Chemical tuning of photoswitchable azobenzenes: a photopharmacological case study using nicotinic transmission

• Lorenzo Sansalone,
• Jun Zhao,
• Matthew T. Richers and
• Graham C. R. Ellis-Davies

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2812–2821, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.274

• column (4.6 × 50 mm, 2.7 μm) monitored at 443 nm. Elution was isocratic (Figure S2 and Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1), or used a linear gradient (Figure 3), as specified. Both solvents contained 0.1% TFA. Cell culture and electrophysiology HEK293 cells were split and maintained in 0.1% gelatin

A chemist and biologist talk to each other about caged neurotransmitters

• Graham C.R. Ellis-Davies

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 64–73, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.8

• between the two communities to further the creative development and application of these powerful optical probes. Keywords: caged compounds; cell signaling; electrophysiology; neuronal currents; photolabile neurotransmitters; rates of reaction; receptor antagonism; Introduction The first biologically

• deal! Our requirements are conditioned by two concerns. First, we are limited by our measurement ability. In terms of imaging or electrophysiology it is very difficult for us to measure anything in a cell faster than a few microseconds. In electrophysiology, we normally apply a digital filter to the

• time for each pixel is a few microseconds, meaning an image frame takes about 1–2 seconds [66]. This is much slower than electrophysiology. There are several methods that are used to speed up the rate of image acquisition [67][68], but even these are limited to 30–100 Hz for full frame (512 × 512