Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• creating meso–macro channels without destroying most of the micropores. This can be achieved by removing emulsion networks from the single crystal [116]. The obtained HKUST-1 crystals contained bimodal or trimodal pores, which facilitated adsorption and enabled a fast Friedländer reaction. When the

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• explained in Table 1. The existence of two or three peaks indicates a bimodal or trimodal size distribution, respectively, with the volume percentage given next to each point. Changes in the ζ potential (in mV) of AOT-AgNPs, PVP-AgNPs, and PLL-AgNPs in different artificial biological media after 24 h of

Imaging of viscoelastic soft matter with small indentation using higher eigenmodes in single-eigenmode amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy

• Miead Nikfarjam,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra,
• Santiago D. Solares and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1116–1122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.103

• material via the phase channel of the eigenmode. An extension of this method, known as trimodal AFM, adds a third eigenmode to modulate tip indentation, thus enabling characterization of the subsurface for certain types of soft samples [5]. As we discussed in that introductory work, in general, the use of

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

Generalized Hertz model for bimodal nanomechanical mapping

• Aleksander Labuda,
• Marta Kocuń,
• Waiman Meinhold,
• Deron Walters and
• Roger Proksch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 970–982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.89

• include bimodal [28][29][30][31][32][33], trimodal [34] or more generally multimodal/multifrequency [35] techniques, and have demonstrated quantitative mapping without compromising on the high speeds that define parametric imaging techniques. Currently, state-of-the-art bimodal methodologies are mostly

Nanoscale effects in the characterization of viscoelastic materials with atomic force microscopy: coupling of a quasi-three-dimensional standard linear solid model with in-plane surface interactions

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 554–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.49

• on trimodal excitation of the cantilever, whose simulation has been described in previous publications [14][22][23], and is thus not repeated here. The code uses constant-frequency, constant-amplitude excitation of the active eigenmodes, although other schemes or imaging modalities, such as scanning

A simple and efficient quasi 3-dimensional viscoelastic model and software for simulation of tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2233–2241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.229

• standard C programming language, provided within Supporting Information File 1, consists of an implementation of the above multifrequency (trimodal) cantilever dynamics in the construction of a point-by-point amplitude-modulation (AM-AFM) spectroscopy curve (amplitude and phase vs cantilever height

Optimization of phase contrast in bimodal amplitude modulation AFM

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli,
• Amir F. Payam and
• Ricardo Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1072–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.108

• the amplitude of the second mode. We demonstrate that the roles of the excited modes are asymmetric. The operational range of bimodal AM is maximized when the second mode is free to follow changes in the force. We also study the contrast in trimodal AFM by analyzing the kinetic energy ratios. The

• general those regimes appear when the modes are highly coupled. This happens when the energy of the first and second mode are comparable [35]. This context has also stimulated other multifrequency AFM variations such as trimodal AFM [39][40][41]. In trimodal AFM the first three flexural modes are excited

• bimodal and trimodal AFM in the repulsive regime [41]. However, a similar comparison has not been reported for the attractive interaction regime. In bimodal AFM (Figure 1), the advances in instrumentation are ahead of its theoretical understanding. To bridge the gap between experiments and theory we study

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• showed higher viability (ca. 90%) compared to the fibroblasts cells (ca. 80%). Further, in case of the pancreatic islets (PIs) the cell viability was found to be more than 87%. Similarly, van Schooneveld et al. [18] reported a procedure for the synthesis of a trimodal contrast agent composed of gold

Dynamic force microscopy simulator (dForce): A tool for planning and understanding tapping and bimodal AFM experiments

• Horacio V. Guzman,
• Pablo D. Garcia and
• Ricardo Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 369–379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.36

• spatial resolution and contrast of different dynamic AFM methods has also been studied by simulations [28][30][31]. Finally, the emergence of multifrequency AFM [32] in particular bimodal [33][34], trimodal [35], intermodulation [36] or torsional harmonics [37] has been supported by simulations [38]. In

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques II

• Thilo Glatzel,
• Ricardo Garcia and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2326–2327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.241

• with real parameters [22]. Furthermore, technical contributions discuss the impact of thermal frequency drift of quartz-based force sensors at low temperatures to the accuracy of the force measurements [23] and the trade-offs in sensitivity and sampling depth in bimodal and trimodal AFM [24]. The

Multi-frequency tapping-mode atomic force microscopy beyond three eigenmodes in ambient air

• Santiago D. Solares,
• Sangmin An and
• Christian J. Long

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1637–1648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.175

• future research opportunities. Keywords: amplitude-modulation; bimodal; frequency-modulation; multi-frequency atomic force microscopy; multimodal; open loop; trimodal; Introduction Multi-frequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) refers to a family of techniques in which the microcantilever probe is

• -eigenmode methods [19][20][21][22], which are of particular interest since their purpose is to carry out multiple characterization functions at the same time. Specifically, bimodal AFM methods were developed to perform simultaneous topographical imaging and compositional mapping [2][3], and trimodal methods

• , multimodal imaging can be accomplished with similar equipment to that used for bimodal and trimodal methods [9], except that one needs to include a larger number of oscillation controllers according to the number of active eigenmodes. While the instrumentation is already available, the key open question is

Trade-offs in sensitivity and sampling depth in bimodal atomic force microscopy and comparison to the trimodal case

• Babak Eslami,
• Daniel Ebeling and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1144–1151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.125

• demonstrate that the two eigenmodes can be highly coupled in practice, especially when highly repulsive imaging conditions are used. Finally, we also offer a comparison with a previously reported trimodal AFM method, where the above competing effects are minimized. Keywords: amplitude modulation; bimodal

• ; multifrequency atomic force microscopy; indentation depth modulation; Nafion; open loop; proton exchange membranes; trimodal; Introduction Since its invention in the early 1980s [1], atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become one of the most widely used characterization tools in nanotechnology and a wide range of

• drive more than two eigenmodes. In a recently introduced trimodal method, two eigenmodes are used for topographical imaging and compositional mapping, respectively, and a third one is used to modulate the tip indentation depth during imaging [9]. The modulation of the indentation depth is accomplished

Challenges and complexities of multifrequency atomic force microscopy in liquid environments

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 298–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.33

• extended to intermittent contact characterization using open loop and frequency modulation [3][4], imaging in liquid and vacuum environments [5][6][7][8], and to trimodal operation [9][10][11]. There also exist a number of other multifrequency and multiharmonic AFM techniques which have been developed for

• for bimodal and trimodal operation in air. Even for the trimodal case, which corresponds to a very drastic situation in which the second eigenmode amplitude is very small compared to the fundamental amplitude and four times smaller than the third mode amplitude, the response is much more regular than

• the fast Fourier transform to the results shown in (b). Typical eigenmode responses for bimodal and trimodal AFM operation in air with Q1 = 150, Q2 = 450, Q3 = 750, ν1 = 70 kHz, ν2 = 437.5 kHz, ν3 = 1.25 MHz and k1 = 2 N/m: (a) bimodal operation with A1 = 100 nm and A2 = 10 nm (A1/A2 = 10); (b

Bimodal atomic force microscopy driving the higher eigenmode in frequency-modulation mode: Implementation, advantages, disadvantages and comparison to the open-loop case

• Daniel Ebeling and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 198–207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.20

• -modulation (FM, [8][9]) method, as had been previously done for vacuum operations [10][11]. Our multifrequency technique was originally introduced for ambient air operation within a trimodal scheme [12][13], in which a third active eigenmode was added to the AM-OL method. Since the dynamics of this trimodal

• -parallel relationship between phase and frequency can be easily observed in a trimodal experiment in which one higher eigenmode is driven in OL and another one is driven in FM [12][13], or in separate bimodal experiments conducted in AM-OL or AM-FM [7]. Figure 3 shows a comparison of bimodal AFM