Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble C₆₀–peptide conjugates

• Yue Ma,
• Lorenzo Persi and
• Yoko Yamakoshi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 777–786, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.71

• and nonionic polymer, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) [25] and applied these to several in vitro biological assays to report DNA photocleavage [26] and related ROS generation [27][28], antimicrobial photoactivity [29], chondrogenesis-promoting activity [30][31], photocytotoxicity [32][33], and GST enzyme

• -soluble C60 and C70 derivatives by covalently attaching biocompatible water-soluble polymers, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) [37][38] and PVP [39]. Although these C60– and C70–polymer conjugates revealed high water-solubility, it was found that they, especially the PEG conjugates, formed micelle-like

Switchable molecular tweezers: design and applications

• Pablo Msellem,
• Maksym Dekthiarenko,
• Nihal Hadj Seyd and
• Guillaume Vives

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 504–539, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.45

Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel–Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles

• Periklis X. Kolagkis,
• Eirini M. Galathri and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 379–426, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.36

• to the employment of GO–CuBr without overshadowing its applications [113]. Shirini et al. utilized the polymer poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VPy) for the immobilization of nanoparticles in lieu of silica, due to the strong affinity of the pyridyl group towards metals and its ability to undergo hydrogen

• . immobilized carbon nanotubes on sulfonated polyacrylamide creating polymer/carbon nanotube composites, which could also be employed in the synthesis of BIMs [115][116]. This methodology used a catalyst loading of 5 mol % under reflux conditions (85 °C) in acetonitrile for 30–40 minutes with product yields

Synthesis of π-conjugated polycyclic compounds by late-stage extrusion of chalcogen fragments

• Aissam Okba,
• Pablo Simón Marqués,
• Kyohei Matsuo,
• Naoki Aratani,
• Hiroko Yamada,
• Gwénaël Rapenne and
• Claire Kammerer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 287–305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.30

• synthesized thiepine-containing polymers designed to undergo redox-driven bent-to-planar conformational changes [63]. However, upon electrochemical oxidation of the drop-cast film of polymer 13, the authors observed the conversion of the dithienobenzothiepine monomeric units into dithienonaphthalenes, which

Photochromic derivatives of indigo: historical overview of development, challenges and applications

• Gökhan Kaplan,
• Zeynel Seferoğlu and
• Daria V. Berdnikova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 228–242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.23

• in the presence of water in organic solvent. In 2023, Huang, Hecht, Priimagi and co-workers provided the first study of the photoswitching of Ν,Ν'-derivatized indigos in polymer films of different rigidity and described the molecular design strategy allowing to improve the photoswitching performance

• within the polymer matrix [67]. Based on the obtained results, the authors are aiming to translate the photoswitching effect to the macroscopic level and to achieve the modulation of macroscopic properties of materials by red light. Conclusion From the first report on the photochromic N,N'-diacetylindigo

Perspectives on push–pull chromophores derived from click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions of electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes

• Michio Yamada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 125–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.13

• . This endeavor aims to delineate new directions for prospective applications of push–pull chromophores. Notably, in polymer chemistry, significant progress has been made in employing [2 + 2] CA–RE reactions for polymers as a valuable post-functionalization treatment [9][10]. However, this topic lies

Long oligodeoxynucleotides: chemical synthesis, isolation via catching-by-polymerization, verification via sequencing, and gene expression demonstration

• Yipeng Yin,
• Reed Arneson,
• Alexander Apostle,
• Adikari M. D. N. Eriyagama,
• Komal Chillar,
• Emma Burke,
• Martina Jahfetson,
• Yinan Yuan and
• Shiyue Fang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1957–1965, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.146

• monomers N,N-dimethylacrylamide and sodium acrylate, and the cross-linking agent N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide were added, and the polymerization was initiated with ammonium persulfate and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA). The full-length sequence 3 was co-polymerized into the polymer 5, and

Aromatic systems with two and three pyridine-2,6-dicarbazolyl-3,5-dicarbonitrile fragments as electron-transporting organic semiconductors exhibiting long-lived emissions

• Karolis Leitonas,
• Brigita Vigante,
• Dmytro Volyniuk,
• Audrius Bucinskas,
• Pavels Dimitrijevs,
• Sindija Lapcinska,
• Pavel Arsenyan and
• Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1867–1880, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.139

• Karolis Leitonas Brigita Vigante Dmytro Volyniuk Audrius Bucinskas Pavels Dimitrijevs Sindija Lapcinska Pavel Arsenyan Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50254, Kaunas, Lithuania Latvian Institute of

GlAIcomics: a deep neural network classifier for spectroscopy-augmented mass spectrometric glycans data

• Thomas Barillot,
• Baptiste Schindler,
• Baptiste Moge,
• Elisa Fadda,
• Franck Lépine and
• Isabelle Compagnon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1825–1831, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.134

• biopolymer have been established decades ago and are commonly used in a routine and automated manner. However, the development of such technology for the sequencing of the third class of biological polymer – glycans, also known as carbohydrates, saccharides, or "sugars" – lags far behind. This lack of

• (position and anomericity). Based on this basic principle, the identification of an unknown carbohydrate proceeds as follows: the polymer is fragmented in monomers, yet maintaining information on the initial structure and the spectroscopic fingerprint (frequency and intensity of the vibrational modes) of

Quinoxaline derivatives as attractive electron-transporting materials

• Zeeshan Abid,
• Liaqat Ali,
• Sughra Gulzar,
• Faiza Wahad,
• Raja Shahid Ashraf and
• Christian B. Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1694–1712, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.124

• . Overall, this review presents a first detailed account of the electron transport properties of Qx derivatives in recent times, offering valuable insights into their potential as promising ETMs. Review Quinoxalines as polymer acceptors The development of efficient and high-performing polymer materials

• based on Qxs is of significant interest in the field of organic electronics. A compelling indication of this potential is the remarkable achievements made by a relatively simple polymer, poly[(thiophene)-alt-(6,7-difluoro-2-(2-hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline)] (PTQ10). PTQ10 has demonstrated impressive power

• conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 12% in polymer solar cells (PCS) when paired with the IDT acceptor [15], over 16% with the Y6 acceptor [16][17] and a champion PCE of 21.2% in perovskite solar cells [18]. This outstanding performance is attributed to the versatile and tunable nature of the Qx moiety

Benzoimidazolium-derived dimeric and hydride n-dopants for organic electron-transport materials: impact of substitution on structures, electrochemistry, and reactivity

• Swagat K. Mohapatra,
• Khaled Al Kurdi,
• Samik Jhulki,
• Georgii Bogdanov,
• John Bacsa,
• Maxwell Conte,
• Tatiana V. Timofeeva,
• Seth R. Marder and
• Stephen Barlow

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1651–1663, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.121

• ]. V derivatives have also been obtained as pyrolysis products of a variety of Y = aryl 1H derivatives [33], while Vb has also been found to be both a solution decomposition product of 1bH [27][34] and a beneficial additive for a 1bH-doped polymer [27], and has been crystallographically characterized

Tying a knot between crown ethers and porphyrins

• Maksym Matviyishyn and
• Bartosz Szyszko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1630–1650, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.120

• . Osuka and co-workers provided novel insight into the meso-appended crown ether porphyrins, namely, chromophore-incorporated and polymer-based systems capable of acting as multitopic receptors for transition, alkali, and alkali-earth metal cations, which were proved as optical sensing agents among other

Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances

• Zixiao Wang,
• Feichen Cui,
• Yang Sui and
• Jiajun Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1580–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.116

• Zixiao Wang Feichen Cui Yang Sui Jiajun Yan School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Rd., Shanghai, 201210, China 10.3762/bjoc.19.116 Abstract Radical chemistry is one of the most important methods used in modern polymer science and industry. Over the

• past century, new knowledge on radical chemistry has both promoted and been generated from the emergence of polymer synthesis and modification techniques. In this review, we discuss radical chemistry in polymer science from four interconnected aspects. We begin with radical polymerization, the most

• employed technique for industrial production of polymeric materials, and other polymer synthesis involving a radical process. Post-polymerization modification, including polymer crosslinking and polymer surface modification, is the key process that introduces functionality and practicality to polymeric

Application of N-heterocyclic carbene–Cu(I) complexes as catalysts in organic synthesis: a review

• Nosheen Beig,
• Varsha Goyal and
• Raj K. Bansal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1408–1442, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.102

Visible-light-induced nickel-catalyzed α-hydroxytrifluoroethylation of alkyl carboxylic acids: Access to trifluoromethyl alkyl acyloins

• Feng Chen,
• Xiu-Hua Xu,
• Zeng-Hao Chen,
• Yue Chen and
• Feng-Ling Qing

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1372–1378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.98

• Feng Chen Xiu-Hua Xu Zeng-Hao Chen Yue Chen Feng-Ling Qing Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China Shandong Dongyue Polymer Material Co., Ltd

Organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence material with strained benzoguanidine donor

• Alexander C. Brannan,
• Elvie F. P. Beaumont,
• Nguyen Le Phuoc,
• George F. S. Whitehead,
• Mikko Linnolahti and
• Alexander S. Romanov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1289–1298, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.95

• Information File 1). The photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of 4BGIPN have been studied in methylcyclohexane solution (MCH, concentration 3.2 × 10−5 M) and Zeonex polymer films (0.1% concentration by weight) at 298 K and 77 K, which is shown in Figure 5 with data collected in Table 3. Compound 4BGIPN

• providing ZEONEX® 480 Cyclo Olefin Polymer (COP) used in our studies. We are grateful to Dr. Louise Natrajan at the University of Manchester for providing access to FLS-1000 fluorometer. Funding This work was supported by the Royal Society and the Academy of Finland. A.S.R. acknowledges support from the

Aromatic C–H bond functionalization through organocatalyzed asymmetric intermolecular aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction: a recent update

• Anup Biswas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 956–981, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.72

• 2020, Pedrosa and co-workers devised a chiral heterogenous thiourea catalyst that was applied in an enantioefficient aza-Friedel–Crafts process. A series of heterogenous catalysts were prepared by condensation between alkaloids and polystyrene-derived isothiocyanates. These polymer-supported materials

Clauson–Kaas pyrrole synthesis using diverse catalysts: a transition from conventional to greener approach

• Dileep Kumar Singh and
• Rajesh Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 928–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.71

• . This methodology has been applied to diverse areas of chemistry, including natural product synthesis [45][46], medicinal chemistry [47][48], polymer chemistry [49][50] and porphyrin chemistry [51][52][53]. In recent years, green chemistry has become a widely used method for organic synthesis in order

• a mechanism for this protocol as shown in Scheme 38b. Conclusion The synthesis of pyrrole derivatives has piqued the interest of many synthetic researchers as they offer promising applications in pharmaceutical, polymer, and natural product chemistry. The introduction of a pyrrole moiety into a

• pharmaceutically active molecules, polymer synthesis, total synthesis of natural products, porphyrin functionalization, and the synthesis of various pyrrole-containing heterocyclic molecules. We believe that this review will be useful and will encourage researchers to apply the modified Clauson–Kaas reaction to

Cyclodextrins as building blocks for new materials

• Miriana Kfoury and
• Sophie Fourmentin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 889–891, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.66

• biocompatible. Thus, these supra-architectures have a multitude of uses in food, biomedicine, regenerative medicine, cosmetics, molecular electronics, polymer chemistry, gold recovery, gas absorption, depollution, biochemical material sciences, nanotechnology, self-healing materials, 3D printing, and so on [19

Light-responsive rotaxane-based materials: inducing motion in the solid state

• Adrian Saura-Sanmartin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 873–880, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.64

• ) Chemical structure of polyrotaxane 2; and (b) cartoon representation of the light-triggered degradation of rotaxane polymer 2 [52]. The key colour of the cartoon representation is analogous to that of the chemical structures. a) Chemical structures of rotaxanes (E)-3 and (Z)-3; b) stick representation of

pH-Responsive fluorescent supramolecular nanoparticles based on tetraphenylethylene-labelled chitosan and a six-fold carboxylated tribenzotriquinacene

• Nan Yang,
• Yi-Yan Zhu,
• Wei-Xiu Lin,
• Yi-Long Lu and
• Wen-Rong Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 635–645, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.45

• labelling of hydrophobic TPE fluorogens, reducing the affinity of the CS chains to the aqueous medium and resulting in the entanglement or wrapping of the TPE fluorogens by polymer chains. As a result, the RIR process was enhanced, greatly increasing the fluorescence. In addition, the fluorescence intensity

• improved water solubility of the supra-amphiphile due to the highly water-soluble behavior of TBTQ-C6 under alkaline conditions in its carboxyl anion form. As a result, the polymer chains were extended, releasing the entanglement and wrapping of the TPE fluorogens, thereby reducing the emission of the

• successfully designed and synthesized different degrees of TPE-labelled CS polymer compounds that exhibit the AIE fluorescence effect and we constructed pH-responsive fluorescent supramolecular spherical nanoparticles based on CS-TPE alone and the host–guest TBTQ-C6/CS-TPE supra-amphiphile. The critical

Discrimination of β-cyclodextrin/hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) oil/flavonoid glycoside and flavonolignan ternary complexes by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis

• Nicoleta G. Hădărugă,
• Gabriela Popescu,
• Dina Gligor (Pane),
• Cristina L. Mitroi,
• Sorin M. Stanciu and
• Daniel Ioan Hădărugă

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 380–398, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.30

• cannabinus L.) seed oil or “Persian lilac” (Melia azedarach L.) seed oil. The oils were complexed by spray drying using β-CD/gum arabic/sodium caseinate or a β-CD polymer, respectively [22][23]. However, there are less studies on the CD encapsulation of non-volatile vegetable oils in comparison with

• biologically active molecules on CD-coated polymers used in chromatography [62]. PCA was used for the evaluation of the similarity/dissimilarity of some pesticides, especially fungicides and herbicides, using the effect of a water-soluble β-CD polymer on the apparent pesticide’s lipophilicity [63]. Also

CuAAC-inspired synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-bridged porphyrin conjugates: an overview

• Dileep Kumar Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 349–379, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.29

• hydrophilic triazole-linked porphyrin-polymer conjugates (PPCs) (Scheme 28). The PPCs 137 and 139 were prepared by the reaction between tetraazido-Zn-porphyrin 135 or diazido-Zn-porphyrin 138 with polymers 136 bearing various hydrophilic and hydrophobic substituents using CuSO4∙4H2O and ascorbic acids under

• -bridged porphyrin-β-CD conjugate 126. Synthesis of meso-triazole-bridged porphyrin star trimer 129. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-linked porphyrin-β-CD conjugates 131a,b. Synthesis of tritriazole-bridged porphyrin-lantern-DNA sequence 134. Synthesis of meso-triazole-linked porphyrin-polymer conjugates 137

Investigation of cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines in the “green” solvent dihydrolevoglucosenone

• Solomiia Borova and
• Robert Luxenhofer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 217–230, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.21

• Solomiia Borova Robert Luxenhofer Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilans-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany Soft Matter

• reasons [1]. Halogenated solvents such as chlorobenzene or dichloromethane are widely used in polymer production, but their toxicity and high energy consumption for synthesis make them unwanted for widespread commercial use. Many other dipolar solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N

• biomedical applications, in particular as an alternative to the hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which is the polymer of choice for many biomedical applications due to its high solubility, low cytotoxicity and biocompatibility [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. However, an ongoing discussion about pre-existing

Insight into oral amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for colorectal cancer: comprehensive mathematical model of drug release kinetic studies and antitumoral efficacy in 3D spheroid colon tumors

• Sedat Ünal,
• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Yeşim Aktaş and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 139–157, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.14

• through either (i) the cationic nature of the CD such as poly-β-CD-C6 or (ii) coating of non-ionic 6-O-capro-β-CD with the cationic polymer chitosan (CS). Uncoated 6-O-capro-β-CD negatively charged NPs were used as control formulation. Results and Discussion Fabrication and in vitro characterization of

• the relaxation of the polymer chain begins and accelerates the release in SIF. When a further evaluation was made for the CS-(6-O-capro-β-CD), which showed a high correlation between the two models, the diffusional exponent values of the Korsmeyer–Peppas and Peppas–Sahlin models were calculated as

• 1.039 and 0.450, respectively. Similarly, the n value of Korsmeyer–Peppas above 0.85 indicates that the release mechanism is realized by super case II [44]. This value was interpreted as indicative of the release seen with the erosion of the nanoparticle material and the initiation of polymer relaxation