Direct synthesis of acyl fluorides from carboxylic acids using benzothiazolium reagents

• Lilian M. Maas,
• Alex Haswell,
• Rory Hughes and
• Matthew N. Hopkinson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 921–930, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.82

• observed (yield = 72%) with analysis by chiral HPLC revealing no erosion of the enantiomeric ratio (er = 99:1). At this stage, the suitability of BT-SCF3-mediated deoxyfluorination for the one-pot formation of peptide linkages between amino acids was investigated (Scheme 3). Treatment of N-Boc-valine under

• Campbell (Newcastle University) for assistance with chiral HPLC measurements. Funding This work is funded by the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (scholarship to L.M.M.) and the School of Natural and Environmental Sciences at Newcastle University (studentship to A.H.). Financial support from Deutsche

Activity assays of NnlA homologs suggest the natural product N-nitroglycine is degraded by diverse bacteria

• Kara A. Strickland,
• Brenda Martinez Rodriguez,
• Ashley A. Holland,
• Shelby Wagner,
• Michelle Luna-Alva,
• David E. Graham and
• Jonathan D. Caranto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 830–840, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.75

• purchased from Fisher Scientific or VWR. Stock dithionite concentrations were determined by UV–vis absorbance at 318 nm (ε318 = 8000 M−1cm−1). Water used for all solutions was of 18.2 MΩ·cm resistivity from a Barnstead Nanopure (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Solvents for LC–MS experiments were of at least HPLC

Discovery and biosynthesis of bacterial drimane-type sesquiterpenoids from Streptomyces clavuligerus

• Dongxu Zhang,
• Wenyu Du,
• Xingming Pan,
• Xiaoxu Lin,
• Fang-Ru Li,
• Qingling Wang,
• Qian Yang,
• Hui-Min Xu and
• Liao-Bin Dong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 815–822, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.73

• ), 2α-hydroxydrimenol (3), and 3-ketodrimenol (4) (Figure 2a). HPLC analysis of metabolites from different culture media showed that YMS medium was more conducive to produce compound 3 (Figure 2b and Table S1 in Supporting Information File 1). The chemical structures of these isolated compounds were

• DL10092 displayed a new peak in its HPLC profile compared to the control of wild-type E. coli BL21 (DE3) (see Figure S9 in Supporting Information File 1). The fermented product appeared as an alcohol, likely due to the activity of the endogenous hydrolase in E. coli. The retention time of the new peak was

• more closely, eight compounds were chosen for this study (Figure 4a). Due to the insolubility of CavA in E. coli, the study employed in vivo substrate screening. The S. avermitilis SUKA22 DL10089 was cultivated in XTM medium with the supplement of various substrates for five days. HPLC analysis

Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble C₆₀–peptide conjugates

• Yue Ma,
• Lorenzo Persi and
• Yoko Yamakoshi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 777–786, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.71

• resin (rink amide MBHA) relative to 3, provided a rather low yield (13%, isolated by HPLC), which was increased to 24% by changing the solid phase to 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin. By replacing the base with N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), the yield was slightly increased to 28%, which became higher

• by reversed-phase HPLC. C60–oligo-Glu (5b), which was soluble only in basic aqueous solution, could not be isolated by HPLC, especially in the presence of an oligo-Glu impurity, and was purified only after spin filtration. C60–oligo-Arg (5c) was not soluble in any solvent and could not be further

• –oligo-Lys (5a), was purified by reversed-phase HPLC, while C60–oligo-Glu (5b) was purified by spin filtration. C60–oligo-Lys (5a) was obtained in a yield of 32% for the total peptide synthesis and characterized by HRESIMS. HRESIMS (m/z): [M + 3H]3+ calcd for C135H148N23O16, 782.3819; found, 782.3821

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of macrocyclic peptides and polyketides via thioesterase-catalyzed macrocyclization

• Senze Qiao,
• Zhongyu Cheng and
• Fuzhuo Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 721–733, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.66

• limitations, such as possible Cα epimerization [45] during SNAC coupling and essential HPLC purification, which was generally difficult and time-consuming. Developing other different methods, exceptionally more straightforward approaches to access activated substrates, would solve this inevitable bottleneck

New variochelins from soil-isolated Variovorax sp. H002

• Jabal Rahmat Haedar,
• Aya Yoshimura and
• Toshiyuki Wakimoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 692–700, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.63

• standards (CD3OD: δH 3.31, δC 49.0). LC–MS experiments and ESI–TOF MS/MS analyses were performed with an amaZon SL-NPC (Bruker Daltonics) or LCMS-2020 (Shimadzu) spectrometer coupled with a Shimadzu HPLC system equipped with an LC-20AD intelligent pump. GC–MS experiments were performed with a Shimadzu

• chromatography, with methanol as the mobile phase. After monitoring the fractions by a CAS assay, the positive fractions were concentrated and purified by semi-preparative HPLC on a Cosmosil 5C18-MS-II column (10 mm ID × 250 mm, Nacalai Tesque), using a gradient system with MeCN/H2O (3:7 to 7:3) as the mobile

• into a Cosmosil 5C18-MS-II column (10 mm ID × 250 mm, Nacalai Tesque) attached to an HPLC with an autosampler, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min at 40 °C. Each analysis was performed using an aqueous acetonitrile mobile phase. Biological activities of variochelins Assays for all compounds were performed in

Regioselective quinazoline C2 modifications through the azide–tetrazole tautomeric equilibrium

• Dāgs Dāvis Līpiņš,
• Andris Jeminejs,
• Una Ušacka,
• Anatoly Mishnev,
• Māris Turks and
• Irina Novosjolova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 675–683, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.61

• anhydrous THF, MeCN, and dioxane, using such azide sources as NaN3, LiN3, and TMS-N3. Full conversion towards product 12a was observed by HPLC with NaN3 in anhydrous DMF. However, precipitation, direct, and reversed-phase column chromatography provided low yields (Scheme 5) due to the degradation of the

• . Filtration of this precipitate yielded the pure desired product 12a in 39% yield (Table 1, entry 2). Incremental additions of NaN3, coupled with HPLC analysis following each addition, facilitated the achievement of full conversion of the starting material after 0.7–0.8 equivalents of NaN3. This approach

• limited the formation of diazide 13 and significantly elevated the yield of the desired product to 69% over two steps. When other sufinates were employed, the product failed to precipitate, necessitating isolation through preparative HPLC. Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) yields were

Enhanced reactivity of Li⁺@C₆₀ toward thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition by encapsulated Li⁺ Lewis acid

• Hiroshi Ueno,
• Yu Yamazaki,
• Hiroshi Okada,
• Fuminori Misaizu,
• Ken Kokubo and
• Hidehiro Sakurai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 653–660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.58

• reactant 4, which has a larger energy gap between its HOMO and LUMO of Li+@C60 (1.92 eV). All reactions were conducted in the dark to avoid photoinduced SET reactions (Scheme 2). First, the reactivity was assessed by monitoring the reaction progress using a previously developed electrolyte-added HPLC

• technique [25]. As expected, both substrates 1 and 2 reacted with Li+@C60 at room temperature and exhibited HPLC signals assignable to the desirable monoadducts 5a and 5b (Figure 2). It is noteworthy that the reaction of 2 proceeded faster than that of 1, although 2 has a lower HOMO level than 1. This is

• , photoirradiation triggered the elimination of the addends, reforming the starting Li+@C60 (Figure 3). No other insoluble or undetectable products by HPLC were identified during the study. On the other hand, the reactions of 3 and 4 with Li+@C60 did not proceed significantly even under higher temperature reaction

Isolation and structure determination of a new analog of polycavernosides from marine Okeania sp. cyanobacterium

• Kairi Umeda,
• Naoaki Kurisawa,
• Ghulam Jeelani,
• Tomoyoshi Nozaki,
• Kiyotake Suenaga and
• Arihiro Iwasaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 645–652, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.57

• hexane. The aqueous MeOH portion was purified by reversed-phase column chromatography (ODS silica gel, MeOH/H2O), automated flash chromatography (hexane/EtOAc), and repeated reversed-phase HPLC to give polycavernoside E (1, 0.5 mg as a colorless oil). The isolation of compound 1 was directed by its

• pump and a UV detector was used. HPLC analysis was conducted using a pump (model PU-2080, Jasco) and a UV detector (model UV-2075, Jasco). All chemicals and solvents used in this study were the best grade available and obtained from a commercial source (Nacalai Tesque). Collection and identification of

• AFCS [Ø 11 × 300 mm; flow rate 5 mL/min; detection at 254 nm; solvent gradient condition, hexane/EtOAc 28:72 → 7:93] to give a fraction that contained compound 1 (17.5 mg, tR = 32.0 min). The fraction that contained 1 was further purified by HPLC [Cosmosil 5C18-MS-II (Ø 20 mm × 250 mm); solvent MeOH

Production of non-natural 5-methylorsellinate-derived meroterpenoids in Aspergillus oryzae

• Jia Tang,
• Yixiang Zhang and
• Yudai Matsuda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 638–644, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.56

• earlier. We then analyzed the metabolites from the resulting transformants using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which revealed that all of the enzymes, except AdrI, accepted 1 and produced 5-MOA-derived meroterpenoids (Figure 2B, traces iii to vii). Since the transformation plasmid with

• : farnesyl pyrophosphate; FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. (B) HPLC profiles of the metabolites from Aspergillus oryzae transformants. The chromatograms were extracted at 254 nm. (C) Structures of metabolites detected or isolated in this study. Note that

Chemical and biosynthetic potential of Penicillium shentong XL-F41

• Ran Zou,
• Xin Li,
• Xiaochen Chen,
• Yue-Wei Guo and
• Baofu Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 597–606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.52

• , given the application of suitable activation techniques. Results and Discussion Compound isolation and structure elucidation To activate the silent BGCs in Penicillium shentong XL-F41, we conducted small-scale fermentations using various media. Analysis revealed that HPLC peaks, which correspond to

• extract was partitioned between EtOAc and H2O. The EtOAc fraction was chromatographed repeatedly over silica gel and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), resulting in the isolation of pure compounds 1–12 (Figure 2). According to literature reports of known compounds, some of

• , Yantai, China, available in 100–200 and 200–300 mesh sizes. Reversed-phase HPLC analyses were conducted on an Agilent 1260 instrument equipped with a DAD detector and an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 × 150 mm). The solvents used for HPLC were supplied by Yantai Huisente New Material Technology

Switchable molecular tweezers: design and applications

• Pablo Msellem,
• Maksym Dekthiarenko,
• Nihal Hadj Seyd and
• Guillaume Vives

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 504–539, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.45

• enantiomers (P,P) and (M,M) were separated by chiral HPLC and displayed opposite circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) properties. The addition of ZnCl2 switched the system from a compact conformation to an extended conformation, resulting in a modulation of the

A new analog of dihydroxybenzoic acid from Saccharopolyspora sp. KR21-0001

• Rattiya Janthanom,
• Yuta Kikuchi,
• Hiroki Kanto,
• Tomoyasu Hirose,
• Arisu Tahara,
• Takahiro Ishii,
• Arinthip Thamchaipenet and
• Yuki Inahashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 497–503, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.44

• preparative HPLC of the crude extract, 7.9 mg of 1 was obtained (Scheme 1). Table S1 (Supporting Information File 1) shows the physicochemical properties of 1, which is a yellow oil soluble in MeOH and DMSO. The UV absorption maximum of 1 was at 286 nm (ε = 10238 M−1·cm−1). The molecular formula of 1 was

• %, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) with 0.05% FA. The 20% fraction was purified by HPLC (Shimadzu, Columbia, MD, U.S.A.) with an ODS column (Pegasil ODS SP100, 20 i.d. × 250 mm) at a flow rate of 7 mL·min−1 and eluted with 20% MeOH with 0.05% FA (Scheme 1). The fraction with a retention time of 64.5 min

Pseudallenes A and B, new sulfur-containing ovalicin sesquiterpenoid derivatives with antimicrobial activity from the deep-sea cold seep sediment-derived fungus Pseudallescheria boydii CS-793

• Zhen Ying,
• Xiao-Ming Li,
• Sui-Qun Yang,
• Hong-Lei Li,
• Xin Li,
• Bin-Gui Wang and
• Ling-Hong Meng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 470–478, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.42

• LH-20, and semi-preparative HPLC, yielded compounds 1–5 (Figure 1). Structure elucidations Pseudallene A (1), initially obtained as colorless amorphous powder, was assigned a molecular formula of C16H28O5S with three indices of hydrogen deficiency according to the HRESIMS data. The 1H NMR spectrum

• using solvent chemical shifts (DMSO: δH/δC 2.50/39.52) as reference. HRESIMS data were measured using an API QSTAR Pulsar 1 mass spectrometer. HPLC was performed on a Dionex HPLC system equipped with a P680 pump, an ASI-100 automated sample injector, and a UVD340U multiple-wavelength detector controlled

• semipreparative HPLC (Elite ODSBP column, 5 μm; 10 × 250 mm; 75% MeOH/H2O, 3 mL/min) from Fr. 4.3 (5.8 g). Fr. 5 (6.5 g) was further fractionated by CC over Lobar LiChroprep RP-18 eluting with a MeOH/H2O gradient (from 1:9 to 10:0) to yield 10 subfractions (Frs. 5.1–5.10). Fr. 5.3 (258 mg) was further purified by

Discovery of unguisin J, a new cyclic peptide from Aspergillus heteromorphus CBS 117.55, and phylogeny-based bioinformatic analysis of UngA NRPS domains

• Sharmila Neupane,
• Marcelo Rodrigues de Amorim and
• Elizabeth Skellam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 321–330, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.32

• . heteromorphus CBS 117.55 on rice solid medium yielded an organic-soluble extract, which was subjected to fractionation using preparative HPLC-PDA-ELSD and purification by semipreparative HPLC-PDA; this led to the isolation of a new cyclic peptide 1, along with unguisin B (2, Figure 2). The structure of the new

• . Analytical HPLC-PDA-MS system was a Shimadzu instrument (LC2030C 3D Plus Prominence) coupled to a Shimadzu LCMS-2020 mass spectrometer. Analyses were performed using a Phenomenex Kinetex RP18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 2.6 μm) along with the Security Guard RP18 protective guard column (4.6 mm i.d.) and

• . The CH3CN fraction was evaporated, yielding 0.601 g of soluble-organic extract. Fractionation and isolation of unguisins J and B The soluble-organic extract was fractionated by preparative HPLC-PDA using Kinetex RP18 column (250 mm × 30 mm i.d., 5 μm) and UV detector at λmax = 254 nm. The mobile phase

Synthesis of π-conjugated polycyclic compounds by late-stage extrusion of chalcogen fragments

• Aissam Okba,
• Pablo Simón Marqués,
• Kyohei Matsuo,
• Naoki Aratani,
• Hiroko Yamada,
• Gwénaël Rapenne and
• Claire Kammerer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 287–305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.30

• stability. Conversely, selenepine 28c and selenepine Se-oxide 29c were quantitatively converted into the seco-HBC 31 by thermal activation at 200 °C for 5 min, as evidenced by UV–visible absorption and HPLC monitoring. SO-extrusion from thiepine S-oxide 29b was also successfully triggered in the solid state

Unveiling the regioselectivity of rhodium(I)-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions for open-cage C₇₀ production

• Cristina Castanyer,
• Anna Pla-Quintana,
• Anna Roglans,
• Albert Artigas and
• Miquel Solà

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 272–279, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.28

• heating at 90 °C for 4 hours. The crude reaction mass obtained with these conditions was then purified by column chromatography (toluene). After eluting unreacted pristine C70, a dark reddish fraction was isolated and analyzed by HPLC. A major peak was observed at a retention time of 17.5 minutes, which

• was also observed in the HPLC chromatogram, whose UV–vis has a pattern that is similar to a previously reported α-adduct [49]. We reasoned that this minor compound was the cyclohexadiene-fused C70 intermediate, analogous to cyclohexadiene-fused C60 I (see Scheme 1), which had not completely evolved

• were found to be the same, showing that 90 °C is sufficient for the reaction to proceed. In contrast, on extending the reaction time to 24 hours, the minor peak in the HPLC disappeared and only the peak corresponding to the bis(fulleroid) remained. The yield of derivative 2a was 45%. Other experiments

Photochromic derivatives of indigo: historical overview of development, challenges and applications

• Gökhan Kaplan,
• Zeynel Seferoğlu and
• Daria V. Berdnikova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 228–242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.23

• isomerization and photochemical (only for 13a) isomerization [46]. Compounds 13 showed intrinsic planar chirality and their enantiomers could be separated by HPLC. Notably, upon thermal and photochemical isomerization of these compounds, no Z-isomers were detected and only the racemization took place. Such

Optimizations of lipid II synthesis: an essential glycolipid precursor in bacterial cell wall synthesis and a validated antibiotic target

• Milandip Karak,
• Cian R. Cloonan,
• Brad R. Baker,
• Rachel V. K. Cochrane and
• Stephen A. Cochrane

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 220–227, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.22

• Supporting Information File 1 for comprehensive information on the synthesis details of the tetrapeptide). To avoid loss of valuable material through HPLC purification, crude 7 is used directly in the next step, and purification performed after the final prenyl phosphate coupling and global deprotection

• % (from compound 7) following reversed-phase HPLC purification (Scheme 2). Similarly, farnesyl, geranylgeranyl, and solanesyl-lipid II analogues 8–10 were synthesized with overall yields of 13%, 21%, and 11%, respectively, using the corresponding prenyl phosphates (Scheme 2). Conclusion In conclusion, we

Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of 3,3-difluoro-3H-indoles

• Yumei Wang,
• Guangzhu Wang,
• Yanping Zhu and
• Kaiwu Dong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 205–211, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.20

• spectroscopy and the ee values were determined by chiral HPLC. Structures of bioactive fluorinated indole derivatives. Proposed mechanism for the transfer hydrogenation reaction. Synthesis of chiral indolines via asymmetric reduction. Substrate scope of 3,3-difluoro-3H-indoles. Experiment at 2 mmol scale

Perspectives on push–pull chromophores derived from click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions of electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes

• Michio Yamada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 125–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.13

• in TCBDs and DCNQs and their optical resolutions were first realized in 2010 through their conjugation with methylated fullerenes, as shown in Figure 2 [130]. The optical resolution was realized using a chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with an (S,S)-WHELK-O1 column

• when the TCBD moiety was incorporated at the axial position of the subphthalocyanine (SubPc) core (Figure 3) [131]. Axially chiral SubPc–TCBD–aniline conjugates 59 and 60 were characterized via optical-resolution analysis through chiral HPLC using a Chiralpak IC column. The researchers unequivocally

• types of subporphyrin derivatives 61 and 62, wherein the subporphyrin skeleton was functionalized at its meso or axial position with the TCBD moiety (Figure 3). Although the optical resolution of 61 failed, they succeeded in achieving the optical resolution of 62 via chiral HPLC using a Chiralpak IC

Multi-redox indenofluorene chromophores incorporating dithiafulvene donor and ene/enediyne acceptor units

• Christina Schøttler,
• Kasper Lund-Rasmussen,
• Line Broløs,
• Philip Vinterberg,
• Ema Bazikova,
• Viktor B. R. Pedersen and
• Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 59–73, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.8

• molecular sieves, or by drying over 3 Å molecular sieves. All remaining anhydrous solvents were obtained from a solvent drying tower (IT model PS-MD-05). HPLC grade solvents were used unless otherwise specified. Purification by chromatography was performed using silica gel (flash: 40–63 μm, Sepacore® Flash

• Cary 50 UV–vis spectrophotometer scanning between 800 and 200 nm. All spectra were recorded with baseline correction in CH2Cl2 or toluene (HPLC grades) at 25 °C in a quartz cuvette with a 10 mm path length. Electrochemistry Cyclic voltammograms (CV) and differential pulse voltammograms (DPV) were

Identification of the p-coumaric acid biosynthetic gene cluster in Kutzneria albida: insights into the diazotization-dependent deamination pathway

• Seiji Kawai,
• Akito Yamada,
• Yohei Katsuyama and
• Yasuo Ohnishi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1–11, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.1

• a linear gradient of chloroform/methanol. Fractions containing compound 6 were concentrated by evaporation. The residual materials were desorbed in 1 mL DMSO and applied to a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Shimadzu Corp.) equipped with a COSMOCORE Packed column 5C18-AR

Long oligodeoxynucleotides: chemical synthesis, isolation via catching-by-polymerization, verification via sequencing, and gene expression demonstration

• Yipeng Yin,
• Reed Arneson,
• Alexander Apostle,
• Adikari M. D. N. Eriyagama,
• Komal Chillar,
• Emma Burke,
• Martina Jahfetson,
• Yinan Yuan and
• Shiyue Fang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1957–1965, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.146

• -length sequence 3 contains a polymerizable methacrylamide group at its 5'-end; the failure sequences 4 and many other impurities do not. In principle, due to the large relatively hydrophobic tag introduced by 2, the full-length sequence could be isolated by RP HPLC. However, we found that this is

• impossible [20]. Once the length of ODNs reaches about 100-mer, RP HPLC could not resolve the full-length and failure sequences. Therefore, to isolate the full-length sequence, the catching-by-polymerization (CBP) method was employed (step 2, Figure 1, and Scheme 1). To the crude ODN, the polymerization

•  1). Because depurination is less likely for deprotected ODNs, and the conditions are widely used for detritylation after RP HPLC, ODN damage in this step is unlikely or negligible. The purified ODNs, 399 and 401 nt, were each extracted from their gel. To remove residual acetic acid, the ODNs were

Anion–π catalysis on carbon allotropes

• M. Ángeles Gutiérrez López,
• Mei-Ling Tan,
• Giacomo Renno,
• Augustina Jozeliūnaitė,
• J. Jonathan Nué-Martinez,
• Javier Lopez-Andarias,
• Naomi Sakai and
• Stefan Matile

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.140

• OEEFs (Figure 9B). To elaborate on these great expectations, pristine MWCNTs 3 were drop casted on the graphite anodes of electrochemical microfluidic reactors [44]. The substrate was injected by a syringe pump, the product was collected at the other end of the microflow channel and analyzed by HPLC