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C2-Alkylation of N-pyrimidylindole with vinylsilane via cobalt-catalyzed C–H bond activation

  1. and
Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
  1. Corresponding author email
This article is part of the Thematic Series "C–H Functionalization".
Guest Editor: H. M. L. Davies
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1536–1542. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.8.174
Received 13 Jun 2012, Accepted 11 Jul 2012, Published 14 Sep 2012

Abstract

Direct C2-alkylation of an indole bearing a readily removable N-pyrimidyl group with a vinylsilane was achieved by using a cobalt catalyst generated in situ from CoBr2, bathocuproine, and cyclohexylmagnesium bromide. The reaction allows coupling between a series of N-pyrimidylindoles and vinylsilanes at a mild reaction temperature of 60 °C, affording the corresponding alkylated indoles in moderate to good yields.

Keywords: alkylation; C–H functionalization; cobalt; indole; vinylsilane

Introduction

The indole ring ubiquitously occurs in biologically active natural and unnatural compounds [1-3]. Consequently, there has been a strong demand for catalytic methods allowing efficient and regioselective functionalization of indole derivatives [4-6]. Over the past decade, transition-metal-catalyzed direct functionalization has emerged as a powerful strategy for the direct introduction of aryl and alkenyl groups to the C2 and C3 positions of indole [7-9]. The situation is different when it comes to direct C–H alkylation [10,11]. The intrinsically nucleophilic C3 position of indole is amenable to a variety of catalytic alkylation reactions such as Friedel–Crafts reaction [5]. On the other hand, C2-alkylation of indoles has traditionally required 2-lithioindoles generated by C2-lithiation with a stoichiometric lithium base or indol-2-yl radicals generated from 2-halogenated indoles [12-17]. Examples of direct C2-alkylation via transition-metal-catalyzed C–H activation are still limited [18-20], while Jiao and Bach recently reported an elegant palladium-catalyzed, norbornene-mediated C2-alkylation reaction with a broad spectrum of alkyl bromides [21].

Over the past few years, our group and others have explored C–H bond functionalization reactions using cobalt complexes as inexpensive transition-metal catalysts [22], which often feature mild reaction conditions and unique regioselectivities [23-32]. As a part of this research program, we have recently reported a C2-alkenylation reaction of N-pyrimidylindoles with internal alkynes catalyzed by a cobalt–pyridylphosphine complex (Scheme 1a) [33], in which the pyrimidyl group functions as a readily removable directing group [34]. We also reported an ortho-alkylation reaction of aromatic imines with vinylsilanes and simple olefins using a cobalt–phenanthroline catalyst (Scheme 1b) [35]. Building on these studies, we have developed a cobalt–bathocuproine catalyst for the direct C2-alkylation reaction of N-pyrimidylindoles with vinylsilanes, which is reported herein (Scheme 1c).

[1860-5397-8-174-i1]

Scheme 1: (a) Cobalt-catalyzed C2-alkenylation of N-pyrimidylindole, (b) ortho-alkylation of aryl imine, and (c) C2-alkylation of N-pyrimidylindole.

Results and Discussion

Our study commenced with the optimization of the reaction of N-pyrimidylindole 1a with vinyltrimethylsilane (2a). The combination of CoBr2 (10 mol %), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 10 mol %) and neopentylmagnesium bromide (100 mol %), which was effective for ortho-alkylation of aromatic imines [35], afforded the desired adduct 3aa in only 17% yield accompanied by a small amount of a C2-neopentylated product 4 (Table 1, entry 1). Subsequent examination of phenanthroline and bipyridine-type ligands (Table 1, entries 2–5) revealed that 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (neocuproine) and 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenylphenanthroline (bathocuproine) improved the yield of 3aa, while the byproduct 4 could not be suppressed (Table 1, entries 3 and 4). The P,N-bidentate ligand pyphos, which was the optimum ligand for the alkenylation reaction [33], was poorly effective (Table 1, entry 6). Additional screening of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and phosphine ligands did not lead to an improvement of the catalytic efficiency (Table 1, entries 7–9). The reaction turned out to be sensitive to the amount of the Grignard reagent, as reduction of its loading from 100 to 60 mol % improved the yield of 3aa while suppressing the formation of byproduct 4 (Table 1, entry 10).

Table 1: Screening of ligands.a

[Graphic 1]
entry ligand (mol %) yield (%)b
  3aa 4
1 phen (10) 17 7
2 bathophen (10) 11 7
3 neocup (10) 32 12
4 bathocup (10) 34 20
5 dtbpy (10) 1 3
6 pyphos (10) 2 3
7 IMes·HCl (10) 4 2
8 PPh3 (20) 9 5
9 P(3-ClC6H4)3 (20) 23 11
10c bathocup 50 10

aReaction was performed on a 0.3 mmol scale. bDetermined by GC using n-tridecane as an internal standard. c60 mol % of t-BuCH2MgBr was used.

Next, we performed screening of Grignard reagents using bathocuproine as the ligand (Table 2). Among Grignard reagents without β-hydrogen atoms, neopentyl- and phenylmagnesium bromides afforded 3aa in comparable yields (Table 2, entries 1 and 4), while trimethylsilylmethyl- and methylmagnesium chlorides gave much poorer results (Table 2, entries 2 and 3). Primary and secondary alkyl Grignard reagents also promoted the reaction, in which the reaction efficiency was strongly dependent on the alkyl group (Table 2, entries 5–10). We identified cyclohexylmagnesium bromide as the optimum Grignard reagent, which afforded 3aa in 69% isolated yield without formation of the cross-coupling product 4 between 1a and the Grignard reagent.

Table 2: Screening of Grignard reagents.a

[Graphic 2]
entry RMgX yield (%)b
  3aa 4
1 t-BuCH2MgBr 50 10
2 Me3SiCH2MgCl 26 5
3 MeMgCl 14 4
4 PhMgBr 46 5
5 EtMgBr 28 3
6 BuMgBr 45 0
7 i-PrMgBr 49 3
8 c-C3H5MgBr 13 0
9 c-C5H9MgBr 46 0
10 c-C6H11MgBr 67 (69)c 0

aReaction was performed on a 0.3 mmol scale. bDetermined by GC using n-tridecane as an internal standard. cIsolated yield.

With the optimized catalytic system in hand, we explored the scope of the reaction (Scheme 2). A variety of N-pyrimidylindoles participated in the reaction with vinyltrimethylsilane to afford the alkylation products 3ba–3ia in moderate yields, with tolerance of electron-withdrawing (F and Cl) and electron-donating (OMe) substituents and steric hindrance at the C3 and C7 positions. Unlike the cobalt-catalyzed C2-alkenylation reaction (Scheme 1a) [33], the reaction did not tolerate a cyano group on the indole substrate. In addition, N-pyrimidyl benzimidazole did not participate in the present alkylation reaction, although it was a good substrate for the C2-alkenylation reaction. A pyridyl group served as an alternative directing group to the pyrimidyl group, affording the alkylation product 3ka in 80% yield. On the other hand, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl group, which was previously used as a directing group for rhodium-catalyzed C2-alkenylation [36], was entirely ineffective. Vinylsilanes bearing dimethylphenylsilyl and triphenylsilyl groups were amenable to the addition reaction with 1a, affording the adduct 3ab and 3ac in modest yields. Vinyltriethoxysilane also reacted with 1a in 20% yield, although the product could not be separated in a pure form.

[1860-5397-8-174-i2]

Scheme 2: Addition of N-pyrimidylindoles to vinylsilanes.

Unfortunately, the present catalytic system was not very effective for C2-alkylation with simple olefins. The reaction of 1a with norbornene (2d) afforded the alkylation product 3ad in 30% yield (Scheme 3a). The reaction of 1-octene (2e) was even more sluggish, affording the alkylation product 3ae in only 9% yield (Scheme 3b). Styrene also reacted rather sluggishly to afford only a small amount of the alkylation product (3% as estimated by GC and GCMS), the regiochemistry (branched versus linear) of which has yet to be determined. An acrylate ester was not tolerable as an olefinic reaction partner because of the presence of excess Grignard reagent.

[1860-5397-8-174-i3]

Scheme 3: Addition of N-pyrimidylindole to norbornene (a) and 1-octene (b).

The present alkylation reaction could be performed on a preparatively useful scale. Thus, alkylation of 1a with vinyltrimethylsilane (2a) on a 5 mmol scale afforded the adduct 3aa in 68% yield (Scheme 4). Furthermore, the pyrimidyl group on 3aa could be readily removed by heating with NaOEt in DMSO, affording the free indole 4aa in 85% yield.

[1860-5397-8-174-i4]

Scheme 4: Gram-scale reaction and deprotection of N-pyrimidyl group.

Conclusion

In summary, we have developed a cobalt–bathocuproine catalyst for C2-alkylation of N-pyrimidyl indoles with vinylsilanes. The reaction could be performed at a mild temperature of 60 °C, on a preparatively useful scale. Ensuing studies will focus on the development of more broadly applicable catalytic systems for the direct alkylation of indole and other heterocycles.

Experimental

Typical procedure: Cobalt-catalyzed alkylation of N-pyrimidyl indole 1a with vinylsilane 2a

In a Schlenk tube were placed 1-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-1H-indole (1a) (58.6 mg, 0.3 mmol), CoBr2 (6.6 mg, 0.03 mmol), and bathocuproine (10.8 mg, 0.03 mmol), which were then dissolved in THF (1.3 mL). To the solution was added cyclohexylmagnesium bromide (0.60 M in THF, 0.3 mL, 0.18 mmol) at 0 °C. After stirring for 30 min at this temperature, vinyltrimethylsilane (2a) (66 μL, 0.45 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 12 h, and then quenched with saturated aqueous solution of NH4Cl (1.5 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 10 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification of the crude product by silica gel chromatography (eluent: hexane/EtOAc 100:1) afforded the title compound as a colorless oil (61.2 mg, 69%).

Supporting Information

Supporting Information File 1: Experimental details and characterization data of new compounds.
Format: PDF Size: 2.9 MB Download

Acknowledgements

We thank Singapore National Research Foundation (NRF-RF-2009-05), Nanyang Technological University, and JST, CREST for financial support.

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