pret...
Scheme 4: Fermentation products 14–16 of acyl transferase Asm19-blocked mutant A. pretiosum HGF059 (Δasm19) (...
Scheme 5: Possible mechanism of deoxygenation at C-7 of proansamitocin derivatives.
