Synthesis of 2,2-difluoro-1,3-diketone and 2,2-difluoro-1,3-ketoester derivatives using fluorine gas

• Alexander S. Hampton,
• David R. W. Hodgson,
• Graham McDougald,
• Linhua Wang and
• Graham Sandford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 460–469, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.41

• ][31][32]. Since profit margins in the life science industries are always under constant pressure, less expensive methods of introducing fluorine selectively into active intermediates for manufacture on the industrial scale are required and, as a relatively inexpensive strategy, direct fluorination of

Effects of the aldehyde-derived ring substituent on the properties of two new bioinspired trimethoxybenzoylhydrazones: methyl vs nitro groups

• Dayanne Martins,
• Roberta Lamosa,
• Talis Uelisson da Silva,
• Carolina B. P. Ligiero,
• Sérgio de Paula Machado,
• Daphne S. Cukierman and
• Nicolás A. Rey

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1713–1727, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.125

• around the conjugated amide single bond (N–C=O). N-Acylhydrazones have also gained attention in literature due to other applications, ranging from medicine to supramolecular chemistry [7][8]. Among their applicability is the area of optoelectronic devices, in which they are used for the manufacture of

Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances

• Zixiao Wang,
• Feichen Cui,
• Yang Sui and
• Jiajun Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1580–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.116

• ]. The semiquinone radicals formed during the oxidation of catechol can undergo a cross-coupling reaction to form polymers (Scheme 1). One example is the radical polymerization of urushiol. The earliest recorded application of natural radical polymerization can be traced back to the manufacture of

• , and monomers [127][128][129]. Polysiloxanes are another class of crosslinkable polymers. Modern silicone industry typically uses Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation to crosslink multi-vinyl polysiloxane with silicon hydride compounds to manufacture silicone rubbers [130]. However, hydrosilylation may also be

Clauson–Kaas pyrrole synthesis using diverse catalysts: a transition from conventional to greener approach

• Dileep Kumar Singh and
• Rajesh Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 928–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.71

• amines during pyrrole synthesis. This protocol has a high functional group tolerance and has been used to manufacture many major pharmaceutical compounds. Very recently, Afsina et al. [75] reported a solvent-free greener protocol for the synthesis of N-substituted pyrroles via the modified Clauson–Kaas

Recommendations for performing measurements of apparent equilibrium constants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and for reporting the results of these measurements

• Robert N. Goldberg,
• Robert T. Giessmann,
• Peter J. Halling,
• Carsten Kettner and
• Hans V. Westerhoff

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 303–316, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.26

• concentrations of species in complex reaction mixtures at equilibrium. Thus, values of K and K′ are used to determine the practicality of using a reaction to manufacture a substance and for process optimization in bioengineering applications. These values can also be used in the analysis of the kinetics of

Efficient synthesis of polyfunctionalized carbazoles and pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles via domino Diels–Alder reaction

• Ren-Jie Fang,
• Chen Yan,
• Jing Sun,
• Ying Han and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2425–2432, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.159

• , simple manufacture, high efficiency and atomic economy. The unusual feature of this reaction is the normal electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction between electron-deficient dienes such as (3-(indol-3-yl)maleimides and indole-chalcone to electron-deficient dienophilic chalcones. The potential applications

Photoinduced post-modification of graphitic carbon nitride-embedded hydrogels: synthesis of 'hydrophobic hydrogels' and pore substructuring

• Cansu Esen and
• Baris Kumru

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1323–1334, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.92

• manufacture functional soft materials will be of high interest in near future by the means of catalysis and agricultural delivery. Keywords: hydrophobic hydrogel; photoactive hydrogels; photomodification; pore modification; soft materials; Introduction Popularity of hydrogels arises from their structural

A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

• published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals. Keywords: flavours and fragrances; flow chemistry; process chemistry; synthesis; Introduction The fragrance

Synthetic reactions driven by electron-donor–acceptor (EDA) complexes

• Zhonglie Yang,
• Yutong Liu,
• Kun Cao,
• Xiaobin Zhang,
• Hezhong Jiang and
• Jiahong Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 771–799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.67

• synthesis has encouraged chemists to pursue more efficient methods to manufacture fine and usable chemicals [7]. The reactions that EDA complexes participate in have been shown to be an enormous success, mainly due to the fact that they obviate photoredox catalysts or transition metal catalysts in the vast

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

• –0.97 g⋅cm−3, Tm 130 °C) is a highly crystalline material with a low degree of short chain branching. Owing to the high stiffness, tensile strength, resistance to moisture and gas permeability, it is mainly used in the manufacture of water pipes, toys, beverage bottles, outdoor furniture, housewares and

• with the fact that TPA is produced from petrochemical sources, bioderived 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid has been proposed as TPA replacement in the production of plastic bottles, representing one of the rare examples of industrial manufacture of biobased polymers [167][168]. From the chemical recycling

Construction of pillar[4]arene[1]quinone–1,10-dibromodecane pseudorotaxanes in solution and in the solid state

• Xinru Sheng,
• Errui Li and
• Feihe Huang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2954–2959, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.245

• pseudorotaxanes to construct rotaxanes, which will broaden the range of potential applications of pillararene derivatives for the manufacture of sophisticated supramolecular architectures and functional supramolecular systems. Crystal structures of the [3]pseudorotaxane composed of H and G in the solid state

Dawn of a new era in industrial photochemistry: the scale-up of micro- and mesostructured photoreactors

• Emine Kayahan,
• Mathias Jacobs,
• Leen Braeken,
• Leen C.J. Thomassen,
• Simon Kuhn,
• Tom van Gerven and
• M. Enis Leblebici

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2484–2504, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.202

A proposed sustainability index for synthesis plans based on input provenance and output fate: application to academic and industrial synthesis plans for vanillin as a case study

• John Andraos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.196

• the life cycle of the target product where part of it will end up as “dead waste”. where is the mass of target product that is destined to be wasted. For example, if the target product of a synthesis plan is a pharmaceutical compound a certain fraction of its manufacture will be used as intended by

• those ranking algorithm analyses which takes into account sustainability potential as well as material and energy consumption and environmental and safety-hazard impacts. In order to demonstrate these ideas, we chose to examine 22 academic and industrial synthesis plans for the manufacture of 1 kg of

Facile synthesis of 7-alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridines as arginine mimetics using a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons-based approach

• Rhys A. Lippa,
• John A. Murphy and
• Tim N. Barrett

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1617–1626, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.134

• reaction selectivity. The new procedure proceeds in a higher yield than previously obtained and may potentially offer benefits in large-scale manufacture of integrin inhibitors and other arginine peptidomimetics. The Arg–Gly–Asp tripeptide sequence and examples of tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridine-containing

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

Safe and highly efficient adaptation of potentially explosive azide chemistry involved in the synthesis of Tamiflu using continuous-flow technology

• Cloudius R. Sagandira and
• Paul Watts

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2577–2589, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.251

• Tamiflu is currently one of the most important drugs available to combat the influenza virus and this has seen immense research efforts by the scientific community to exclusively focus on the development of new, better and practical approaches to manufacture this drug [1][2]. More than 60 synthetic routes

Complexation of a guanidinium-modified calixarene with diverse dyes and investigation of the corresponding photophysical response

• Yu-Ying Wang,
• Yong Kong,
• Zhe Zheng,
• Wen-Chao Geng,
• Zi-Yi Zhao,
• Hongwei Sun and
• Dong-Sheng Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1394–1406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.139

• opportunity to construct organic luminescent materials and could be engaged in the manufacture of high-performance supramolecular dye lasers [24][48]. The complexation of GC5A with the two-photon fluorescent probe Two-photon excitation microscopy is a fluorescence imaging technique utilizing near-infrared

Understanding the unexpected effect of frequency on the kinetics of a covalent reaction under ball-milling conditions

• Ana M. Belenguer,
• Adam A. L. Michalchuk,
• Giulio I. Lampronti and
• Jeremy K. M. Sanders

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1226–1235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.120

• Cambridge, for the manufacture of the jars; S. A. T. Redfern and the Department of Earth Sciences (University of Cambridge) for general support. AM thanks Dr. F Emmerling (BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research) for ongoing support.

Low-budget 3D-printed equipment for continuous flow reactions

• Jochen M. Neumaier,
• Amiera Madani,
• Thomas Klein and
• Thomas Ziegler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 558–566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.50

• during the flow syntheses in order to ensure good mixing behaviour of the aqueous and organic phases. 3D-Printed syringe pumps We further decided to develop and manufacture low-cost and simple-to-use 3D-printed syringe pumps. The materials and parts which were used for a rack of four pumps controlled by

A general and atom-efficient continuous-flow approach to prepare amines, amides and imines via reactive N-chloramines

• Katherine E. Jolley,
• Michael R. Chapman and
• A. John Blacker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2220–2228, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.196

• products are fluids which are contacted with solid-supported reagents that after some time require regeneration, which is not convenient within chemical manufacture. Chloramine itself is unstable, though has been produced safely at large scale using continuous-flow methods; in fact, chloramine has been

• used as an intermediate in the manufacture of hydrazine using the Raschig process [12][13]. N-Alkyl-N-chloramines are equally unstable, yet have only been prepared in batch via reaction of a primary or secondary amine with Cl2 gas, N-chlorosuccinimide, chloramine-T or hypochlorite salts [14][15

Synergistic electrodeposition of bilayer films and analysis by Raman spectroscopy

• Saadeldin E. T. Elmasly,
• Luca Guerrini,
• Joseph Cameron,
• Alexander L. Kanibolotsky,
• Neil J. Findlay,
• Karen Faulds and
• Peter J. Skabara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2186–2189, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.191

• -workers demonstrated this technique through the manufacture of multilayer films [7][8], alternating PEDOT and poly(N-methylpyrrole) to develop symmetric supercapacitors [9]. However, in their work there was no attempt to de-dope the second layer, which is necessary for the electrochemical preparation of a

Detection of therapeutic radiation in three-dimensions

• John A. Adamovics

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1325–1331, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.129

• reactive to a clinical radiation dose a radical initiator is required. The most effective class of initiators are halocarbons while azo- and peroxide-based initiators were unstable to the temperatures generated during the manufacture of the dosimeters [17][41]. The dose sensitivity was found to be

From chemical metabolism to life: the origin of the genetic coding process

• Antoine Danchin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1119–1135, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.111

• this machine). Just as for superficial minds there are ”genes of” everything (for instance of intelligence, diseases, obesity, and old age), in the novel written by Hoyle, the program is sufficient to establish and produce the final form of the organism whose manufacture it prescribes. It is as if the

Continuous-flow processes for the catalytic partial hydrogenation reaction of alkynes

• Carmen Moreno-Marrodan,
• Francesca Liguori and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 734–754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.73

• to alkenes is a process of high importance in the manufacture of several market chemicals. The present paper shortly reviews the heterogeneous catalytic systems engineered for this reaction under continuous flow and in the liquid phase. The main contributions appeared in the literature from 1997 up

• liquid phase is a reaction of high relevance to the manufacture of a multitude of fine chemicals [1] including pharmaceutical building blocks, agrochemicals, food additives, flavours and fragrances [2][3]. It is also crucial in the bulk polymer industry to achieve the complete elimination of alkynes and

• of utmost importance for the reduction of metal residues in the food and pharmaceuticals manufacture industry [96]. The choice of appropriate support materials is therefore critical to this purpose. Alternative strategies to reduce metal contamination include the use of metal scavengers, usually in

Revaluation of biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol derivatives for the synthesis of carbocyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues

• Bemba Sidi Mohamed,
• Christian Périgaud and
• Christophe Mathé

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 251–256, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.28

• organic chemicals synthesis, furfuryl alcohol is a raw material for the production of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, which is an intermediate for the synthesis of 1,2- and 2,5-pentanediols and their derivatives and an agent for the manufacture of fragrance, vitamin C and lysine [1][2]. Furfuryl alcohol is