Optimizing reaction conditions for the light-driven hydrogen evolution in a loop photoreactor

• Pengcheng Li,
• Daniel Kowalczyk,
• Johannes Liessem,
• Mohamed M. Elnagar,
• Dariusz Mitoraj,
• Radim Beranek and
• Dirk Ziegenbalg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 74–91, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.9

• years to come to be [7], they are considered limited resources and nonrenewable compared to the current consumption rate [8]. Therefore, a pressing need exists to transition towards renewable energy sources to ensure sustainable energy development and environmental preservation. Solar energy stands out

• as the most compelling renewable energy source, holding the potential to fully satisfy the energy requirements of humanity [9]. The reliance on geographic locations and seasonal changes, however, makes it difficult to maintain a constant supply of solar energy year-round [10]. To harness solar energy

Beyond n-dopants for organic semiconductors: use of bibenzo[d]imidazoles in UV-promoted dehalogenation reactions of organic halides

• Kan Tang,
• Megan R. Brown,
• Chad Risko,
• Melissa K. Gish,
• Garry Rumbles,
• Phuc H. Pham,
• Oana R. Luca,
• Stephen Barlow and
• Seth R. Marder

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1912–1922, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.142

• Kan Tang Megan R. Brown Chad Risko Melissa K. Gish Garry Rumbles Phuc H. Pham Oana R. Luca Stephen Barlow Seth R. Marder Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy

• Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309

• , additional TD-DFT results, and NMR spectra of compounds. Funding This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. This work was primarily

GlAIcomics: a deep neural network classifier for spectroscopy-augmented mass spectrometric glycans data

• Thomas Barillot,
• Baptiste Schindler,
• Baptiste Moge,
• Elisa Fadda,
• Franck Lépine and
• Isabelle Compagnon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1825–1831, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.134

• dedicated analytical tools (glycomics) is clearly identified as a critical bottleneck, impeding the full development of glycosciences despite their relevance for various strategic fields such as pharmaceutical and food industry; bio-based materials and renewable energy, and their considerable potential

Selectivity control towards CO versus H₂ for photo-driven CO₂ reduction with a novel Co(II) catalyst

• Lisa-Lou Gracia,
• Philip Henkel,
• Olaf Fuhr and
• Claudia Bizzarri

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1766–1775, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.129

• ) complex; earth-abundant; hexafluoropropanol; photocatalytic CO2 reduction; Introduction Solar energy conversion into chemical energy addresses the issues of energy shortage with the exploitation of renewable sources [1]. Photoinduced CO2 reduction is included in the vast research field of artificial

Quinoxaline derivatives as attractive electron-transporting materials

• Zeeshan Abid,
• Liaqat Ali,
• Sughra Gulzar,
• Faiza Wahad,
• Raja Shahid Ashraf and
• Christian B. Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1694–1712, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.124

• , their potential in renewable energy applications aligns with the objectives of clean energy generation and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. As research progresses, we anticipate significant advancements and breakthroughs that will pave the way for a future where quinoxaline-based materials play a

• vital role in shaping the next generation of electronic devices and renewable energy systems. Structures of some of the most versatile Qx scaffolds; dashed lines indicate the substitution sites for core expansion. Qx-derived polymer acceptors. Qx-derived small molecule NFAs. Qx-derived small molecule

Benzoimidazolium-derived dimeric and hydride n-dopants for organic electron-transport materials: impact of substitution on structures, electrochemistry, and reactivity

• Swagat K. Mohapatra,
• Khaled Al Kurdi,
• Samik Jhulki,
• Georgii Bogdanov,
• John Bacsa,
• Maxwell Conte,
• Tatiana V. Timofeeva,
• Seth R. Marder and
• Stephen Barlow

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1651–1663, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.121

• , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United

• States National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States 10.3762/bjoc.19.121 Abstract 1,3-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]imidazoles, 1H, and 1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-2,2'-bibenzo[d]imidazoles, 12, are of interest as n-dopants

• Fellowship from the United States-India Educational Foundation and Institute of International Education for (grant no. 2266/FNPDR/2017). This work was also authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy

Enabling artificial photosynthesis systems with molecular recycling: A review of photo- and electrochemical methods for regenerating organic sacrificial electron donors

• Grace A. Lowe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1198–1215, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.88

• small organic molecules that can be used as sacrificial donors in photochemical carbon dioxide reduction. A large scale decoupled, or macro, model of photosynthesis is electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction powered by renewable energy sources. Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction has been

• national electricity grid. In countries like the UK, the competition to install new batteries and renewable energy sources appears to have created an increase in demand and waiting times for installing grid connections [11][12]. This is potentially a large barrier to fast adoption and scaling of purely

• photochemical recycling in-situ. However, electrochemical in-situ recycling could be achieved in 2 ways: 1. The driving force for recycling an oxidized donor at an electrode could be supplied by a photosensitizer. 2. The driving force for donor re-reduction could be an applied voltage from renewable energy

Cyclodextrins as building blocks for new materials

• Miriana Kfoury and
• Sophie Fourmentin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 889–891, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.66

• use of CDs and further stimulate their market. The exploration of the potential of inclusion complexation is not limited to the biomedical field. CDs are renewable and biodegradable materials that enable green and environmental biotechnologies for all applications [11]. The ability of CDs to act as

C3-Alkylation of furfural derivatives by continuous flow homogeneous catalysis

• Grédy Kiala Kinkutu,
• Catherine Louis,
• Myriam Roy,
• Juliette Blanchard and
• Julie Oble

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 582–592, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.43

• of the development of a sustainable chemical industry [1][2][3][4]. Furfurals, which are versatile platform molecules derived from renewable lignocellulose present in agricultural wastes [5][6][7][8], have proven to be of great importance for the preparation of value-added chemicals, biofuels, as

Total synthesis of insect sex pheromones: recent improvements based on iron-mediated cross-coupling chemistry

• Eric Gayon,
• Guillaume Lefèvre,
• Olivier Guerret,
• Adrien Tintar and
• Pablo Chourreu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 158–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.15

• and NHCs was also described by Duong for the aryl–aryl cross coupling [29]. Alkoxide salts appear as good alternatives to NMP or phosphate-based additives, since several classic alcohol sources display low toxicities and can also come from renewable resources [30]. In this context, Cahiez and Lefèvre

• -coupling systems involving this reagent are thus particularly scarce, and few examples are reported, using for some of them Ni-based catalysts [33]. 1-Bromopenta-1,3-diene used in the synthesis of 4 (Scheme 6) is not an exception. The expected (E,E) isomer was easily obtained from sorbic acid, a renewable

Modular synthesis of 2-furyl carbinols from 3-benzyldimethylsilylfurfural platforms relying on oxygen-assisted C–Si bond functionalization

• Sebastien Curpanen,
• Per Reichert,
• Gabriele Lupidi,
• Giovanni Poli,
• Julie Oble and
• Alejandro Perez-Luna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1256–1263, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.131

• carbinols from renewable feedstock. Keywords: biomass; copper; cyclic siloxanes; 2-furyl carbinols; silicon; Introduction Progress towards the use of nonedible renewable feedstock to replace fossil resources as starting material for high-value chemicals is an important endeavor of modern synthesis [1][2

Inductive heating and flow chemistry – a perfect synergy of emerging enabling technologies

• Conrad Kuhwald,
• Sibel Türkhan and
• Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 688–706, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.70

• ) controller, which regulates the temperature. This feedback loop allowed the temperature of the catalyst bed to be fine-tuned and adjusted in real time to suit the conditions. 2.7 Biofuel production The increasing demand for renewable energy sources goes hand in hand with the sustainable and efficient use of

• is not new, but has become one of the most important topics being discussed today. Due to the energy of hydrogen–hydrogen bonding, water electrolysis enables chemical storage of renewable electricity. Chatenet, Carrey and co-workers showed that the electrocatalytic reaction of hydrogen formation from

Synthesis of 5-unsubstituted dihydropyrimidinone-4-carboxylates from deep eutectic mixtures

• Sangram Gore,
• Sundarababu Baskaran and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 331–336, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.37

• ] based on carbohydrates, urea, and inorganic salts as an alternative to conventional solvents for carrying out a variety of organic transformations [32]. The stable melts are environmentally friendly as they are readily available from bulk renewable resources. Their simple production allows the

Visible-light-mediated copper photocatalysis for organic syntheses

• Yajing Zhang,
• Qian Wang,
• Zongsheng Yan,
• Donglai Ma and
• Yuguang Zheng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2520–2542, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.169

• renewable energy and green chemistry for many years. Ruthenium and iridium, which can be used as photoredox catalysts, are expensive and scarce in nature. Thus, the further development of catalysts based on these transition metals is discouraged. Alternative photocatalysts based on copper complexes are

[2 + 1] Cycloaddition reactions of fullerene C₆₀ based on diazo compounds

• Yuliya N. Biglova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 630–670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.55

• solar cells [49][50]. In view of the globalization of energy problems, the issues of switching to alternative energy sources are becoming increasingly relevant. Solar energy, like the majority of renewable energy sources, is environmentally friendly and has almost no negative impact on the environment

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

• monobutyltin oxide, using substoichiometric amounts of isosorbide and succinic acid and no solvent at 230 °C reaction temperature. Isosorbide is a safe chemical [246] that is obtainable on the large scale from renewable glucose [247][248]. Because of this and due to the inherent rigid structure, conferring the

• bioderived plastic [252] that is manufactured on a 190 kton scale directly from lactic acid by condensation or from lactide by ring-opening polymerisation (Scheme 8) [253][254]. The main renewable raw material for lactic acid is starch, e.g., from corn, cassava, sugarcane or beet pulp [255]. Owing to the

A sustainable strategy for the straightforward preparation of 2H-azirines and highly functionalized NH-aziridines from vinyl azides using a single solvent flow-batch approach

• Michael Andresini,
• Leonardo Degannaro and
• Renzo Luisi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 203–209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.20

• to access aziridines with great structural variability [21]. The reaction of azirines with Grignard and organolithium reagents has been poorly investigated, and only without using green and renewable solvents [22][23]. In turn, 2H-azirines can be smoothly obtained through intramolecular cyclization

Dirhamnolipid ester – formation of reverse wormlike micelles in a binary (primerless) system

• David Liese,
• Hans Henning Wenk,
• Xin Lu,
• Jochen Kleinen and
• Gebhard Haberhauer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2820–2830, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.232

• described by Leisinger et al. [9]. Rhamnolipids possess some advantages, that make them interesting candidates as cleaning agents or additives for care applications in the consumer goods industry. They can be produced in a fermentation process from renewable nontropic material [10][11]. RL are also

A proposed sustainability index for synthesis plans based on input provenance and output fate: application to academic and industrial synthesis plans for vanillin as a case study

• John Andraos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.196

• from renewable energy sources (FRE). Valorized input materials originate from renewable, recycled, or reclaimed sources. Valorized output materials are destined for recycling or reclaiming so that they may be used in the same or other chemical processes. Valorized target product refers to that portion

• of the target product that is actually used for its intended purpose. Renewable energy sources are defined as originating from hydroelectric, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass sources. The computation of SI is illustrated for 22 synthesis plans of the high commodity flavour ingredient vanillin

• fossil-fuel derived and renewable sources. Dutch and Belgian chemical engineers proposed an extended thermodynamic analysis considering exergy and lost work to address the sustainability potential of the chemical process industry [2][3][4]. Horvath and co-workers put forth the following sustainability

Photosensitized direct C–H fluorination and trifluoromethylation in organic synthesis

• Shahboz Yakubov and
• Joshua P. Barham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2151–2192, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.183

• , light is inexpensive, nontoxic, noncontaminating, ample (or “limitless” in the case of sunlight) and a renewable source of energy for environmentally-friendly and “green” chemical synthesis. As a consequence of comprehending the detrimental impact of human industry on the environment, new methods to

Three new O-isocrotonyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid congeners produced by a sea anemone-derived marine bacterium of the genus Vibrio

• Dandan Li,
• Enjuro Harunari,
• Tao Zhou,
• Naoya Oku and
• Yasuhiro Igarashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1869–1874, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.154

• nature biodegradable, can be produced from renewable bioresources, and have material properties close to the conventional petroleum-derived plastics, the commercial production and market development are actively pursued by several companies amid the growing plastic waste crisis [14][15]. Vibrio are

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

• emissions and subsequent environmental damage, much of the scientific community has shifted its focus to the development of sustainable methodologies, particularly in synthetic chemistry. The prospect of utilising light as a renewable source of energy to drive chemical reactions is an appealing solution to

Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization

• Melanie Iwanow,
• Tobias Gärtner,
• Volker Sieber and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1188–1202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.104

• the production of activated carbon [4]. Fossil and renewable sources for the preparation of activated carbon are discussed in this part of the review, as well as special precursor solutions or ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents as non-conventional precursor materials. The properties of the

Photophysics and photochemistry of NIR absorbers derived from cyanines: key to new technologies based on chemistry 4.0

• Bernd Strehmel,
• Christian Schmitz,
• Ceren Kütahya,
• Yulian Pang,
• Anke Drewitz and
• Heinz Mustroph

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 415–444, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.40

Oligomeric ricinoleic acid preparation promoted by an efficient and recoverable Brønsted acidic ionic liquid

• Fei You,
• Xing He,
• Song Gao,
• Hong-Ru Li and
• Liang-Nian He

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.34

• . Globally, around one million tons of castor seeds are produced every year and the leading producing areas are India, China, and Brazil [8]. The castor oil has long been used as purgative or laxative to counter constipation and nowadays it is used commercially as a highly renewable resource for the chemical