Coordination-driven self-assembly of discrete Ru6–Pt6 prismatic cages

The coordination-driven self-assembly of two new Ru6–Pt6 hexanuclear trigonal prismatic cages comprising arene–ruthenium(II) clips (1a(NO3)2 and 1b(NO3)2) and a tritopic platinum(II) metalloligand 2 has been performed in methanol at room temperature. The [3 + 2] hexanuclear cages 3a and 3b were isolated in good yields and characterized by well-known spectroscopic techniques including multinuclear NMR, mass spectrometry, UV–vis and infrared studies. Geometry optimization revealed the shapes and sizes of these hexanuclear prismatic cages. The combination of ruthenium and platinum metal center in a one-pot self-assembly reaction showcases the construction of aesthetically elegant heterometallic structures in supramolecular chemistry leading to the formation of a single major product.

The metalloligand synthetic approach has been efficiently used to achieve the construction of heterobimetallic supramolecular architectures in order to minimize the formation of two independent homometallic architectures or a mixture of products [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]. The metalloligand is a kinetically stable coordination complex with a metal center and one or more appended donor site(s) which can further coordinate to another metal center [79][80][81][82][83]. Such metalloligands are predesigned and encrypted with the desired functional properties before they are used in self-assembly reactions so as to induce the desired functional properties into the final supramolecular architecture [84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92]. Hence, the metalloligand becomes the electron-rich building block which offers structural rigidity while the second metal is the electron-acceptor building block. The facile self-assembly of 2D-heterobimetallic supramolecular architectures are well reported in the literature [24,93,94], however, 3D-heterobimetallic systems are still less explored [95][96][97].

Results and Discussion
The triplatinum metalloligand 2 was synthesized through a fourstep reaction involving a Sonogashira coupling (Scheme 2) and the crude product was purified by column chromatography to obtain 2 as a yellow powder. The three intermediates A, B and C were also characterized by 1 H, 31 P, 195 Pt and 13 C NMR analyses (see Supporting Information File 1, Figures S1-S8). The metalloligand 2 is highly soluble in dichloromethane and chloroform but only partially soluble in methanol and acetonitrile. The 1 H, 31 P, 195 Pt and 13 C NMR experiments (Supporting Information File 1, Figures S9-S12) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS, Supporting Information File 1, Figure S13) of metalloligand 2 evidenced the formation of a pure compound. The 1 H NMR spectrum of 2 revealed two doublets and a singlet in the downfield region (8.38-6.99 ppm) corresponding to the pyridyl protons and the central phenyl protons, respectively, while the methylene and methyl protons in the upfield region of the spectrum are observed between 2.16-1.18 ppm (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S9). The 31 P NMR spectrum of 2 gave a singlet peak at 11.18 ppm shifting downfield after coordination with the ethynylpyridine moiety, while the singlet 195 Pt peak remained almost the same with the precursor compound C (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S12). The mass spectrum of 2 shows a [2 + H] + peak at m/z 1748.59 (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S13) which is in good agreement with the calculated value of 1748.71 based on the C 69 H 105 N 3 P 6 Pt 3 molecular formula.

Self-assembly and characterization of the heterometallic cages
The treatment of the dichloride analogues of 1a and 1b with 2.1 equivalents of silver nitrate in methanol at room tempera-ture for 3 hours gave the dinuclear arene-ruthenium(II) clips 1a,1b(NO 3 ) 2 . As represented in Scheme 1, the self-assembly reactions of methanolic solutions of 1a,1b(NO 3 ) 2 and methanolic solution of the triplatinum metalloligand 2 at room temperature yielded the trigonal prismatic cages 3a and 3b. The heterometallic prismatic cages were isolated as nitrate complexes in good yields. The isolated cages are soluble in methanol, acetonitrile, acetone, nitromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide and partially soluble in chloroform and dichloromethane. The formation of these cages was ascertained by multinuclear NMR experiments and ESIMS analyses.
An upfield shift was observed in the pyridyl protons of cage 3b as compared to the free triplatinum metalloligand 2 in their 1 H NMR spectra while cage 3a exhibited a downfield shift in the pyridyl protons (Figure 1 and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S14). This chemical shift is due to the coordination of the pyridyl nitrogen atom to the ruthenium metal center while the upfield shift is due to the shielding effect of the methyl/ methylene protons of the p-cymene moiety. In both cages studied, the aromatic protons of the p-cymene moiety in 3a and 3b were slightly shifted downfield while the isopropyl and methyl protons of the p-cymene moiety in all the cages remained almost unchanged as compared to the arene-ruthenium(II) clips 1a,1b(NO 3 ) 2 . Additionally, the protons of naph- thacenedione in 3a and naphthaquinone in 3b were not considerably shifted (Figure 1 and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S14). The appearance of a singlet peak in the 31 P NMR evidenced the formation of a single product and the fact that the phosphorus moieties are in the same chemical environment (Supporting Information File 1, Figures S15 and S16). The same observation is recorded for the 195 Pt NMR analyses of all the heterometallic cages (Supporting Information File 1, Figures S17 and S18).
The DOSY NMR experiments also confirmed the formation of a single product in all the cages with the hydrodynamic radii (r H ) of the heterometallic prismatic cages calculated from the Stokes-Einstein equation using the diffusion coefficients (D) obtained from the DOSY NMR experiments. The obtained values of D from the experiment are −9.631 log (m 2 s −1 ) for 3a and −9.567 log (m 2 s −1 ) for 3b, respectively. The calculated hydrodynamic radii (r H ) of 3a and 3b are 15.57 Å, and 13.43 Å, respectively (Supporting Information File 1, Figures S19 and  S20). The 1 H, 1 H COSY NMR spectra also showed the correlation between the protons of the arene-ruthenium(II) clips as well as the correlation between the protons within the metalloligand (Supporting Information File 1, Figures S19 and S20).
The vibrational symmetrical stretching frequency of the coordinated carbonyl groups (ν C-O ) in the dinuclear arene-ruthenium(II) clips 1a and 1b was found at 1536.16 cm −1 for 3a and 1528.93 cm −1 for 3b in the infrared spectra of the heterometallic cages while the vibrational symmetrical stretching frequency bands of =C-H aromatic showed strong stretching bands at 3074.07 cm −1 for 3a and 3064.78 cm −1 for 3b, respectively. Additionally, the stretching bands at 543.67 cm −1 for 3a and 545.44 cm −1 for 3b correspond to the ν Ru-O symmetrical stretching frequency (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S21).
The UV-vis absorption spectra recorded in methanol at room temperature show intense bands at λ max = 544, 514, 334, 290, 205 nm for 3a and λ max = 698, 644, 339, 204 nm for 3b. The intense bands at 335 nm and 291 nm for 2 correspond to chargetransfer transitions, which shift slightly to shorter wavelengths in the spectra of the heterometallic prismatic cages. The peaks in the ranges of 514-698 nm and 204-339 nm can be assigned to intramolecular and intermolecular π-π* transitions and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions associated with capped p-cymene ruthenium cap, respectively. A hypochromic shift (decrease in absorption intensity) was also observed in the spectra of the heterometallic prismatic cages as compared to the metalloligand probably as a result of coordination of electron-rich metalloligand to the electron-deficient ruthenium center (Figure 2).
Mass spectrometry experiments also established the formation of the heterometallic prismatic cages in which all the cages maintain good stability. The ESIMS analysis of the [3 + 2] selfassembled heterometallic cages showed multiply charged fragmented ions for 3a at m/z = 1473. 83 Figure S22).

Geometry optimization of the heterometallic cages
All efforts to obtain single crystals of the prismatic cages were unsuccessful so far. Thus the structures of 3a and 3b were opti-mized to get insights into their structural features. The tritopic platinum(II) metalloligand was optimized using the B3LYP method while the heterometallic cage structures 3a and 3b were optimized with the semiempirical method using the PM6 basis set. cores are slightly out-of-plane with regards to the pyridyl groups possibly as a result of steric influence upon metal-ligand coordination (Figure 4 and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S23).

Conclusion
The metalloligand synthetic approach has been utilized to synthesize heterobimetallic trigonal prismatic coordination cages 3a and 3b through the one-pot coordination-driven selfassembly of dinuclear arene-ruthenium(II) clips and a tritopic platinum(II) metalloligand. The formations of the [3 + 2] trigonal prismatic Ru-Pt cages are confirmed by multinuclear NMR and ESIMS studies. The optimized structures of cages 3a and 3b showed large prismatic cages composed of twelve metal centers comprising six ruthenium(II) and six platinum(II) metal centers thus showcasing how two different metal components can be incorporated to form a single framework architecture through a one-pot self-assembly strategy.

Supporting Information
Supporting Information File 1 Experimental procedures, multinuclear NMR spectra data, ESIMS data and infrared spectra of the hexanuclear trigonal prismatic cages.