Investigation of cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines in the “green” solvent dihydrolevoglucosenone

• Solomiia Borova and
• Robert Luxenhofer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 217–230, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.21

• dialysis against water overnight, followed by lyophilization. The resulting polymer was obtained as a slightly yellow powder. The synthesis of 2-ethyl-3-methyloxazolinium triflate was carried out as follows: 30 mL of dry diethyl ether were placed in a dry round-bottomed flask and methyl

Insight into oral amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for colorectal cancer: comprehensive mathematical model of drug release kinetic studies and antitumoral efficacy in 3D spheroid colon tumors

• Sedat Ünal,
• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Yeşim Aktaş and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 139–157, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.14

• purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Chitosan (Protasan UP G-113; MW < 200 kDa) was purchased from Novamatrix, Norway. Dialysis cellulose tubing membrane for in vitro release studies (average flat width 25 mm, MWCO: 14,000 Da) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Cell culture studies were performed on CT26

• hours, respectively. In this context, the dialysis bag was transferred to the previously prepared release media, respectively [9]. The dialysis membrane method at 37 °C in a shaking water bath (100 rpm) was used. The closed dialysis membrane bag (average flat width 25 mm, MWCO: 14,000 Da) containing the

• nanoparticle dispersion (3 mL) was then put in release medium (20 mL) that ensured external sink conditions. At predefined time intervals (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 24 h), 500 µL of sample were taken from the dialysis membrane and replaced with an equal volume of fresh release medium at the same temperature

Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges

• Jorge García-Lacuna and
• Marcus Baumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1720–1740, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.182

• dissolve the magnesium salts, and the organic mixture was the appropriate solvent for the next step. Recently, a regenerated cellulose membrane to purify micelles via inline dialysis was reported by Junkers and co-workers [63]. This semicontinuous closed-loop setup can remove the organic solvent (THF) to a

In-depth characterization of self-healing polymers based on π–π interactions

• Josefine Meurer,
• Julian Hniopek,
• Johannes Ahner,
• Michael Schmitt,
• Jürgen Popp,
• Stefan Zechel,
• Kalina Peneva and
• Martin D. Hager

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2496–2504, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.166

• stated. The dialysis tubings were purchased from Spectrum Labs (Spectra/PorTM, pre-wetted tubing, 3.5 kDa) and were rinsed with water before use. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were measured using a Bruker AC 300 (300 MHz) spectrometer at 298 K (Billerica, MA, USA). The chemical shift is given in

Post-functionalization of drug-loaded nanoparticles prepared by polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) with mitochondria targeting ligands

• Janina-Miriam Noy,
• Fan Chen and
• Martina Stenzel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2302–2314, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.148

• at the start of the reaction and after 45 min tuned to 8.3 to allow maximum conjugation efficiency. After removing excess TPP-COOH and coupling reagents via dialysis in Milli-Q water, the particles were adjusted to 4 mg mL−1 and analysed using DLS experiments and TEM microscopy (Figure 1). The

• solution was stirred for 45 min and the pH was adjusted to 8.3 and the solution was stirred for 3 days at room temperature. The particles were purified by dialysis in Milli-Q water with frequent solvent change (regenerated cellulose membranes, MW cut-off 6000–8000 g mol−1) and analysed via DLS experiments

• 8.2 and the reaction was left to stir at room temperature for 3 days. The polymer was purified by dialysis in Milli-Q water with frequent solvent change (regenerated cellulose membranes, MW cut-off 6000–8000 g mol−1) and the product was then lyophilized and analysed using NMR spectroscopy. 1H NMR (300

Antiviral therapy in shrimp through plant virus VLP containing VP28 dsRNA against WSSV

• Santiago Ramos-Carreño,
• Ivone Giffard-Mena,
• Jose N. Zamudio-Ocadiz,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Ricardo Valencia-Yañez,
• Jaime Ruiz-Garcia,
• Maria Teresa Viana and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1360–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.95

• °C. The samples were acidified by dialysis in virus suspension buffer (50 mM sodium acetate, 8 mM magnesium acetate, pH 4.5) for at least 4 hours. Then, to disrupt the empty capsids, the sample was dialyzed against an RNA assembly buffer. The VLP-dsRNAvp28 was then purified and concentrated by

• ). The procapsids and CP-dsRNA complexes obtained after dialysis in assembly buffer (pH 7.2) can be observed in images a and b (Figure 2A). After the second dialysis in virus buffer (pH 4.5), well-defined VLPs were formed (Figure 2A, c, and d). Finally, the dialyzed sample is shown in Figure 2A, e, and f

• report showing a long dsRNA encapsidation using a plant virus capsid protein. The analysis by EMSA showed that the VLPs that self-assemble migrate differently than the free dsRNAi (Figure 1, lane 4). After dialysis in assembly buffer (pH 7.2), the sample analysis by TEM shows the spherical procapsids

Synthesis and physicochemical evaluation of fluorinated lipopeptide precursors of ligands for microbubble targeting

• Masayori Hagimori,
• Estefanía E. Mendoza-Ortega and
• Marie Pierre Krafft

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 511–518, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.45

• was stepwisely elongated, and eventually conjugated with the (perfluoroalkyl)ethyl acids (Scheme 2). After the cleavage from the resin, the Fmoc groups of the amino acids were removed, and the F-lipopeptides were purified using a dialysis membrane. According to mass spectrometry, FTIR, and HPLC

• ), piperidine, acetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), triisopropylsilane (TIS), Rink Amide AM resin (4-(2’,4’-dimethoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxyacetamido-aminomethyl resin, 100–200 mesh), and Tube-O-DIALYZER™ mini dialysis system (MWCO 1K) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 1,2

• ether. The product was collected by filtration and purified by dialysis using a Tube-O-DIALYZER™ mini dialysis system. The purity of the final products was analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system using a reversed-phase column (COSMOSIL 5C18-AR-II 4.6 × 250 mm) with water and

Optical detection of di- and triphosphate anions with mixed monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles containing zinc(II)–dipicolylamine complexes

• Lena Reinke,
• Julia Bartl,
• Marcus Koch and
• Stefan Kubik

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2687–2700, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.219

• nanoparticles with the desired diameter of 8–10 nm and a relatively narrow size distribution [40]. This method entailed the rapid addition of a hot aqueous solution of tetrachloroauric(III) acid to aqueous sodium citrate at 100 °C. After dialysis to remove excess citrate, the resulting solution was treated with

Palladium nanoparticles supported on chitin-based nanomaterials as heterogeneous catalysts for the Heck coupling reaction

• Tony Jin,
• Malickah Hicks,
• Davis Kurdyla,
• Sabahudin Hrapovic,
• Edmond Lam and
• Audrey Moores

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2477–2483, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.201

• selected here because it is one of cleanest reductants in this context as it will limit the production of byproducts to chloride salts, by opposition to more classic reducing agents such as NaBH4. Prior to characterization, the non-dried samples were purified by dialysis. The zeta potential measurements

Reaction of oxiranes with cyclodextrins under high-energy ball-milling conditions

• László Jicsinszky,
• Federica Calsolaro,
• Katia Martina,
• Fabio Bucciol,
• Maela Manzoli and
• Giancarlo Cravotto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1448–1459, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.145

• crystallisation to remove oligo-PGs. Dialysis can completely remove PG contaminants but, particularly when DS < 10, leads to considerable product losses. High reagent utilisation in the reaction allowed the preparation of highly substituted CDs to be simplified and reduced the number of reaction steps, which

• experiments; a very hazy solution was obtained, which was inseparable by centrifugation, after dialysis. Filtration through a 0.22 µm hydrophilic membrane showed poor resistance, meaning that particle sizes were low and dominantly <0.2 µm. Experiments to clarify the situation and determine the composition of

A chemically contiguous hapten approach for a heroin–fentanyl vaccine

• Yoshihiro Natori,
• Candy S. Hwang,
• Lucy Lin,
• Lauren C. Smith,
• Bin Zhou and
• Kim D. Janda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1020–1031, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.100

• least amount of glycerol had the highest number of hapten copies (i.e., 11.1 copies). Addition of 50% w/w glycerol reduced the hapten density by one-half (i.e., 5.2 copies). After dialysis, the solutions remained translucent, but the protein conjugates did not crash out of the solution. As a reference

An overview of recent advances in duplex DNA recognition by small molecules

• Sayantan Bhaduri,
• Nihar Ranjan and
• Dev P. Arya

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1051–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.93

Enzyme-free genetic copying of DNA and RNA sequences

• Marilyne Sosson and
• Clemens Richert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 603–617, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.47

• monomers by dialysis [38]. The third option is finding conditions for in situ activation, so that spent monomers can be re-activated during the time course of the assay. The fourth option is searching for better leaving groups that give a more favorable ratio of rates for primer extension and hydrolysis

Phosphonic acid: preparation and applications

• Charlotte M. Sevrain,
• Mathieu Berchel,
• Hélène Couthon and
• Paul-Alain Jaffrès

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2186–2213, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.219

• product since crystallization, precipitation and dialysis constitute the possible methods of purification. The purification by chromatography requires, due to the high polarity of phosphonic acids, reversed-phase chromatography and is therefore limited to preparative RP-HPLC [218]. Despites these

β-Cyclodextrin- and adamantyl-substituted poly(acrylate) self-assembling aqueous networks designed for controlled complexation and release of small molecules

• Liang Yan,
• Duc-Truc Pham,
• Philip Clements,
• Stephen F. Lincoln,
• Jie Wang,
• Xuhong Guo and
• Christopher J. Easton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1879–1892, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.183

• PAAβ-CDen alone provides insight into the factors affecting dye complexation. The rates of release of the dyes through a dialysis membrane from the three aqueous networks show a high dependence on host–guest complexation between the β-CDen substituents and the dyes as well as the structure and the

• substituent as shown by 2D 1H NOESY NMR (Figures S34–S36, Supporting Information File 1) consistent with it competing with the dyes for complexation by β-CDen. Dye release studies Dye release through a dialysis membrane with pores allowing passage of species with a molecular weight up to 3.5 kDa into an

• diffusion within the particular EO sample and its interaction with the dialysis membrane as it passes through its pores. Similar profiles characterize the release of MO and MR from PAA and adamantyl substituted PAA (Figure 12(ii) and 12(iii), respectively,) and a similar interpretation applies. However, the

2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD) boosts as detergent-substitute the performance of ß-barrel hybrid catalyst for phenylacetylene polymerization

• Julia Kinzel,
• Daniel F. Sauer,
• Marco Bocola,
• Marcus Arlt,
• Tayebeh Mirzaei Garakani,
• Andreas Thiel,
• Klaus Beckerle,
• Tino Polen,
• Jun Okuda and
• Ulrich Schwaneberg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1498–1506, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.148

• block copolymer PE–PEG and amphiphilic MPD are used, respectively. Refolding is achieved by dialysis of the protein in a solution containing the particular refolding agents. The structural integrity of FhuA ΔCVFtev was confirmed with CD spectroscopy (Figure 3). When either PE–PEG or MPD is applied, the

• agent as described previously [19][29][34]. Refolding of FhuA ΔCVFtev in 1.25% SDS was performed by dialysis against 0.125 mM PE–PEG or 50 mM MPD, respectively [29][34]. Protein concentration was determined by bicinchoninic acid reaction (PierceTM BCA Protein Assay Kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific

Fluorescent carbon dots from mono- and polysaccharides: synthesis, properties and applications

• Stephen Hill and
• M. Carmen Galan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 675–693, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.67

• hydrochloride was shown by Wang et al. [34]. A one-step process whereby an aqueous (deionised) solution of the amine-containing glucoside was heated in an autoclave to 140 °C for 12 h, which after several days of dialysis, led to strongly green-emitting CDs with a 35 nm average diameter. Interestingly, the

• Teflon-lined autoclave at 180 °C for 3 h in the presence of HNO3, all in deionised water [58]. The CDs produced in this manner were purified from unreacted/unsolubilised chitin via several filtration, centrifugation and dialysis steps. The N-doped CDs were blue-emitting under UV excitation with apparent

Synthesis of multi-lactose-appended β-cyclodextrin and its cholesterol-lowering effects in Niemann–Pick type C disease-like HepG2 cells

• Keiichi Motoyama,
• Rena Nishiyama,
• Yuki Maeda,
• Taishi Higashi,
• Yoichi Ishitsuka,
• Yuki Kondo,
• Tetsumi Irie,
• Takumi Era and
• Hidetoshi Arima

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 10–18, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.2

• , 0.1 g), lactose monohydrate (1.52 g), and sodium cyanotrihydroborate (2.79 g) were mixed and incubated at 70 °C for 24 h. After dialysis by Spectra/pore (MWCO: 1000) in water at room temperature for 48 h, the sample was concentrated in a rotary evaporator and freeze-dried to obtain multi-Lac-β-CD. 1H

Versatile synthesis of end-reactive polyrotaxanes applicable to fabrication of supramolecular biomaterials

• Atsushi Tamura,
• Asato Tonegawa,
• Yoshinori Arisaka and
• Nobuhiko Yui

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2883–2892, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.287

• and sodium ascorbate in the reaction mixture were 10.1 mM and 20.1 mM, respectively). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature. At prescribed time periods, an aliquot of the reaction mixture was collected (2 mL) and purified by dialysis against water for three days (molecular

• an additional 24 h at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. After the reaction, the PRX was purified by dialysis against water for three days (molecular weight cut-off of 12,000–14,000, Fast Gene, Nippon Genetics). The recovered solution was freeze-dried to obtain 6 as powder (117.7 mg, 73.8

• purified by dialysis against water for three days (molecular weight cut-off of 10,000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The recovered solutions were freeze-dried to obtain HEE-PRX-DF488 (7) as a yellow powder (43.2 mg, 92.0% yield). The degree of DF488 in the terminals of 7 was determined to be

Formose reaction controlled by boronic acid compounds

• Toru Imai,
• Tomohiro Michitaka and
• Akihito Hashidzume

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2668–2672, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.263

• -styrenesulfonate) presumably because sulfonate residues capture calcium ions. These observations indicate that the stronger retardation effect of pVPB/NaSS is ascribable to both boronic acid and sulfonate residues. The product was purified by dialysis against water and treatment with ion-exchange resins, and then

Artificial Diels–Alderase based on the transmembrane protein FhuA

• Hassan Osseili,
• Daniel F. Sauer,
• Klaus Beckerle,
• Marcus Arlt,
• Tomoki Himiyama,
• Tino Polen,
• Akira Onoda,
• Ulrich Schwaneberg,
• Takashi Hayashi and
• Jun Okuda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1314–1321, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.124

• using the established anchoring strategy, the Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes (4 and 10–12) were anchored covalently inside the β-barrel structure. After anchoring, the protein was refolded by dialysis (Scheme 3). Anchoring of all complexes was successful. Titration of the free cysteine with the fluorescence

• dialysis against SDS-solution, excess catalyst 10–12 was removed. Additional 3 days of dialysis against PE-PEG solution renatured the protein structure to give the expected β-barrel structure, as indicated by CD spectra (Figure 1). The CD spectra show a minimum at around 215 nm and a maximum at 195 nm, as

• water. In the case of catalyst 10–12, the solution was transferred into a dialysis tube and the solution was dialyzed for 3 days against 200 fold volume containing SDS (1% (w/w)) and water (pH ≈ 8 (NaHCO3)). The dialysis solution was changed every 12 hours. Afterwards, the sample was dialyzed for 2 days

Art, auto-mechanics, and supramolecular chemistry. A merging of hobbies and career

• Eric V. Anslyn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.40

• receptors can be used in dialysis clinics to monitor citrate anticoagulation therapy [66]. The optimization procedure for the citrate receptor followed a classic “lock and key” design strategy (Figure 7). The receptor was preorganized by the hexasubstituted benzene [67] to present two guanidinium groups and

Size-controlled and redox-responsive supramolecular nanoparticles

• Raquel Mejia-Ariza,
• Gavin A. Kronig and
• Jurriaan Huskens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2388–2399, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.260

• according to earlier reports with slight modifications [25][26]. A reaction between 6-monotosyl-β-cyclodextrin (TsCD) and PEI in DMSO was performed using an excess of triethylamine as a base, followed by purification by dialysis. In order to control the stoichiometry of the host and guest moieties, the

Preparation of Pickering emulsions through interfacial adsorption by soft cyclodextrin nanogels

• Shintaro Kawano,
• Toshiyuki Kida,
• Mitsuru Akashi,
• Hirofumi Sato,
• Motohiro Shizuma and
• Daisuke Ono

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2355–2364, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.257

• crosslinker/DM-β-CD feed ratio = 3/1). The resulting crosslinked DM-β-CD/PDI polymer is water soluble. The polymer product was purified by dialysis (molecular weight cut off = 10,000) against water. A powder of the DM-β-CD/PDI polymer obtained by freeze-drying was easily redispersed in water with the aid of

• . (Japan). The dialysis membrane with a cellulose tube (molecular weight cut-off of 10 kDa) was purchased from the Japan Medical Science Co. Ltd. (Japan) and stored in a moist environment prior to use. Distilled water was used for the purification process. Ultra pure water (Milli-Q) was used for the

• anhydrous DMF (10 mL) for 12 h at 70 °C under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was dropped into water under ice bath cooling to terminate the reaction. The resulting polymer solution was purified by dialysis for three days using a dialysis membrane to remove unreacted DM-β-CD and PDI. The dialysis

Cholesterol lowering effects of mono-lactose-appended β-cyclodextrin in Niemann–Pick type C disease-like HepG2 cells

• Keiichi Motoyama,
• Yumi Hirai,
• Rena Nishiyama,
• Yuki Maeda,
• Taishi Higashi,
• Yoichi Ishitsuka,
• Yuki Kondo,
• Tetsumi Irie,
• Takumi Era and
• Hidetoshi Arima

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2079–2086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.224

• ) were dissolved in 3.4 L of 0.2 M borate buffer (pH 7.5) and mixed at room temperature for 24 h. After dialysis using a dialysis membrane, Spectra/pore (MWCO = 1,000), in water at room temperature for 72 h, the sample was concentrated with a rotary evaporator (EYELA N-1000S, Tokyo Rikakikai, Tokyo