Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe₂ surface using optical microscopy

• Lin Pan,
• Peng Miao,
• Anke Horneber,
• Alfred J. Meixner,
• Pierre-Michel Adam and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 572–581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.49

• deposited on a MoS2 crystal surface. Using near-edge X-ray absorption (NEXAFS), it was observed a strong dichroism in FePc thin films thicker than 4.5 nm. The strongest intensity of the N 1s→π* orbital transition at grazing incidence implies that the molecules are predominantly flat-lying with respect to

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• separation [36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. The interactions between aromatic SAMs and electrons have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray-absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) technique [43][44][45][46][47][48][49], infrared spectroscopy [43][50][51][52], high-resolution

Band tail state related photoluminescence and photoresponse of ZnMgO solid solution nanostructured films

• Vadim Morari,
• Aida Pantazi,
• Nicolai Curmei,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Emil V. Rusu,
• Marius Enachescu,
• Ion M. Tiginyanu and
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 899–910, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.75

• unavoidable in the structure transformation process, in a certain interval of Mg concentrations. The phase segregation process was investigated in detail by means of X-ray diffraction, element-specific near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force

Mobility of charge carriers in self-assembled monolayers

• Zhihua Fu,
• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Alexander Welle,
• Asif Bashir,
• Michael Rohwerder,
• Qiang Zhang,
• Björn Schüpbach,
• Andreas Terfort and
• Christof Wöll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2449–2458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.235

• ) δ 8.32 (s, 2H, H-10, H-9), 8.14 (s, 1H, H-1), 7.97–7.87 (m, 3H, H-5, H-8, H-4), 7.48–7.37 (m, 3Hanthracen, H-3, H-6, H-7, 2Hphenyl, H-3, H-5), 7.23 (d, 2Hphenyl, H-2, H-6), 4.03 (s, 2H, CH2S), 2.37 (s, 3H, COCH3) ppm. Preparation of PAT SAMs for STM, conductive AFM and NEXAFS experiments STM

• characterized immediately after the SAM preparation. For the Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements, gold-coated silicon wafer substrates were used. Gold films of 100 nm thickness were evaporated thermally at 453 K under high-vacuum conditions (≈10−7 mbar) with 5 nm titanium as the

• (Goodfellow). All data were collected in a constant-current mode with typical tunneling currents of 0.1–0.15 nA and a sample bias of 0.5–0.7 V. NEXAFS spectroscopy measurements were performed at the HE-SGM dipole beamline at synchrotron facility BESSY II, which is a part of the Helmholtz-Zentrum, Berlin. A

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• was studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) at the facility of the Russian-German beamline at the Berliner Elektronenspeicherring für Synchrotronstrahlung (BESSY II) station. XPS spectra were measured at an energy of

• monochromatized radiation equal to 830 eV. NEXAFS spectra were acquired in the total-electron yield (TEY) mode with the monochromatized incident radiation of ≈0.08 eV for the carbon region and ≈0.17 eV for the nitrogen region. The spectra were normalized to the primary photon current from a gold-covered grid

• MWCNTs is 5 nm, 10 nm and 16 nm for Ni/Mo, Co/Mo and Fe/Mo catalysts (see histograms in Figure S3 in Supporting Information File 1), respectively. The NEXAFS C K-edge spectra of the samples exhibited an intense π* resonance and a split σ* resonance (Figure S4 in Supporting Information File 1), which

(Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications

• Lars Smykalla,
• Carola Mende,
• Michael Fronk,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Michael Hietschold,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Tobias Rüffer and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1786–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.180

• layers. The templating effect of the first layer can extend up to tens of nanometers in phthalocyanine layers [61]. In subsequent aging studies and in combination with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy we could show that the values of α apparently increase by 4–7° on both

Fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: from CF₄ plasma chemistry to surface functionalization

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Alberto Verdini,
• Luca Floreano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1723–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.173

• with the hemispherical analyser in constant pass energy mode 10 eV, the overall energy resolution is 120 meV. The carbon (C) and fluorine (F) K-edge NEXAFS spectra are obtained in the partial electron yield mode. The NEXAFS spectra are collected at the magic angle where the measured intensity

Effect of the fluorination technique on the surface-fluorination patterning of double-walled carbon nanotubes

• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Emmanuel Flahaut,
• Jérémy Rio,
• Christopher P. Ewels,
• Victor O. Koroteev,
• Gregory Van Lier,
• Denis V. Vyalikh and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1688–1698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.169

• absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. A formation of covalent C–F bonds and a considerable reduction in the intensity of radial breathing modes from the outer shells of DWCNTs are observed for all samples. Differences in the electronic state of fluorine and the C–F vibrations for three kinds of

• the fluorinated DWCNTs are attributed to distinct local surroundings of the attached fluorine atoms. Possible fluorine patterns realized through a certain fluorination technique are revealed from comparison of experimental NEXAFS F K-edge spectra with quantum-chemical calculations of various models

• possibility of different patterning of carbon surfaces through choosing the fluorination method. Keywords: double-walled carbon nanotubes; fluorination; NEXAFS; quantum-chemical modeling; Introduction Even after surface chemical functionalization, due to their inner shell double-walled carbon nanotubes

Triptycene-terminated thiolate and selenolate monolayers on Au(111)

• Jinxuan Liu,
• Martin Kind,
• Björn Schüpbach,
• Daniel Käfer,
• Stefanie Winkler,
• Wenhua Zhang,
• Andreas Terfort and
• Christof Wöll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 892–905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.91

• structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Results Synthesis of Trp1SeAc While the syntheses of the other three target molecules have been described in scientific journals [28][29], Trp1SeAc has until now only been reported in the PhD thesis of one of us (B. S.) [30]. For

• compared to the Se-anchored TrpSe0 and TrpSe1 films. NEXAFS spectroscopy Carbon K-edge NEXAFS spectra of the Trp0S-, Trp0Se-, Trp1S-, and Trp1Se-SAMs were recorded at different incidence angles of the X-ray beam and are displayed in Figure 5. For all four monolayers, a pronounced dichroism is evident, i.e

• ., the intensity of single resonances is strongly dependent on the X-ray incidence angle θ. This points to a uniform alignment of the thiolate and selenolate molecules on the Au(111) surface. A couple of absorption resonances are visible in the NEXAFS spectra, the strongest of which is the C 1s-π1

Scanning probe microscopy studies on the adsorption of selected molecular dyes on titania

• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Lukasz Zajac,
• Piotr Olszowski,
• Res Jöhr,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Bartosz Such,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymonski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1642–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.156

• (PES) and the near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) to investigate the ZnPc/TiO2 system. They conclude that molecules in the first layer bind with the molecular plane 30° from the surface and the tilt angle increases to 33° at higher coverage [51]. However, already the authors suggest

• seen as a change in the height of the central macrocycle of the molecule with respect to the surface. Indeed, the central macrocycle in 2H-TBTPP is ca. 1 Å higher above the substrate than in 2H-OEP; the height for 2H-TPP is found at a point approximately halfway [52]. From the NEXAFS measurements, it

• NEXAFS measurements. The STM image of a single molecule exhibits two-fold symmetry [52][53]. Molecules are sitting atop the oxygen rows with a common azimuthal orientation in a saddle-shape conformation, which has been identified as the N–N axis parallel to the [001] direction. The most favoured

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• were characterized by XPS, Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), and a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) analysis. As revealed by XPS and NEXAFS analysis, the monolayers derived from the thiol-terminated

• according to the XPS, NEXAFS spectroscopy, and sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy measurements. Also, the calculated thickness based on the XPS data is in agreement with monolayer coverage. The perpendicular orientation and scope of spatial alignment for different alkyl chains exhibit that lateral

Case studies on the formation of chalcogenide self-assembled monolayers on surfaces and dissociative processes

• Yongfeng Tong,
• Tingming Jiang,
• Azzedine Bendounan,
• Makri Nimbegondi Kotresh Harish,
• Angelo Giglia,
• Stefan Kubsky,
• Fausto Sirotti,
• Luca Pasquali,
• Srinivasan Sampath and
• Vladimir A. Esaulov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 263–277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.24

• measurements on several points on the sample. A detailed discussion of this can be found in the original publications [26][48] and in the selenophene section below. NEXAFS spectra presented here were recorded in partial yield mode by measuring the carbon Auger signal that appears consistent with the total

• higher energy and broadening of the C 1s peak is also observed. In NEXAFS measurements, for molecular adsorption in vacuum, the spectrum is characterized by a sharp peak at about 285 eV related to the π*1 orbital of thiophene, which disappears for liquid phase adsorption, indicating breaking of the

• liquid phase adsorption. This was deduced from changes in the Se 3p peak positions and strong differences in NEXAFS spectra. In adsorption in UHV, a strong peak due to the selenophene π orbital was observed, whereas it was very strongly reduced for liquid phase adsorption. Along the lines of the other

Core-level spectra and molecular deformation in adsorption: V-shaped pentacene on Al(001)

• Anu Baby,
• He Lin,
• Gian Paolo Brivio,
• Luca Floreano and
• Guido Fratesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2242–2251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.230

• hole. This destabilization depends on the ionized carbon atom, inducing a narrowing of the XPS spectrum with respect to the molecules adsorbed hypothetically undistorted, in full agreement to experiments. When looking instead at the near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra, individual

• contributions from the non-equivalent C atoms provide evidence of the molecular orbital filling, hybridization, and interchange induced by distortion. The alteration of the C–C bond lengths due to the V-shaped bending decreases by a factor of two the azimuthal dichroism of NEXAFS spectra, i.e., the energy

• splitting of the sigma resonances measured along the two in-plane molecular axes. Keywords: aluminum; density functional theory (DFT); near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS); pentacene; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); Introduction Pentacene has been studied extensively as it is a

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• is encompassed within the valence-loss region of an EELS spectrum. In combination with theoretical calculations and simulations detailed local information can be obtained. EELS is close to near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analysis used to probe electronic states [88]. One major

• difference is that the spatial resolution in TEM is much higher than that of in NEXAFS. The bottleneck of EELS was the energy resolution, because in classical filaments or in a “warm emission gun” (Schottky filament) the energy spread of the emitted electron beam is fairly broad and the resolution of the

Overview of nanoscale NEXAFS performed with soft X-ray microscopes

• Peter Guttmann and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 595–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.61

• be analysed. Therefore, analytical tools like near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy has to be applied on single nanostructures. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopes (STXM) as well as full-field transmission X-ray microscopes (TXM) allow the required spatial resolution to

• study individual nanostructures. In the soft X-ray energy range only STXM was used so far for NEXAFS studies. Due to its unique setup, the TXM operated by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) at the electron storage ring BESSY II is the first one in the soft X-ray range which can be used for NEXAFS

• spectroscopy studies which will be shown in this review. Here we will give an overview of the different microscopes used for NEXAFS studies and describe their advantages and disadvantages for different samples. Keywords: NEXAFS; STXM; TXM; X-ray microscopy; Review Introduction Several analysis tools and

Electron-beam induced deposition and autocatalytic decomposition of Co(CO)₃NO

• Florian Vollnhals,
• Martin Drost,
• Fan Tu,
• Esther Carrasco,
• Andreas Späth,
• Rainer H. Fink,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1175–1185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.129

• nitrosyl, Co(CO)3NO. Different deposits are prepared on silicon nitride membranes and silicon wafers under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, and are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), including near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS

• Si3N4 membrane. In transmission X-ray microscopy or NEXAFS spectroscopy in transmission mode, the absorbance (or optical density, OD) is derived from: with I0 and I being the incident and the transmitted intensities, respectively, d represents the sample thickness and µ(E) the photon energy dependent

• interferometric control through the focal spot, while the transmitted photon intensity is recorded by using a photo multiplier tube. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra were recorded by consecutive scanning of the investigated area with varying photon energy. The lateral resolution in

Classical molecular dynamics investigations of biphenyl-based carbon nanomembranes

• Andreas Mrugalla and
• Jürgen Schnack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.98

• displacements about their mean positions. Interestingly a tilt angle of γ = 31° with respect to the surface normal, which is close to the ideal one of 30°, was determined by means of near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) investigations on pristine monolayers [1][4][27]. This angle seems to increase

Characterization of electroforming-free titanium dioxide memristors

• John Paul Strachan,
• J. Joshua Yang,
• L. A. Montoro,
• C. A. Ospina,
• A. J. Ramirez,
• A. L. D. Kilcoyne,
• Gilberto Medeiros-Ribeiro and
• R. Stanley Williams

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 467–473, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.55

• technique has been used for previous studies of the single layer TiO2 memristor devices and can identify the presence of spatially-localized channels of oxygen vacancy rich Ti–O phases through analysis of the near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) [26]. After electrical operation of the

• were observed. X-ray absorption spectroscopy was also performed for both types of devices. In this work the NEXAFS of the Ti L2,3 edges of the film were integrated within the junction area. Figure 3 shows the spectra for electroformed (a) and forming-free (b) devices, in both cases comparing the Virgin

• crystal field split into doublets (457–462 eV and 462–468 eV). The Virgin state spectrum is consistent with an amorphous state of the TiO2 [26][35]. In contrast, within the switched device, a NEXAFS spectrum was observed with a reduced crystal field splitting as well as a prominent lower energy absorption

Towards atomic resolution in sodium titanate nanotubes using near-edge X-ray-absorption fine-structure spectromicroscopy combined with multichannel multiple-scattering calculations

• Carla Bittencourt,
• Peter Krüger,
• Maureen J. Lagos,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo,
• Chris Ewels,
• Polona Umek and
• Peter Guttmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 789–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.88

• Functional Materials, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.3.88 Abstract Recent advances in near-edge X-ray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy coupled with transmission X-ray microscopy (NEXAFS–TXM) allow large-area mapping investigations of individual nano-objects with spectral

• theoretical modelling. Taking the example of isolated bundles of hydrothermally prepared sodium titanate nanotubes ((Na,H)TiNTs) we are able to unravel the complex nanoscale structure from the NEXAFS–TXM data using multichannel multiple-scattering calculations, to the extent of being able to associate

• specific spectral features in the O K-edge and Ti L-edge with oxygen atoms in distinct sites within the lattice. These can even be distinguished from the contribution of different hydroxyl groups to the electronic structure of the (Na,H)TiNTs. Keywords: multichannel multiple scattering; nanotubes; NEXAFS

X-ray absorption spectroscopy by full-field X-ray microscopy of a thin graphite flake: Imaging and electronic structure via the carbon K-edge

• Carla Bittencourt,
• Adam P. Hitchock,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo,
• Chris P. Ewels and
• Peter Guttmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 345–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.39

• presence of topological defects. Doping by metal impurities that were present in the original exfoliated graphite is indicated by the presence of a pre-edge signal at 284.2 eV. Keywords: carbon; graphene; nanostructure; NEXAFS; X-ray microscopy; Introduction The demonstration of the remarkable transport

• graphene-based materials [14]. The near-edge X-ray-absorption fine-structure technique (NEXAFS) is ideally suited for the study of graphene-based materials, because the carbon K-edge is very sensitive to the bonding environment, providing diagnostic information about the structure, defects and doping [15

• the basal plane, and (1s−1, σ*) final states being selectively excited when the photon E-vector lies in the basal plane. The presence of defects, nonplanarity and edges relax these symmetry selection rules. The peak energy positions and line shapes of the measured NEXAFS resonances reflect the

X-ray spectroscopy characterization of self-assembled monolayers of nitrile-substituted oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s with variable chain length

• Hicham Hamoudi,
• Ping Kao,
• Alexei Nefedov,
• David L. Allara and
• Michael Zharnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 12–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.2

• ) SAMs on Au(111). Furthermore, in addition to the STM/AFM characterization, molecular organization in OPE3/Au was probed by infrared-reflection spectroscopy (IRS) [36] and near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy [37]. The average tilt angle of the OPE3 backbone was estimated at

• statement, whereas the exact molecular orientation can be estimated by the NEXAFS spectroscopy (see the following section). Note, however, that whereas the theoretical thicknesses of the NC-OPE2 and NC-OPE3 films are lower than the values derived from the experiment, the opposite is true for the NC-OPE1

• SAMs. This suggests, in accordance with the S 2p spectrum for these SAMs (Figure 2), the presence of a certain amount of the physisorbed molecules at the SAM-ambient interface in the case of NC-OPE1/Au. NEXAFS spectroscopy NEXAFS spectroscopy samples the electronic structure of unoccupied molecular