Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• orientations with their substrates were simulated in 16 parallel MD calculations. The skeleton of our multiscale seta was created by distributing branching points along two parabolas (Figure 3) as described by Sauer and colleagues [21]. Figure 3 illustrates the construction of the seta FE mesh. The seta was

• was the midpoint of one of these intervals. The height of each branching point, starting from the first (highest) branching level, decreased progressively according to Equation 2: where i represents the branching level, Hsp is the total spatula height, including both the final tiny FE branch that

• constructed, the top portion of the seta above a height (H0) of 22.8 μm was removed. The 45 FE nodes on this cross-sectional area received the prescribed displacement for preloading and pull-off during simulations. They effectively drove the simulation and are referred to as driver FE nodes. Portions of the

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• nanosheets of elliptical shape as a result of fs laser ablation of a MoS2 target in FeCl3 solution. Despite the ablation in an aqueous solution, nanosheets preserved the MoS2 composition. Electron diffraction results reported in the cited work revealed the formation of an FeS2 phase, suggesting that Fe ions

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• decomposition mechanisms are proposed. Studies have been conducted on ion–molecule interactions in both solid and gas phases. Ultrahigh vacuum experiments on a few monolayers of FIBID precursors, such as [Ru(CO)4I2], [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2Re(CO)5], and [Fe(CO)5], have been used to elucidate decomposition pathways

• . Gas-phase interactions between [Fe(CO)5] molecules and ions of helium, neon, argon, and krypton were carried out. However, the authors noted that these results may not accurately reflect the behavior of the precursor on the surface during actual FIBID processing since the conditions under which the

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• , applying magnetic nanoparticles for treatment purposes may release toxic metal ions (Ni or Mn) or highly soluble metal ions (Zn or Mg) into the treated water, which can then enter water bodies and cause harm [74]. Similarly, MOFs, such as materials combined with Fe, Cu, or Zr, may release toxic ions into

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• authors’ claims have been excluded from the table and the figure but left in the text. A Ni/Fe-LDH piezoelectric nanogenerator was used to charge an asymmetric supercapacitor made from the as-prepared Ni/Fe-LDH and biomass-derived activated carbon as the positive and negative electrode [7]. The Ni/Fe-LDH

• emerging area of catalysis utilizes the ability of piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy for subsequent electrochemical reactions [13]. Liu et al. suggested that ultrathin Ni/Fe-LDH modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for better water solubility and

• ultrasound exposure broke the inversion symmetry of Ni/Fe-LDH, causing positive and negative polarization charges to arise. The migration of created charges in opposite directions under external mechanical force caused an intrinsic electric field. The authors also hypothesized that LDHs, as some 2D layered

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• points. These were located at the two adaxial apical corners of each geometry and at the adaxial apical center (Figure S2, Supporting Information File 2). In order to assess the sensitivity of the FE analyses with respect to the expansion coefficients in the measured ranges, two comparative simulations

• , Supporting Information File 2). A lower expansion coefficient resulted in negligible lateral curvature, while a higher expansion coefficient resulted in increased lateral curvature. To validate the FE simulations, a mesh sensitivity analysis was performed based on the trilayer geometry with fibers. Further

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• membrane by integrating sustainably synthesized MIL-100 (Fe) MOF nanoparticles into a polysulfone (PSF) matrix. This PSF/MIL-100 (Fe) membrane exhibited substantial improvements over the unmodified PSF membrane (M0), particularly in terms of membrane structure, surface hydrophilicity (with the water

• contact angle decreasing from 84.6° ± 1° to 64.2° ± 1.2°), work of adhesion, wetting energy, porosity, and pore dimensions. Among various loadings, the membrane with 0.5 wt % MIL-100 (Fe) (M0.5) showed the best overall performance. It delivered a pure water flux over ten times higher than M0 and achieved

• concludes that PSF/MIL-100 (Fe) composite membrane offers a promising solution for the removal of MPs [117]. Chen et al. [118] developed a series of zirconium-based MOF foam materials with interconnected pores, excellent stability, and high structural uniformity for the removal of MPs from both seawater and

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• and material gradients, finite element (FE) simulations were performed using small deformation implicit modeling. The linear solver of the ANSYS static structural module was used for the FE simulations. Due to the low thickness of the metamaterial structures, the plane stress 2D model (PLANE 183

• elements) was chosen for the FE analysis. The quadratic elements were implemented to generate the mesh through the metamaterial geometry in order to obtain a better agreement in complex and difficult parts of the geometry, such as the sharp corners at the beam joints. The mesh size was chosen to have at

• conditions for the metamaterial structures at the gripping points and free sides. To better illustrate the effect of the opposing structural and material gradients, we performed idealized FE simulations using the PP and PPGF material properties provided by the manufacturer. These show strain accumulation

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• structure and composition of Co–Ni–Fe films were evaluated, and it was found out how the deposition rate affects the conversion of a weak magnetic field into magnetic induction. In addition, thin-film structures based on Fe and Co are among the most promising materials that can be applied in the creation of

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• . Through the judicious use of controls, we demonstrate significant cross-reactivities of amines, thiols, maleimides, and common disulfide reducing agents with surface Fe of IONPs and show how these unwanted interactions can produce false positive results. Without proper controls, these can lead to

• clear that a binding affinity exists between these groups and surface Fe. From this standpoint, it is evident that proper controls are necessary to determine the cross-reactivity of these groups with IONPs. Herein, we report on the cross-reactivities of amines, thiols, maleimides, and common disulfide

• in mind, we propose that the binding mode observed in the control sample involves only PPA bound directly to the IONP surface through Fe–amine coordination (Fe-PPA), and this configuration does not allow for sufficient coverage to promote extensive H-aggregate formation on the IONP surface. In the

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• particles gradually becoming more homogeneous over time. The advantages of submicrometer particles produced by PLML over NPs synthesized by conventional PLAL, can be explained using Au–Fe systems [61], where the bulk thermodynamic contribution leads to an Au-enriched core and Fe-rich surface [46]. In

• contrast, conventional PLAL methods are dominated by surface energy, resulting in a Fe core–Au shell structure. The study identifies the limitations of lower fluence, inhomogeneous heating, and insufficient particle association during laser irradiation, and clarifies the mechanism behind PLML. For single

• -component materials, spherical particles are easily formed through laser melting, while two-component alloys, like Au–Fe, show distinct morphologies due to differences in heating behavior and optical absorption. Additionally, reactive fabrication of SMSPs with compositions differing from raw materials, such

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• [44]. Magnetic biochar modification follows two main routes, that is, direct impregnation of feedstock or post-synthesis modification. Direct impregnation: Feedstock is washed and impregnated with 0.012 mol Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, stirred overnight, dried at 105 °C and heated at 550 °C for 2 h, yielding

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• , Pt, Fe, Cu, or Ir) solution are used for nanowire growth, where adjustments to the AC field parameters and solution composition allow the fabrication of either single cylindrical nanowires (ranging from 15 to 600 nm in diameter and up to several hundreds of micrometers in length) or dendritic

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• (FE-SEM, JEOS JSM6700F). An InoLab Cond 7310 conductivity meter was used to measure ion concentration. Fabrication of CTA membrane The membranes were prepared according to previous protocols with modifications [67]. Initially, the raw materials for the CTA film were dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C for

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• increase the activity of the enzyme lipoxygenase, which, as mentioned in the previous section, is associated with ferroptosis [49]. To investigate the role of iron in ferroptosis, we should first familiarize ourselves with its metabolism within the cell. Transferrin is responsible for ferric iron (Fe+3

• transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) during receptor-bound endocytosis. In addition to this pathway, iron absorption can also occur with the help of actin filaments, one of the components of the cytoskeleton, via the receptor (TFRC) [36]. The iron required by the cell, in the form of ferrous iron (Fe+2), is produced

• by six transmembrane epithelial antigens of the prostate 3 (STEAP3) in the acidic environment in the endosome. Fe+2 is then transported into the cytoplasm by the transporter for divalent metals (DMT1). Iron has various functions in the cell and can be used in different enzymatic processes or stored

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• investigate this, we conducted energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis on laser-treated stainless steel samples across different wavelengths alongside untreated stainless steel for comparison, as outlined in Table 3. Specifically, we examined the weight percentage of Cr, Fe, and Ni in three

• weight percentages of Cr, Fe, and Ni across all three areas. This uniformity suggests that the elemental composition remains unchanged throughout the whole laser-treated surface. For a comparative study, we also measured the elements on a polished stainless steel surface, depicted in Figure 10e. Figure

•  10f–h exhibits the EDS spectra of three different regions of the untreated surface, highlighting the presence of Cr, Fe, Ni, Mg, and C. However, magnesium and carbon are comparatively lower in abundance and not uniformly distributed in the unablated sample, and these peaks do not appear after the

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• , high efficiency, and better tissue penetration. They developed small Fe@Fe3O4-DHCA nanoparticles (≈14 nm) and coated them with macrophages (RAW267.4 cells) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MHT of solid tumors. The Fe@Fe3O4-DHCA NPs showed accumulation in tumor cells resulting in enhanced MRI

• and MHT performance in vitro. Furthermore, RAW267.4-loaded with Fe@Fe3O4-DHCA demonstrated efficiency in vivo. Thus, Fe@Fe3O4-DHCA nanoparticles showed great application potential for tumor diagnosis and therapy [34]. 1.1.3 Neutrophils. Neutrophils are among the most abundant and frontline phagocytes

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• produces polycrystalline HEA NPs, nanosecond-pulsed laser ablation favors a metastable amorphous structure. Particle cores in all cases exhibit a homogeneous distribution of the metals Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, while particle shells were found to vary between manganese-enriched oxide layers and thin

• dominant α-Fe structure could not be observed after LFL, and solely amorphous structures were found [76]. Ps-LAL of FeSiB in organic solvents, however, yielded amorphous NPs directly after ablation in acetone, ethanol, and acetonitrile, while nanocrystalline byproducts of α-Fe/Fe3C phases were also

• amorphous. As different pulse durations (ps vs ns) may lead to fundamentally different ablation mechanisms during LAL [50][64], it is conceivable that differences in sample compositions (content and distribution of the elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) may be responsible for the observed pulse-duration-dependent

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• = AlCl, Fe, Co, Zn) and Pt complex octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) by nanosecond laser fragmentation of the corresponding microcrystalline powders in an aqueous solution of the amphiphilic polymer Pluronic® F-127. All nanoparticles dispersed stably in phosphate-buffered saline and cell culture media without

• acetate [23], paclitaxel [24], naproxen and fenofibrate [25], curcumin [26], and cinnamon [27]. This work aims to fabricate aqueous colloids of MPc (M = AlCl, Fe, Co, Zn) and Pt complex octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) (Figure 1) nanoparticles with a high dispersion stability and to demonstrate the potential

• MPc and the hydrophobic PPO block of F-127, leading to high dispersion stability not only water but also in PBS. In cases of other MPcs (M = Co, Fe, Zn), the addition of F-127 significantly influenced the efficiency of nanoparticle generation as well as their dispersion stability (Figure S4

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• a photocathode-based ultrashort electron pulse generator into a lab-based electron microscope, dynamic imaging of single specimens via pump–probe electron microscopy became possible. For instance, a spin state transition in the metal–organic framework Fe(pyrazine)Pt(CN)4 NPs was induced by

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• NC displayed good electrochemical performance as the SC electrode [13]. In another work, Kumar et al. reported the MW-assisted synthesis of Fe3O4/rGO NC using FeCl3 aqueous salt as the precursor [14]. Ferrocene, an Fe-based organometallic compound, was also utilized as the precursor for developing

• NCs of iron oxide and graphene through the MW route. For example, Kumar et al. demonstrated the MW-assisted rapid synthesis of a ternary NC based on rGO, carbon nanotubes, and Fe3O4 NPs, using ferrocene as the Fe-containing precursor [15]. The NC exhibited its potential to be used for EMI shielding

• , the approach was also able to convert V2O5 to form VO2 and synthesize Fe2O3 from ferrocene. The structure and properties of the NC were examined through various characterization techniques. Lastly, the magnetic properties of Fe-containing ternary NCs were also evaluated for their possible biomedical

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• soft X-ray range. Reaction cells with an ultrathin membrane that confines the gas in a narrow region extremely close to the sample surface were applied to the study of Cu- and Fe-doped cerium oxide films during thermal treatments in hydrogen at ambient pressure [58]. The combination of ambient pressure

• XANES and gas chromatography was employed to correlate in real time the changes of the chemical state of Cu, Fe, and Ce cations with oxygen vacancy and water formation during thermal treatments in hydrogen at ambient pressure [58]. The pure ceria film, in the Ce4+ oxidation state with a dominant Ce L3

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• /SS-20 electrodes. Regarding the commercial 304 SS sample, the typical peaks at 43.64°, 50.68°, and 74.56° were indexed to the (111), (200), and (220) crystal planes of the cubic γ-Ni–Cr–Fe phase [27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. At a low O2 flow rate (5 sccm), a Ni metal phase appeared, visible by the

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• -type structure [22]. For instance, a ternary MnNiSi alloy transitions from the hexagonal Ni2In structure to the orthorhombic TiNiSi structure at 1200 K [23], which is far from ideal for magnetocaloric, electronic, and spintronic-based applications. When these alloys are doped with elements such as Fe

• (which partly substitutes Mn atoms) and Ge or Al (which partially replaces Si atoms) [24] (forming CCAs), it effectively lowers the structural and magnetic phase transition temperatures while maintaining the overall magnetization. Previous studies on bulk MnFeNiGeSi [25] (i.e., doping MnNiSi with Fe and

• Ge) and MnFeNiSiAl [24] (i.e., doping NiMnSi with Fe and Al) alloys, synthesized by arc melting of pure elements show a second-order magnetostructural phase transition between 170 and 220 K with an isothermal entropy change of −7.3 J·kg−1·K−1 at 2.5 T and a first-order magnetostructural phase

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• liquid using different wavelengths and laser fluences [18]. During the synthesis of FeS2 NPs by PLAL in different solvents, Motohashi et al. has reported the formation of hematite (Fe2O3) as major product and Fe–S as minor product [19]. Sai et al. synthesized pyrite nanoparticles for photovoltaic

• all the samples, the peak position corresponding to the adventitious carbon value was fixed at 284.6 eV. A Shirley-type background baseline was used, and the Gaussian–Lorentzian sum function was applied for peak fitting. The high-resolution spectra of Fe 2p and S 2p after soft surface etching using

• argon ions is provided in Figure 7. The Fe 2p spectra of pyrite NPs in all solvents (Figure 7a–e) show two major peaks of Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 2p1/2 at 709 and 722 eV, respectively, which denotes the Fe2+ chemical state [44] with a separation ΔE of 13.1 eV. The peak fitting of the Fe 2p3/2 peak reveals a