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4 article(s) from Giordani, Silvia

Towards targeted drugs and next generation of nanomedicines

Anna Salvati,
Silvia Giordani and
Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 598–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.41

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Editorial

Published 06 May 2026

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Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

Michał Bartkowski,
Francesco Calzaferri and
Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

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Figure 1: Overview of NM applications across various industries.

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Figure 2: Ranking of cancer as the cause of death in 2016 for the population below 70 years old (premature mo...

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Figure 3: A generalised schematic overview of the development pathway for a carbon nanoparticle-based drug de...

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Figure 4: A selection of key challenges and opportunities associated with the clinical translation of a CNP-b...

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Perspective

Published 18 Nov 2025

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Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

Stefania Lettieri,
Marta d’Amora,
Adalberto Camisasca,
Alberto Diaspro and
Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

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Scheme 1: Synthesis of BODIPY derivatives 2 and 3. i) 2,4-dimethylpyrrole, TFA, DCM, DIPEA, BF₃OEt₂; ii) 4-(N,...

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Scheme 2: Procedure for the preparation of carboxy-functionalized oxi-CNO and fluorescently labelled fluo-CNO...

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Figure 1: Emission spectra of BODIPY 3 (blue line: Excitation at 680 nm; emission at 737 nm) and BODIPY 4 (re...

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Figure 2: A) Protonated (fluo-CNOs-1a) and non-protonated (fluo-CNOs-1b) forms of fluo-CNOs. B) Emission spec...

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Figure 3: Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) spectra of the functionalized CNOs. TGA (solid lines) and the corr...

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Figure 4: Raman spectra of the functionalized CNOs. The Raman spectra are normalized to the G-band at 1580 cm...

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Figure 5: Effective hydrodynamic diameter of oxi-CNOs (black line) and fluo-CNOs (red line) in PBS at a conce...

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Figure 6: Cellular viability of HeLa cells treated with different concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 µg mL⁻¹)...

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Figure 7: Confocal fluorescence images of HeLa cells treated with 20 μg mL⁻¹ of fluo-CNOs. (A) PBS for 1 h, p...

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Figure 8: Cellular uptake and localization of fluo-CNOs in HeLa cells in acidic conditions (PBS, pH 4.5) obse...

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Figure 9: Three-dimensional reconstruction by confocal microscopy of cells incubated for 12 h with 20 µg mL⁻¹...

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Full Research Paper

Published 07 Sep 2017

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Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

Juergen Bartelmess and
Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

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Figure 1: HRTEM images of (a) diamond nanoparticles, (b) spherical carbon onions, and (c) polyhedral carbon o...

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Scheme 1: Covalent functionalization pathways for CNOs.

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Scheme 2: Covalent functionalization of CNOs by an azomethine ylide addition [25].

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Scheme 3: Methods for the covalent functionalization of CNOs by azomethine ylide addition on CNOs and amidati...

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Scheme 4: Comparison of the reactivity of small N-CNOs and larger A-CNOs, prepared by different methods [27].

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Figure 3: Structure of a CNO–BODA copolymer. (A) CNO starting material (left) and BODA-functionalized CNOs (r...

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Scheme 5: Preparation of pyridyl-CNOs and an illustration of their supramolecular interaction with Zn-tetraph...

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Scheme 6: Illustration of polymerization reactions on CNOs following initial [2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction o...

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Scheme 7: “Tour” functionalization of CNOs and subsequent “click”-addition of a ZnTPP-derivative [37].

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Figure 4: First derivative TGA weight-loss curves of pristine CNO (black), treated once (light gray) and trea...

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Scheme 8: Fluorophore–CNO conjugates derived from benzoic acid-functionalized CNOs [39-41].

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Scheme 9: Schematic overview over the different polymeric structures utilized to functionalize CNOs [43-48].

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Figure 5: a) Autofluorescence images of different developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster from larva ...

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Figure 6: High-resolution TEM images of pristine CNOs (left). AFM topographs of pristine CNOs deposited on mi...

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Figure 7: Confocal images of azaBODIPY-CNOs in HeLa Kyoto cells (left) and BODIPY-CNOs in MCF-7 cells (right)...

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Figure 8: (a) A schematic showing the chemical activation of CNOs in KOH. TEM images of pristine CNO (b), ACN...

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Figure 9: Note: The authors of the original report refer to CNOs as onion-like carbon (OLC) (a) Schematic dia...

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Review

Published 04 Nov 2014

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