21 article(s) from Solares, Santiago D.
- Perspective
- Published 09 Dec 2022
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Figure 1: Example of nanomechanical profiling strategy of patient tissues for medical diagnosis. Multiple non...
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Figure 2: Schematic of proposed enhanced endoscopy pill. The design is based on existing devices [30] that perfor...
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Figure 3: Illustration of a 2D adherent cell indented by a micrometer-sized spherical AFM probe, as well as s...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 23 Sep 2021
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Figure 1: Proposed methodology for viscoelastic analysis utilizing the Z-transform. The stress and strain inf...
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Figure 2: Illustration of the classical force–distance experiment. The AFM cantilever tip approaches and inde...
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Figure 3: Comparison of the s-plane and the z-plane. Vertical lines on the s-plane map to circles on the z-pl...
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Figure 4: (a, d) Amplitude of the simulated retardance in the z-domain for a stress-strain experiment (plot d...
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Figure 5: (a) Retardance and (b) relaxance for our simulated material. The retardance is the same as depicted...
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Figure 6: Retardance of the material plotted along the real axis of the z-plane using a logarithmic scale. Th...
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Figure 7: Material retardance amplitude plotted around the origin (i.e., for constant radius and varying freq...
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Figure 8: Comparison between the analytical loss and storage compliances for our model material and their est...
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Figure 9: (a, d) Amplitude of simulated retardance in the z-domain for an AFM simulation. (b, e) Retardance o...
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Figure 10: Material response to a step input calculated from the retardance obtained through the previously si...
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Figure 11: Illustration of the effect of noise in the experimental stress–strain curve on the calculated modif...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 15 Sep 2020
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Figure 1: Mechanical model diagrams representing the relationship between stress and strain in the complex pl...
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Figure 2: (a) Storage moduli and (b) and loss moduli as function of frequency for two hypothetical materials,...
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Figure 3: (Top row) Spectroscopy curves showing (a) amplitude and (b) phase as function of the cantilever pos...
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Figure 4: Force-vs-cantilever tip trajectory for characterization of the materials described in Figure 2 and Table 1 using a...
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Figure 5: (a) Comparison of spectroscopy curves illustrating the phase as a function of the cantilever positi...
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Figure 6: (a, b) Comparison of the storage and the loss modulus of material 2 (Figure 2a and Figure 2b, respectively) with a th...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 16 Jun 2020
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Figure 1: The quasi-static spherical indentation configuration as outlined by Lee and Radok in [18].
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Figure 2: (a) A raw AFM-SFS dataset; (b) approach portion from the raw curve.
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Figure 3: (a) AFM-SFS data corrected for an initial deflection offset; (b) Correction of the Z-Sensor dataset...
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Figure 4: Conditioned AFM-SFS Data for different approach velocities. Corrected nylon data for (a) 10 nm/s, (...
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Figure 5: Repulsive (i.e., force application) portion of the curves in Figure 4 extracted for fitting. Corrected nylo...
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Figure 6: AFM-SFS data and parameterized generalized-Voigt mechanical model. Data and nonlinear least-squares...
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Figure 7: Predicted harmonic quantities for 10 nm/s (top row), 100 nm/s (middle row), and 1000 nm/s (bottom r...
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Figure 8: (a) Data fit, (b) storage compliance, (c) loss compliance, and (d) loss angle, calculated for the o...
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Correction
- Full Research Paper
- Published 13 Mar 2020
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Figure 1: Illustration of a tip trajectory with a perfect sinusoidal shape in the noncontact dynamic AFM mode...
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Figure 2: Modified Bessel functions of the first kind of different orders. While the zeroth-order function ap...
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Figure 3: Illustration of the intermittent-contact interaction case. The blue line represents ψ, the trajecto...
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Figure 4: Illustration of the derivation of the indentation. The upper blue line represents the tip–sample di...
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Figure 5: Normalised power spectrum of the current obtained for the noncontact, ideal-trajectory case. The bl...
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Figure 6: a) Power spectrum of the cantilever trajectory. The higher harmonic amplitudes are very small compa...
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Figure 7: Power spectrum of the current from analytical calculations and numerical cantilever simulations for...
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Figure 8: a) Power spectrum of the tip trajectory for the realistic simulation with the Hertzian repulsive in...
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Figure 9: Current output obtained from the intermittent-contact simulation (black trace) and reconstruction o...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 24 Apr 2018
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Figure 1: (a) Perturbation signal with a square pulse shape, exemplarily shown for a period of 6.67 μs, a pul...
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Figure 2: Frequency spectra for square pulse perturbation signal (Vpulse = 0.5 V, wpulse = ½ period) with the...
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Figure 3: (a) Frequency spectrum for bias modulation with exponential rise and fall shape, as illustrated in Figure 1f...
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Figure 4: Experimental frequency spectra with a square shaped bias pulse (Vpulse = 0.2 V) of 50% duty cycle. ...
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Figure 5: Experimental frequency spectra with a square shaped pulse of 50% duty cycle measured by FM-KPFM (fac...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 06 Apr 2018
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Figure 1: Generalized Maxwell or Wiechert mechanical model diagram representing the relationship between stre...
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Figure 2: Numerical simulations corresponding to a parabolic AFM tip tapping on a polyisobutylene surface, de...
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Figure 3: Polystyrene thin-film topography images for AM-AFM using the fundamental eigenmode (a), AM-AFM usin...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 26 Oct 2017
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Figure 1: Mechanical model diagram of a flat-end indenter penetrating into a Generalized Maxwell (Wiechert mo...
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Figure 2: Scheme of intermittent-contact tip–sample interaction in AFM. The figure shows the results of a num...
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Figure 3: Results for the tip–sample force in tapping-mode AFM, decoupled trough the analytical relation deri...
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Figure 4: Typical dissipation spectroscopy curve, showing dissipated energy as a function of the ratio betwee...
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Figure 5: Virial spectroscopy curve, showing the virial as a function of the ratio between tapping amplitude ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 04 Oct 2017
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Figure 1: (a) Summary of optical characterization. The transmittance for the different samples is plotted ver...
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Figure 2: Summary of mechanical parameters for all samples, obtained using CRFM: (a) thick and (b) thin sampl...
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Figure 3: Typical correlated electro-mechanical properties of the thin samples: PEDOT:PSS (a–d), Laponite RD ...
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Figure 4: Measurement of virial and dissipated power for the second eigenmode of the cantilever in bimodal AF...
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Figure 5: (a) Strain (vertical axis) produced by bimodal AFM in the nanocomposite film for different Laponite...
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Figure 6: (a) Schematic illustration of the overall sample structure and the consecutive imaging of C-AFM and...
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Figure 7: Transmission probability for a multibarrier system for the energy levels of the PCEO model. Three d...
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Figure 8: Electro-mechanical response of the transparent (thin) Laponite RD nanocomposite to the high-pressur...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 08 Mar 2017
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Figure 1: KPFM surface potential measurements of samples cast from DCB and CB. (a) Topography of the sample f...
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Figure 2: KPFM measurement of a typical feature in the CB-cast sample. (a) Topography showing no correlation ...
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Figure 3: Removal of the surface aggregates in the aged sample. (a) Topography of initial sample. (b) Topogra...
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Figure 4: Correlation of the potential and current for normal and defective areas. (a) Topography of a normal...
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Figure 5: Finite element analysis and Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin quantum tunneling calculations of the tip–ele...
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Figure 6: Removal of surface aggregates during consecutive bimodal AFM imaging. (a)–(d) Topographies consecut...
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Figure 7: Potential and current measurements after removal of the surface aggregates. (a) Potential before th...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 15 Apr 2016
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Figure 1: Standard linear solid model. The response of the model generally consists of a time-dependent stres...
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Figure 2: (a) Plots of the complex modulus components, E′ and E″ (Equation 17 and Equation 18, respectively), for the sets of model...
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Figure 3: Illustration of the uniform deformation of a viscoelastic film of initial thickness T0. This type o...
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Figure 4: Examples of nanoscale polymer surfaces imaged with AFM. (a,b): Kraton (the height variation in (a) ...
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Figure 5: Schematic illustration of two surface profiles caused by indentation with an AFM tip. The blue prof...
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Figure 6: (a) Schematic representation of the Q3D sample model interacting with the AFM tip. (b) Polar coordi...
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Figure 7: Comparison of typical force curves obtained for the Q3D model and the 1D SLS model in AFM simulatio...
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Figure 8: Effect of the 2D surface Young’s modulus on tapping-mode AFM: (a) tip–sample force curves; (b) inde...
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Figure 9: Surface indentation profiles corresponding to the simulations of Figure 8. (a) Indentation of the surface v...
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Figure 10: Simulation of the interaction of an AFM tip having an irregular protrusion with surfaces of varying...
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Figure 11: Interaction of tip curvature effects with in-plane surface elasticity effects: (a) three different ...
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Figure 12: Interaction of tip curvature effects with in-plane surface elasticity effects for bimodal AFM using...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 26 Nov 2015
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Figure 1: (a) Schematic of AFM tip interacting with the standard linear solid model; (b) example of force cur...
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Figure 2: (a) Illustration of AFM tip approaching a 2-dimensional array of SLS models; (b) illustration of AF...
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Figure 3: Illustration of the proposed model for a spherically symmetric AFM tip oscillating along the z-axis...
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Figure 4: (a) Typical force curve for a spherical tip interacting with the Q3D surface model in monomodal tap...
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Figure 5: (a) Force curve for a 20 nm radius tip with a 2.5 nm radius protrusion at its apex as shown in the ...
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Figure 6: Examples of spectroscopy curves: (a) amplitude and phase vs cantilever position; (b) peak indentati...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 18 Nov 2014
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Figure 1: (a) Linear Maxwell model schematic; (b) stress relaxation simulation performed on a Linear Maxwell ...
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Figure 2: (a) Linear Kelvin–Voigt model scheme; (b) creep simulation performed on a Linear Kelvin–Voigt surfa...
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Figure 3: (a), (c), and (e) Standard linear solid (SLS) model, Wiechert model, and Nafion model, respectively...
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Figure 4: (a) and (b) show force trajectories for a tip under a numerically simulated (not prescribed) single...
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Figure 5: (a) Standard nonlinear solid (SNLS) model. (b) Tip force trajectory for a tip under a numerically s...
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Figure 6: (a), (b) and (c) show force trajectories for a tip following a numerically simulated (not prescribe...
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Figure 7: Results of energy dissipation when a numerically simulated tip trajectory in intermittent contact A...
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Figure 8: Results of energy dissipation when a tip interacts with a Nafion model under a numerically simulate...
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Figure 9: (a) and (c) show dissipation vs amplitude setpoint (A1/A01) curves where each color coded line corr...
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Figure 10: Results of energy dissipation when a realistic tip interacts in intermittent contact AFM with a sta...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 26 Sep 2014
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Figure 1: (a) Standard linear solid (SLS) model [10]; (b) simulated tip–sample force trajectories for single- and...
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Figure 2: (a) Illustration of stress relaxation and (b) creep (the various traces are color coded with their ...
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Figure 3: Illustration of tip–sample physical adhesion. In this case the interaction area between tip and sam...
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Figure 4: Interaction of an SLS surface with a probe oscillating along a perfectly sinusoidal trajectory give...
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Figure 5: Interaction of an SLS surface with a probe oscillating along a bimodal trajectory of constant maxim...
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Figure 6: Interaction of an SLS surface with a probe oscillating along a prescribed bimodal trajectory of var...
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Figure 7: Interaction of an SLS surface with a probe oscillating along a realistic AM-OL bimodal trajectory o...
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Figure 8: (a) Dissipated energy vs second eigenmode free amplitude for an SLS surface interacting with a tip ...
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Figure 9: Simulated amplitude and phase spectroscopy curves for realistic cantilever trajectories calculated ...
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Figure 10: Example of the evolution of force–distance trajectories with changes in the SLS surface parameters:...
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Figure 11: Effect of the SLS parameter Kinf on tip–sample interactions and cantilever response. (a) First and ...
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Figure 12: Effect of the SLS parameter K0 on tip–sample interactions and cantilever response. (a) First and se...
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Figure 13: Effect of the SLS parameter Cdiss on tip–sample interactions and cantilever response. (a) First and...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 25 Sep 2014
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Figure 1: Example of measured frequency response of the first four eigenmodes of one of the rectangular canti...
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Figure 2: Simulated tip and eigenmode responses for pentamodal tapping-mode AFM: (a) tip trajectories for two...
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Figure 3: Simulations of amplitude and phase response for two different free amplitudes of the higher eigenmo...
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Figure 4: Experimental fundamental amplitude (a, c) and phase responses (b, d) vs cantilever position for tet...
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Figure 5: Simulated amplitude vs frequency response of the second eigenmode in pentamodal operation, calculat...
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Figure 6: Tetramodal imaging of a thin PTFE film sample by using a cantilever similar to the one whose respon...
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Figure 7: Phase images of Figure 6 plotted using the same scale. As discussed in the text, the phase shifts generally...
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Figure 8: Imaging results analogous to those of Figure 6, but with the first eigenmode oscillating in the attractive ...
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Figure 9: (a) Comparison of tip trajectories for trimodal oscillations using the first three eigenmodes (A1 =...
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Figure 10: (a) Standard linear solid (SLS) model [9]; (b) illustration of the force trajectory for a single tip–s...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 24 Jul 2014
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Figure 1: (a) and (b) topography and phase images, respectively, of a Nafion® membrane acquired in the attrac...
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Figure 2: Simulations of maximum indentation and peak force (see section Methods below for details on the num...
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Figure 3: Bimodal experiments with varying second eigenmode amplitude for a Nafion® membrane (the images corr...
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Figure 4: Illustration of the ideal response of a harmonic oscillator [22]. (a) Amplitude and phase vs excitation...
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Figure 5: Simulated behavior of the first eigenmode phase as a function of free amplitude (a) and cantilever ...
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Figure 6: Morphology change of the topographical feature highlighted in Figure 1a for different imaging conditions. (a...
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Figure 7: Scan line profiles along the dashed line indicated in Figure 6a for the images shown in Figure 6a (attractive), Figure 6b (rep...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 14 Mar 2014
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Figure 1: Example of measurement artifacts previously observed in single-mode AFM operation in liquids: disto...
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Figure 2: Bimodal AFM simulation illustrating the phase and amplitude relaxation of the second eigenmode: (a)...
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Figure 3: Illustration of eigenmode perturbation for two different cases. The results are color coded for the...
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Figure 4: Second eigenmode response for different second mode free amplitude values for the same conditions a...
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Figure 5: (a) Illustration of the drastically varying response of the higher eigenmode as the cantilever is b...
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Figure 6: Frequency space (a) and time space (b) responses of the system of Figure 5 for three different cantilever p...
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Figure 7: Typical eigenmode responses for bimodal and trimodal AFM operation in air with Q1 = 150, Q2 = 450, Q...
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Figure 8: Illustration of the force trajectory of five successive tip–sample impacts for bimodal AFM conditio...
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Figure 9: Illustration of the photodetector (PD) reading that would be obtained for a given second eigenmode ...
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Figure 10: Cantilever amplitude and phase response for various levels of damping in low-Q environments. The th...
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Figure 11: (a) Standard linear solid model; (b) illustration of tip–sample impact force trajectory and surface...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 12 Mar 2014
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Figure 1: a) UAFM configuration with a mechanical vibration applied to the base of the cantilever and signal ...
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Figure 2: Amplitude ratio and phase of the a) first and b) second free eigenmodes of a cantilever vibrated in...
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Figure 3: Amplitude ratio and phase of the first eigenmode along the cantilever in a) the UAFM and c) AFAM co...
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Figure 4: Amplitude ratio and phase of the second eigenmode along the cantilever in a) the UAFM and c) AFAM c...
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Figure 5: Amplitude ratio, frequency shift, and phase of the first eigenmode versus contact stiffness in UAFM...
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Figure 6: Amplitude ratio, frequency shift, and phase of the first eigenmode versus contact stiffness in UAFM...
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Figure 7: a) Frequency shift, b) normalized amplitude, c) phase, and d) quality factor Q of the first eigenmo...
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Figure 8: a) Frequency shift, b) normalized amplitude, c) phase, and d) quality factor Q of the second eigenm...
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Figure 9: The frequency error introduced by a PLL in measuring the shift of the contact resonance frequency o...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 18 Mar 2013
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Figure 1: Schematic setup of our AFM operated in AM-OL or AM-FM mode. AM-OL mode can be accomplished by addin...
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Figure 2: Phase and frequency shift calculated analytically for a higher eigenmode with f2 = 380.8 kHz, k2 = ...
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Figure 3: Comparison of 2nd eigenmode contrasts for different operation modes (left: AM-OL, middle: AM-FM (CE...
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Figure 4: 500 × 800 nm2 sized images of DNA/mica samples in three different multifrequency AFM modes (AM-OL, ...
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Figure 5: Simulation of the change in frequency response for the second eigenmode of a cantilever with fundam...
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Figure 6: Top row: 8 × 12 nm2 height, 1st phase shift, and 2nd phase shift images of a mica surface imaged in...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 07 Feb 2013
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Figure 1: Simulated reconstructed tip–sample interaction force curve for a typical polymer, for a fixed (x,y)...
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Figure 2: Collection of reconstructed tip–sample interaction force curves for a fixed (x,y) point on the surf...
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Figure 3: (a) Schematic of a torsional harmonic cantilever interacting with a surface modeled as a standard l...
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Figure 4: Illustration of the surface depression by the tip–sample impact, and successive recovery within the...
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Figure 5: Example of force curve distortion for a case in which both conservative and dissipative interaction...
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