High-throughput synthesis of modified Fresnel zone plate arrays via ion beam lithography
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2049–2056. doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.194
Supporting Information
Additional SEM images of inner and outermost zones, CWT calculations about how the L:S affects the DE, SEM images of zones before and after the Pt deposition, and imaging simulations for modified and non-modified FZPs.
| Supporting Information File 1: Additional experimental data. | ||
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References
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- Published 19 Oct 2018
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Figure 1: Raman spectra of irradiated HOPG (LD-LE, LD-HE, HD-LE and HD-HE). Pristine HOPG is shown for compar...
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Figure 2: Deconvolution of a) D band and b) 2D band. The dotted vertical lines are drawn as a guide to the ey...
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Figure 3: Linear dependence of the (total) ID/ID′ ratio and the (separate) contributions of ID1/ID′ and ID2/I...
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Figure 4: a) Hysteresis loops of pristine HOPG and irradiated samples with low (LD) and high (HD) H+ doses, i...
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Figure 5: AFM images and height profiles of (a, d) pristine HOPG, (b, e) HOPG irradiated at low dose and low ...
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Figure 6: Statistical analysis of superficial defect sizes obtained from AFM images for a) low dose (LD-LE) a...
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Figure 1: Samples after adhesion test. (a–c) Mo/SLG; (d–f) Mo/Cr/SLG. (a, d) 100 W, 10 mTorr, (b, e) 150 W, 5...
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Figure 2: Sheet resistivity of Mo/Cr films prepared at different values of sputtering power and pressure.
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Figure 3: Surface SEM images of Mo/Cr films prepared at sputtering power and pressure values of (a) 100 W, 3 ...
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Figure 4: Average surface roughness of Mo/Cr films prepared at different sputtering powers and pressures.
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Figure 5: X-ray diffraction peaks of Mo/Cr films prepared using different values of sputtering power and pres...
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Figure 6: Optical reflectance of Mo/Cr films prepared using different values of sputtering power and pressure....
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Figure 7: XPS depth profile of the Mo/Cr films deposited at 200 W and 3 mTorr.
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Figure 8: J–V characteristics of the CZTS cell with Mo/Cr bilayer back contact.
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Figure 1: Bright-field TEM images of size-selected magnetite–gold NPs with in situ synthesized Au seeds: A) M...
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Figure 2: XRD patterns of Fe3O4–Au NPs. Panels are sorted by magnetic NP size from bottom to top – samples MN...
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Figure 3: HRTEM and corresponding FTT images of size-selected magnetite–gold NPs: MNP-15 (A, C) and MNP-25 (B...
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Figure 4: Magnetic properties of Fe3O4–Au hybrid NPs. ZFC/FC curves at B = 5 mT (A). TV indicates the Verwey ...
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Figure 5: Inverse of the MRI proton T2-relaxation time as a function of iron concentration for MNP-6, MNP-15,...
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Figure 6: MPH experiments (765 kHz, 30 mT). The heating curves of MNP-6 and MNP-25 (3.6 mg·mL−1 Fe) in water ...
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Figure 7: Cell viability study (MTS assay) of 4T1 cells after 15 and 30 min incubation with NPs during AMF ex...
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Figure 1: (a) Example of one mesh used for the simulations. The nanorod overall length and diameter are 85 nm...
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Figure 2: (a) Enhancement of the fundamental intensity evaluated at the nanorod extremities (2.5 nm away from...
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Figure 3: Maximal second harmonic generation (SHG) as a function of the gap between the nanorods. The maximal...
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Figure 4: Normalized near-field distributions of the second harmonic electric field intensity close to the go...
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Figure 5: Far-field second harmonic intensity for the entire surface nonlinear polarization (100%) and for pa...
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Figure 6: (a) Mesh used for the dimers with defects. In this example, the gap is 20 nm. Far-field second harm...
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Figure 7: (a) Example of one mesh used for the simulations for the dimers with rectangular arms. The nanopart...
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Figure 8: (a) Enhancement of the fundamental intensity evaluated at the nanorod extremities (2.5 nm away from...
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Figure 9: Far-field second harmonic intensity for the entire surface nonlinear polarization (100%) and for pa...
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- Published 12 Oct 2018
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Figure 1: Schematic representation of the electronic distributions around two donors (represented in red) in ...
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Figure 2: (a) Bohr radii
![[Graphic 7]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-249-i7.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
and energy for one electron bound to a donor pair ![[Graphic 8]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-249-i8.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
as a function of R. For R = 2a*, ...
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Figure 3: Minimum dielectric constant that guarantees the existence of bound states and the validity of EMA f...
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- Published 08 Oct 2018
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Figure 1: (a) SEM image of silver nanorods. The 0° and 90° polarization orientations correspond to the nanoro...
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Figure 2: Extinction spectra of the silver nanorod arrays covered with photochromic molecules before (in SPY)...
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Figure 3: (a) Experimental spectral evolution of the transverse (90°) plasmonic peak as a function of the rod...
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Figure 4: (a) Extinction spectrum (grey curve) recorded with a 70 nm wide and 90 nm long nanorod array covere...
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- Published 05 Oct 2018
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Figure 1: Representative SEM images of a) and b) linear and c) and d) H-shaped nanoantenna arrays with differ...
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Figure 2: a) Typical IR transmission spectrum for the array of nanoantennas with a length of 1800 nm. The low...
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Figure 3: Optimized nanoantenna length L vs the transverse crossarm length LH for H-shaped nanoantennas with ...
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Figure 4: Distribution of the normalized LSPR electric field magnitude on top of the Si surface underlying th...
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Figure 5: IR transmission spectra of the array of a) nanoantennas and b) microantennas measured at different ...
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Figure 6: a) Evaluating the spectral behavior of the dipole radiation from a unit cell of the Si-backed array...
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Figure 7: SEM images of the nanoantenna edges for a) linear and b) H-shaped nanoantennas taken after depositi...
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Figure 8: IR transmission spectra of the linear nanoantenna arrays before nanocrystal (NC) deposition (black ...
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- Published 04 Oct 2018
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Figure 1: SEM images, a) top and b) cross section, of TNTs for each of the anodization times (ta): c) 0.5 h, ...
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Figure 2: High-resolution XPS spectra for Ti 2p, O 1s, F 1s and N 1s obtained for the TNTs after each ta.
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Figure 3: X-ray diffraction patterns of TNT grown at different ta.
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Figure 4: Raman spectra for TNT grown at different ta. Laser intensity: 2.5 mW/cm2.
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Figure 5: (a) Cyclic voltammograms (CV) at v = 50 mV/s; and (b) linear-sweep voltammograms (LSV) at v = 5 mV/...
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Figure 6: Extracted photo-current density, jph, from potentiodynamic curves for the TNTs grown at different ta...
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Figure 7: (a) Incident photon-to-current (IPCE) plot for each TNT. (b) Tauc plots for a direct electronic tra...
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Figure 8: a) Mott–Schottky plots recorded at f = 400 Hz in 0.5 M H2SO4. The electrode potential range was fro...
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Figure 9: a) Schematics of the experimental setup used for the PEC degradation of MB. b) UV–vis spectra for t...
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- Published 02 Oct 2018
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Figure 1: (a) Photograph of a sandfish (S. scincus) in its natural habitat (copyright Gerrit Jan Verspui). (b...
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Figure 2: SEM images of some probes used in this study. (a) Sharp tip of a conventional AFM cantilever made f...
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Figure 3: Structure of the analysed S. scincus scales. (a) The topography of a dorsal scale measured by atomi...
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Figure 4: (a) Typical force–distance curves obtained with sand probe, spherical glass probe and sharp silicon...
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Figure 5: Direct comparison of the adhesion force measured with a sand probe on the scales of four species (P...
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Figure 6: (a) Frictional force as a function of the normal load measured with a sharp silicon tip on a dorsal...
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Figure 7: (a) Wear experiments recorded on five different materials with hard cantilevers (spring constant of...
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Figure 8: Comparison of the friction coefficients as measured by AFM and microtribometry in a sphere-on-plate...
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- Published 01 Oct 2018
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Figure 1: (a) Schematics of experiment showing polarizations of the pre-pulse E1 and the main pulse E2 in the...
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Figure 2: X-ray intensities from (a) a water film and (b) a film of a colloidal suspension of gold nanosphere...
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Figure 3: X-ray intensity at different positions of the water film (a) and the gold nanosphere colloidal solu...
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Figure 4: Position of X-ray maximum generation (a) and its intensity (b) for distilled water films at short e...
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Figure 5: FDTD simulations of light-field enhancement under the conditions of the experiment: angle of incide...
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- Published 28 Sep 2018
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Figure 1: Scheme of the formation of the gold nanoislands.
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Figure 2: SEM images of 2.8 nm Au films on a Si(111) substrate: a) as prepared, annealed at b) 150 °C, c) 200...
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Figure 3: SEM images of 2.8 nm Au films on a Si(111) substrate annealed at a) 450 °C, b) 550 °C, c) 600 °C fo...
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Figure 4: SEM images of Au films of different thicknesses on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 15 mi...
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Figure 5: a) Number of nanoparticles and b) average diameter of nanoparticles as function of the Au film thic...
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Figure 6: Left: AFM image of a 2.8 nm Au film on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 15 min; right: cr...
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Figure 7: XRD result of a 2.8 nm Au film annealed at 550 °C for 15 min and an as-prepared 2.8 nm Au film on S...
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Figure 8: XPS (Au region) results for the 2.8 nm Au thin film on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 1...
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Figure 9: XPS result (Si region) for the 2.8 nm Au film on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 15 min.
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Figure 10: Absorbance spectra recorded for a 2.8 nm Au film on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 15 m...
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Figure 11: SEM image of the gold nanoislands on the silicon substrate (sample 2.8 nm Au film on Si(111) substr...
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Figure 12: Setup for the FDTD and FDTD/DFT simulations. Left: view from the bottom, zx-plane; yellow rectangle...
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Figure 13: Calculated intensity distribution of the electromagnetic field with unpolarized incident light of a...
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Figure 14: Calculated amplitudes of the components of the electromagnetic field with unpolarized incident ligh...
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Figure 15: Calculated absorbance (as log(Io/Ir), where Io is an incident flux, and Ir – reflected flux), as th...
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- Published 27 Sep 2018
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Figure 1: Block-flow diagram of the environment of the pattern generator program using input from a geometry ...
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Figure 2: Illustration of the three dimensional pitch Π3D, projected in the x–z-plane: In every frame each ac...
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Figure 3: Visualization of the height-dependent deposition rate: The blue circles correspond to vertices defi...
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Figure 4: Schematic overview of the angle-sorted proximity avoiding algorithm (asPAA). a: In order to minimiz...
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Figure 5: Schematic overview of the best permutation proximity avoiding algorithm (bpPAA). The algorithm gene...
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Figure 6: Calibration of deposition speed parameters xF und zF. Shown is one deposition series from 52° tilte...
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Figure 7: Angle-test structure consisting of several elements. Each element has a vertical pillar and a tilte...
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Figure 8: Avoiding of proximity effects: A and B are 2 × 2 arrays of cubes resting on a short pillar. They ar...
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Figure 9: Comparison of the angle-sorted proximity avoiding algorithm (asPAA) and the best permutation PAA (b...
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Figure 10: Height correction: Both left images are taken from a 52° tilted view. (A) is deposited without heig...
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Figure 11: Array of trees, each consisting of a root and three branches. The roots of the trees of the second ...
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Figure 12: Buckyball structure in top and side view (52° tilted). Precursor: Me3CpMePt(IV), normal mode.
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Figure 13: 2 × 2 array of nanotrees consisting of a root and branches deposited with the CoFe precursor and a ...
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Figure 14: Working principle of the simple shadowing algorithm. A plane is defined parallel to the opening of ...
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Figure 15: In order to investigate the shape of edge tips with different edge inclination, deposits like shown...
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- Published 26 Sep 2018
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Figure 1: (a) Schematic cross-sectional view and (b) the initial transfer characteristics of a-IGZO TFTs with...
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Figure 2: Variation in the transfer characteristics of a-IGZO TFTs with (a) TIGZO = 25, (b) 45, (c) 75, and (...
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Figure 3: Variation in the transfer characteristics in the forward measurement for a-IGZO TFTs with (a) TIGZO...
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Figure 4: (a) Variation in Vth of the transfer curves of a-IGZO TFTs with various TIGZO in the reverse measur...
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Figure 5: C−V curves before and after the NBIS duration of 104 s with (a) TIGZO = 25, (b) 45, (c) 75, and (d)...
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Figure 6: Schematic diagram of NBIS-induced degradation mechanism in a-IGZO TFTs with (a) TIGZO < 45 and (b) ...
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Figure 1: Scanning electron microscopy and white light profilometry images of laser-textured bearing steel (1...
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Figure 2: Stribeck curve-like pin-on-disc experiments for a variation in sliding speed from 20 to 170 mm/s fo...
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Figure 3: Stribeck curve-like pin-on-disc experiments for a variation in sliding speed from 20 to 170 mm/s fo...
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Figure 4: Stribeck curve-like pin-on-disc experiments for a variation in sliding speed from 20 to 170 mm/s fo...
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Figure 5: Comparison of the average friction coefficient for the last 250 m of unlubricated tribological exper...
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- Published 25 Sep 2018
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Figure 1: (a) Scanning electron microscopy image of a sensor realization consisting of a silicon microcantile...
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Figure 2: Calculated microcantilever amplitude response curve of the co-resonantly coupled system based on th...
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Figure 3: (a) Resonance amplitudes of both resonance peaks of the coupled system calculated for the microcant...
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Figure 4: This diagram represents the necessary calculation steps to determine the effective spring constant
![[Graphic 7]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-237-i43.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
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Figure 5: Effective spring constants for both resonance peaks of the coupled system in dependence on the eige...
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Figure 6: Effective quality factor for both resonance peaks of the coupled system in dependence on the eigenf...
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Figure 7: Qualitative behaviour of the effective quality factor for both resonance peaks of the coupled syste...
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- Published 25 Sep 2018
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Figure 1: (a) 1H NMR, (b) gas chromatogram, and (c) FTIR spectrum of 2-(N-methylmethacrylamido)acetate (MMAA)....
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Figure 2: Scheme of RAFT copolymerization of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) with methyl 2-(N-methyl...
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Figure 3: FTIR spectrum of poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-co-2-(N-methylmethacrylamido)acetate] [P(HP...
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Figure 4: TEM micrographs of (a) γ-Fe2O3 and (b) γ-Fe2O3@PHPMA nanoparticles.
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Figure 5: Schematic illustration of the interaction between PHMPA and a maghemite nanoparticle followed by th...
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Figure 6: Comparison of short-term cytotoxicity (24 h of incubation) of γ-Fe2O3@PHPMA (NP), Dox, and γ-Fe2O3@...
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Figure 7: Comparison of short- and long-term cytotoxicity of γ-Fe2O3@PHPMA (NP), Dox, and γ-Fe2O3@P(HPMA-MMAA...
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Figure 8: Comparison of short- and long-term cytotoxicity of γ-Fe2O3@PHPMA (NP), Dox, and γ-Fe2O3@P(HPMA-MMAA...
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Figure 9: Fluorescence micrographs of (a) primary hMSCs, (b) tumor MG-63, and (c) HeLa cells after 48 h of in...
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Figure 10: Cytomorphological determination of chromatin hypercondensation in DAPI-stained murine B16 melanoma ...
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Figure 11: Live/dead staining of (a, c, e, g) human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells and (b, d, f, h) human cervix car...
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- Published 24 Sep 2018
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Figure 1: Computational screening. (a) Models for six low-index surfaces (unrelaxed); (b) Calculated values o...
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Figure 2: CuO catalyst characterization. (a,b) TEM images of CuO NWs; (c) TEM image of CuO NBs (inset is the ...
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Figure 3: CH4 conversion against the temperature. (a) Heating profile (Tmax = 850 °C) for NBs, NWs and NPs, w...
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Figure 4: CH4 oxidation mechanism by computational calculations. (a) Clean (001); (b) CH4 physical adsorption...
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Figure 5: Energy profile for CH4 oxidation. The geometries are shown in Figure 4.
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Figure 1: (a) Evaluation of molar ratio of the amino groups in the nanoparticles to the phosphate groups, NH2...
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Figure 2: IR (a) and UV (b) spectra of Si–NH2.
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Figure 3: TEM images of Si–NH2 (a) nanoparticles and Si–NH2·ODN(1) nanocomplexes (b).
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Figure 4: (a) 3D and (b) 2D AFM images of the Si–NH2·ODN(1) nanocomplex and (c) a suface profile along the li...
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Figure 5: Fluorescence microscopy images of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells after their incubation with ...
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Figure 6: Virus titer (log TCID50/mL) of A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 virus (H5N1) in the presence of the samples...
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Figure 1: (A) Schematic representation for the preparation of CaP@5-FU NPs. (B) The UV–visible spectrum of Ca...
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Figure 2: (A) The hydrodynamic diameter and (B) zeta potential of CaP@5-FU NPs in PBS buffer. (C) The FTIR sp...
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Figure 3: The X-ray diffraction pattern of (A) CaP NPs and (B) CaP@5-FU NPs. (C) TEM and (D) FE-SEM micrograp...
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Figure 4: Analysis of cell viability by MTT assay for (A) NIH 3T3, (B) A549 and (C) HCT-15 cells upon CaP@5-F...
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Figure 5: Fluorescence microscopy images of (A) AO/EB stained A549 and HCT-15 cells after 0.5 IC50 and IC50 w...
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Figure 6: FE-SEM micrograph of untreated control cells A549 and HCT-15 along with CaP@5-FU treated cells at IC...
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Figure 7: Flow cytometric analysis of (A) CellRox deep red for ROS quantification and intensity of propidium ...
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Figure 8: (A) Gene expression studies of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes in untreated and CaP@5-FU NP-tr...
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- Published 19 Sep 2018
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Figure 1: Size chart of nanocellulose based on material length (with microscopic images of various nanocellul...
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Figure 2: The structures of (a) cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and (b) cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) produced fr...
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Figure 3: Resultant chemical structures of nanocellulose prepared via (a) mechanical refining, enzymatic hydr...
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Figure 4: The morphology of MNC forward osmosis membranes with amino silane functionality as well as Pt and A...
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- Published 17 Sep 2018
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Figure 1: Scheme of the apparatus for the electrospinning process.
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Figure 2: (A) A schematic of the measuring procedure of the size of beads and the diameter of the fiber (wher...
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Figure 3: Geometric shape of the liquid meniscus at the outlet of the nozzle for 20% PVP solution with flow r...
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Figure 4: SEM micrographs of nanofibers obtained under various conditions: (1) PVP 8% (µ−, Q−, U−); (2) PVP 8...
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Figure 5: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained bead-free fibers (D...
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Figure 6: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained bead-free fibers (D...
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Figure 7: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained bead-free fibers (D...
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Figure 8: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained beaded fibers (d) ...
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Figure 9: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained beaded fibers (d) ...
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Figure 10: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained beaded fibers (d) ...
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Figure 11: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the size of obtained beads (db) on the electric...
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Figure 12: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the size of obtained beads (db) on the electric...
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Figure 13: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the size of obtained beads (db) on the dynamic ...
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Figure 1: (a) Magnetization as a function of the magnetic field for sample GM3 at T = 300 K. Measurements wer...
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Figure 2: Room-temperature saturation magnetization (Msat) as a function of the carrier concentration (Np) (t...
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Figure 3: Magnetotransport properties of sample GM3: (a) Field dependence of the anomalous Hall component at ...
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Figure 4: TEM images of the film cross section after annealing (sample GM3): (a) bright-field image, (b) HRTE...
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Figure 5: (a,d) HRTEM images of sample areas. (b,e) Corresponding two-dimensional Fourier spectra. (c,f) Calc...
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Figure 6: AFM (a,c) and MFM (b,d) images of the same surface at 303 K (a,b) and 413 K (c,d). AFM (e) and MFM ...
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- Published 13 Sep 2018
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Figure 1: Schematic of the numerical models used in this work. Left: 2D discretization in springs and masses ...
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Figure 2: Dimensionless friction force
![[Graphic 5]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-229-i10.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
as function of time for the non-graded material: SBM solution for dif...
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Figure 3: Examples of stepwise linearly increasing and triangular property gradients considered in this work ...
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Figure 4: Effect of a gradient in the local coefficients of friction on the global static coefficient of fric...
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Figure 5: Propagation of the detachment front at the static friction threshold (left) and immediately after (...
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Figure 6: Dimensionless friction force as function of time for two values of Δ, calculated using the SBM and ...
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Figure 7: Effect of a gradient in the local coefficients of friction on the global dynamic coefficient of fri...
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Figure 8: Effect of a gradient in the local coefficients of friction on the global static coefficient of fric...
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Figure 9: Effect of a gradient in the Young’s modulus on the global static coefficient of friction, expressed...
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Figure 10: Effect of a gradient in the Young’s modulus on the global dynamic coefficient of friction, expresse...
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Figure 11: Effect of a triangular gradient in the Young’s modulus on the global static coefficient of friction...
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Figure 12: Propagation of the detachment front at the static friction threshold (left) and immediately after (...
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