Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• redox reaction during the electron deactivation process. For effective quenching, a complex driven by either hydrophobic, van der Waals, or π–π-stacking interactions is generated between the electron donor and the electron acceptor with a separation on a sub-nanometre length scale. The complexation of

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

• Polina M. Kalachikova,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Eldar M. Khabushev,
• Timofei V. Eremin,
• Timofei S. Zatsepin,
• Elena D. Obraztsova,
• Konstantin V. Larionov,
• Liubov Yu. Antipina,
• Pavel B. Sorokin and
• Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

• riboflavin’s isoalloxazine fragments that emerges from interfragmentary binding and concentric π–π stacking with the surface of the underlying nanotube. According to this theoretical model and experimental data, we have studied (6,5)-, (7,5)-, and (7,6)-SWCNTs, which feature different riboflavin bonding

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• delivery systems through van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking, or electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions [24]. Several BODIPYs have been reported to be loaded into liposomes for cancer therapy [25]. Therefore, we speculated that BODIPY can be associated with our previously reported

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• enantioselective sensing of chiral amino acids [99]. The multiple noncovalent interactions, including metal coordination, hydrogen bonding, and π–π stacking between individual chiral amino acids and the MOF sensor enabled accurate determination of the absolute configuration and enantiomeric ratio of the target

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• immobilization on graphene via π–π stacking [34]. The qualitative confirmation of aptamer immobilization on graphene is illustrated in Figure 4a. For a representative device, Figure 4a exhibits curves of graphene resistance (RSD) as a function of the gate voltage (VG) before (black line) and after (red line

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• absorption of PT through π stacking interaction between aromatic moieties of GO and the benzene ring of PT. In comparison, the highest cathodic/anodic peak was obtained at −0.58 and −0.05 V, respectively, for the electro-reduction/oxidation of PT on ERGO/GCE. The oxidation/reduction potentials of PT on ERGO

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• ordered nanostructures through noncovalent interactions, including electrostatic, π–π stacking, van der Waals, and hydrophobic interactions. The self-assembly of single amino acids has the advantages of low synthesis cost, relatively easy modeling [27], and excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability

• and molecular forces play a key role in self-assembly, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds, van der Waals force, ionic bonds, π–π stacking, and electrostatic forces [31]. Importantly, amino acids are simple building blocks that provide relevant noncovalent interactions to construct complex

• the aggregated state and can be used for imaging [51]. Importantly, NI exhibits hydrophobicity and π–π stacking due to the aromatic moieties, and is prone to dynamic aggregation, which can be used in self-assembled construction units [52]. For example, Hsu et al. [53] self-assembled NI and

Impact of fluorination on interface energetics and growth of pentacene on Ag(111)

• Qi Wang,
• Meng-Ting Chen,
• Antoni Franco-Cañellas,
• Bin Shen,
• Thomas Geiger,
• Holger F. Bettinger,
• Frank Schreiber,
• Ingo Salzmann,
• Alexander Gerlach and
• Steffen Duhm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1361–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.120

• . The F4PEN monolayer was essentially lying on Ag(111), and multilayers adopted π-stacking. Our study shed light not only on the F4PEN–Ag(111) interface but also on the fundamental adsorption behavior of fluorinated pentacene derivatives on metals in the context of interface energetics and growth mode

• chemisorption of PEN [28][51] and physisorption of PFP [50]. Multilayers of PEN adopt a herringbone arrangement on virtually all substrates [47][56][57][58][59], whereas PFP multilayers exhibit π-stacking [18][56]. The different multilayer packing motifs of PEN and PFP can again be explained by electrostatic

• ][29]. PFP, in contrast, exhibits π-stacking on various substrates [18][56]. The X-ray scattering data shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S7 confirmed this ordering motif for the Ag(111) surface. The almost symmetric shape of the PFP HOMO in multilayers on Ag(111) resembled that of likewise

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• °, which corresponds to the intermolecular π–π stacking structure and amorphous packing of the polymer [19]. The XRD pattern of hydrothermally prepared BTO nanoparticles shows good agreement with the tetragonal perovskite structure (JCPDS No. 05-0626) with the P4mm space group [20][21]. The major

• assumed that PTh multilayers are held together through π–π stacking interactions between the polymeric chains, which prevent PTh from irreversible slithering out-of-place [25]. Therefore, core–shell BTO-PTh nanoparticles possess a distinct morphology. The surface morphology of all samples is further

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• synthesis of FLG by the exfoliation of graphite in water and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) using Ce6 as the stabilizing molecule. The π–π stacking interactions between FLG and Ce6 allows the stabilization of FLG in biocompatible media. Following this methodology, a FLG-Ce6 hybrid nanomaterial was prepared

• . Graphene sheets exfoliated from graphite are evidence of the interaction between FLG and Ce6 in pure water. Ce6 stabilizes graphene sheets, avoiding aggregation due to its high attraction through π–π stacking interactions, and the oxygenated moieties on Ce6 allow the stabilization of the hybrid

• nanomaterial in water. The Raman spectra of the hybrid nanomaterial, Ce6 and graphite are shown in Figure 1b for comparison. The highest peak, corresponding to the G band (≈1580 cm−1), was used to normalize the signals in each case. The 2D band (≈2715 cm−1) gives information about π–π stacking which only

Templating effect of single-layer graphene supported by an insulating substrate on the molecular orientation of lead phthalocyanine

• K. Priya Madhuri,
• Abhay A. Sagade,
• Pralay K. Santra and
• Neena S. John

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 814–820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.66

• Waals interactions. For multilayer depositions, ordered π stacking of the macrocycles with Pb-up configuration is expected due to the dominant π–π interactions between the Pc macrocycle and the graphene layer [9][26]. In the present study, although there is a graphene layer, triclinic moieties with edge

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• , FITC-BSA and Dox were adsorbed onto the GO layer through multiple interactions (e.g., electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking forces, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding) between oxygen functional groups

Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand

• Nicole Fillafer,
• Tobias Seewald,
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 466–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.38

• studies. A plate-like appearance and the sharp reflexes of 2D-AzoC2 and 2D-AzoOC4 indicate highly ordered materials, which we explain by strong π-stacking forces between the organic ligands. 2D-AzoOC12 forms a more sponge-like unordered network and yields broader reflexes, which is due to the more

• . The most likely explanation are steric factors. The photoisomerisation requires freedom to move for the molecular groups. The space within the layers is so limited that the activation barrier becomes too high and thus photoswitching cannot take place. Weaker π-stacking in 2D-AzoOC4 and 2D-AzoOC12

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• functionalized functional molecules with excellent optoelectronic properties that undergo π-stacking and support the co-organization of oligonucleotides to form hybrid DNA ensembles [18][20]. These hybrid DNA ensembles can be employed for a range of applications in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology

• short oligonucleotides supported by canonical and noncanonical hydrogen bonding interactions. Apart from hydrogen bonding, aromatic π–π stacking, electrostatic, metal ion, and host–guest interactions facilitate the molecular coassembly of SFMs and short oligonucleotides. The π-conjugated arylenediimides

• with interesting optoelectronic properties, such as naphthalenediimide (NDI) and perylenediimide (PDI), are attractive SFMs to support zipper assembly of DNA via π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions. Our group has successfully demonstrated the molecular architectonics of nucleobase-conjugated

High-tolerance crystalline hydrogels formed from self-assembling cyclic dipeptide

• Yongcai You,
• Ruirui Xing,
• Qianli Zou,
• Feng Shi and
• Xuehai Yan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1894–1901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.184

• , which provide a substantial tendency for self-assembly and the formation of gels. In addition, other weak forces, such as π–π stacking, hydrophobic effect, electrostatic interactions, and van der Waals forces, are also serviceable in driving molecular self-assembly of CDPs toward the formation of gels

Chiral nanostructures self-assembled from nitrocinnamic amide amphiphiles: substituent and solvent effects

• Hejin Jiang,
• Huahua Fan,
• Yuqian Jiang,
• Li Zhang and
• Minghua Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1608–1617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.156

• feature of these building blocks is that chiral centers are contained. The synergy between various noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding [21][22], π–π stacking [23][24], and hydrophobic interactions [25][26] provided by other moieties in self-assembly units, cause the chiral information to

• nm and 293 nm, respectively. This result suggests a H-like aggregation of NCLG molecules through π–π stacking. CD spectroscopy is considered to be a useful technique to monitor the supramolecular assembly. Consequently, distinct CD signals were obtained for the assemblies of the three NCLG molecules

Highly ordered mesoporous silica film nanocomposites containing gold nanoparticles for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Mohamad Azani Jalani,
• Leny Yuliati,
• Siew Ling Lee and
• Hendrik O. Lintang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1368–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.135

• in the range of 500 to 600 nm can be used to identify the presence of AuNPs [40]. Before calcination or thermal hydrogen reduction was conducted, [Au3Pz3]C10TEG and [Au3Pz3]C10TEG/silicahex showed absorption bands for π–π stacking of the benzene rings at less than 350 nm without SPR peaks at 500–600

Threshold voltage decrease in a thermotropic nematic liquid crystal doped with graphene oxide flakes

• Mateusz Mrukiewicz,
• Krystian Kowiorski,
• Paweł Perkowski,
• Rafał Mazur and
• Małgorzata Djas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 71–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.7

• dielectric spectroscopy measurements. The effect is related to the disrupted planar alignment due to the strong π–π stacking between the 5CB’s benzene rings and the graphene oxide’s structure. Additionally, we present the GO concentration dependence on the isotropic–nematic phase transition temperature

• by the strong π–π stacking. The π–π stacking between the 5CB molecules and the GO flakes causes the appearance of the nematic-like domains in the isotropic phase. Therefore, we observe at higher temperatures the creation of the nematic phase. On the other hand, when the concentration of GO exceeds

• wt %), the nematic order is increased around the GO sheets because of the π–π stacking between the liquid crystal molecules and the GO flakes (Figure 8a). GO flakes stiffen the structure. As the GO ratio increases, the strong π–π stacking induces the deformation of the director field (Figure 8b,c

Accurate control of the covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for the electro-enzymatically controlled oxidation of biomolecules

• Naoual Allali,
• Veronika Urbanova,
• Mathieu Etienne,
• Xavier Devaux,
• Martine Mallet,
• Brigitte Vigolo,
• Jean-Joseph Adjizian,
• Chris P. Ewels,
• Sven Oberg,
• Alexander V. Soldatov,
• Edward McRae,
• Yves Fort,
• Manuel Dossot and
• Victor Mamane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2750–2762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.257

• electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulations confirm the essential role of the PEG linker in the efficiency of the bioelectrochemical device in water, due to the favorable interaction between the ETG units and water molecules that prevents π-stacking of the ferrocene unit on the

• , the role of the PEG linker in the good electrochemical response was studied by molecular dynamics, which show that favorable interaction between the ETG units and water molecules prevents π-stacking of the ferrocene unit on the surface of the CNTs, therefore allowing for a good electron transfer

• simulation (structure and diameter close to that of (11,5)). The FcETG2 molecule grafted at the surface of the SWCNT model was oriented to simulate a ferrocene group in a π-stacking interaction (see below the molecular dynamics simulation) since the analysis is done in ultra-high vacuum. The distance between

Disorder in H⁺-irradiated HOPG: effect of impinging energy and dose on Raman D-band splitting and surface topography

• Lisandro Venosta,
• Noelia Bajales,
• Sergio Suárez and
• Paula G. Bercoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2708–2717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.253

• 2D-band relative to G-band intensity, in addition to a band located around 2950 cm−1, assigned to a combination mode (D + D′) [18]. It was also found that multilayer graphene with the same top-layer defect density as single-layer graphene exhibits a lower ID/IG ratio because intact sub-layers with π

• -stacking also contribute to the Raman spectrum [17][18]. On the other hand, it is worth noting that even when most of the carbon bonds in hydrogenated graphene are sp3-hybridized, their contribution to the Raman spectrum is not expected due to the negligible cross section of C–C sp3 bonds at visible

Heterostuctures of 4-(chloromethyl)phenyltrichlorosilane and 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine prepared on Si(111) using particle lithography: Nanoscale characterization of the main steps of nanopatterning

• Phillip C. Chambers and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1211–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.112

• through the addition of H2TPyP. The increases in the height of nanostructures are attributable in part to coplanar interactions between porphyrin macrocycles leading to π–π stacking, as well as by a vertical orientation of the molecules attached to the topmost areas of CMPS nanodots. A possible model of

Review on optofluidic microreactors for artificial photosynthesis

• Xiaowen Huang,
• Jianchun Wang,
• Tenghao Li,
• Jianmei Wang,
• Min Xu,
• Weixing Yu,
• Abdel El Abed and
• Xuming Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 30–41, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.5

• combination of g-C3N4 and electron mediator through π–π stacking, in addition to a significantly enhanced coenzyme regeneration rate [89]. Coenzyme regeneration is also of great importance in CO2 reduction with the help of enzymes. Formaldehyde dehydrogenase is a typical one that selectively achieves methanol

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• thiolates increased when decreasing the number of saturated units [58]. A different study found that π–π-stacking of phenyl groups in films of phenylethylthiolate-stabilized gold nanoparticles determined the interparticle separation and regulated charge transfer. The short ligand chain and the aromatic

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• . They exhibit low density and a high surface area to volume ratio [11][12] and have a spherical shape [13]. Moreover, they can be chemically functionalized, either covalently through chemical reaction [14] (e.g. oxidation [15][16]) or through adsorption of organic molecules by π–π stacking [17]. Our

Self-assembly of chiral fluorescent nanoparticles based on water-soluble L-tryptophan derivatives of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene

• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Irina A. Khripunova,
• Olga A. Mostovaya,
• Timur A. Mukhametzyanov,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Vyacheslav V. Vorobev,
• Yuri N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1825–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.184

• self-associates not only due to hydrogen bonds, but also due to π–π-stacking and the hydrophobic effects of the chiral amino acid with aromatic fragments [40]. The presence of amide fragments in the structure of the resulting macrocycles also contributes to the formation of aggregates via self

• located at 280 nm for all synthesized compounds (Figure 3B). Such a large Stokes shift for the methyl compounds 8 and 9 (135 nm) is attributed to the formation of excimers. It is known that indole fragments are capable of π–π-stacking, which makes the formation of excimers possible [50][51]. We propose