Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

Juergen Bartelmess and
Silvia Giordani

Review
Published 04 Nov 2014

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1. Figure 1: HRTEM images of (a) diamond nanoparticles, (b) spherical carbon onions, and (c) polyhedral carbon o...
  
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2. Figure 2: Typical Raman spectra of pristine CNOs. Reprinted with permission from [21]. Copyright 2013 Elsevier.
  
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3. Scheme 1: Covalent functionalization pathways for CNOs.
  
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4. Scheme 2: Covalent functionalization of CNOs by an azomethine ylide addition [25].
  
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5. Scheme 3: Methods for the covalent functionalization of CNOs by azomethine ylide addition on CNOs and amidati...
  
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6. Scheme 4: Comparison of the reactivity of small N-CNOs and larger A-CNOs, prepared by different methods [27].
  
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7. Figure 3: Structure of a CNO–BODA copolymer. (A) CNO starting material (left) and BODA-functionalized CNOs (r...
  
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8. Scheme 5: Preparation of pyridyl-CNOs and an illustration of their supramolecular interaction with Zn-tetraph...
  
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9. Scheme 6: Illustration of polymerization reactions on CNOs following initial [2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction o...
  
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10. Scheme 7: “Tour” functionalization of CNOs and subsequent “click”-addition of a ZnTPP-derivative [37].
  
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11. Figure 4: First derivative TGA weight-loss curves of pristine CNO (black), treated once (light gray) and trea...
  
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12. Scheme 8: Fluorophore–CNO conjugates derived from benzoic acid-functionalized CNOs [39-41].
  
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13. Scheme 9: Schematic overview over the different polymeric structures utilized to functionalize CNOs [43-48].
  
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14. Figure 5: a) Autofluorescence images of different developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster from larva ...
  
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15. Figure 6: High-resolution TEM images of pristine CNOs (left). AFM topographs of pristine CNOs deposited on mi...
  
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16. Figure 7: Confocal images of azaBODIPY-CNOs in HeLa Kyoto cells (left) and BODIPY-CNOs in MCF-7 cells (right)...
  
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17. Figure 8: (a) A schematic showing the chemical activation of CNOs in KOH. TEM images of pristine CNO (b), ACN...
  
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18. Figure 9: Note: The authors of the original report refer to CNOs as onion-like carbon (OLC) (a) Schematic dia...
  
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