Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• properties on particle size and shape has been demonstrated for particle sizes in the 1–100 nm range and on biological interfaces [7]. Limited biocompatibility and high tendency to aggregate in solution inspired new mechanisms of particle biofunctionalization with proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates. Coupling

• carbohydrates to AuNPs provides particle stability and biocompatibility and allows for studying carbohydrate-mediated interactions and designing novel carbohydrate-based antiviral agents [8][9]. From a molecular point of view, glyconanoparticles are water-soluble gold nanoclusters with a three-dimensional

• bands are easily found in many carbohydrates (see Supporting Information File 1, Section S2). For the VSFG, the ssp-polarized spectra were obtained by adding a droplet of H2O or D2O on the dried samples with subsequent evaporation. The VSFG spectra focus only on the high-frequency region. The

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• walls. Since mucus is continuously secreted along the GIT, it is subsequently eliminated due to the cellular renewal process [5]. Mucus is a complex hydrogel comprising proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, salts, antibodies, bacteria, and cellular debris. Mucins are the primary protein component of mucus

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• therapeutic efficacy [118][128]. Additionally, liposomes can be surface-modified with various ligands such as antibodies, peptides, carbohydrates, and aptamers to achieve targeted drug delivery to specific cells or tissues [118][129]. These ligand-targeted liposomes can bind to receptors on target cells and

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• . Cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles can enter the cancer cells simply by fusion. The membrane coating is fused with the cancer cell membrane and delivers the payload inside the cytosol [46]. A distinctive characteristic of cell membrane-coated nanocarriers is that they include carbohydrates

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• belong to the hematinic category, are a broad class of medical products in which varied iron agents are used, very often in the form of core–shell nanoparticles, where iron ions (in the structure of iron oxide mineral) are concentrated in the core, and the shell is generally composed of carbohydrates

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• . mutans can ferment carbohydrates, primarily sucrose and glucose or by-products in saliva, to produce weak organic acids. These acids lead to tooth surface demineralization and the subsequent enamel loss, resulting in tooth decay [6][7]. Furthermore, the biofilm formation by S. mutans contributes to

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• breaking graphene sheets or from molecules with aromatic structure (fullerenes, starch, and carbohydrates) [3]. However, often GQDs are only stable in solvents, which limits their application in fields that require their solid form, such as in adsorption and photocatalytic, or electrochemical applications

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• representing the biological aspect of the interface, including amino acids (AAs), milk proteins, and carbohydrates. Additionally, we examine the preferred orientations of these molecules upon adsorption and investigate the kinetics of competitive adsorption among the proteins and lactose, aiming to understand

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of ZnO NPs (70 nm) on R. sativus grown in coir was evaluated. The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b

• of ZnO NPs, although a still higher (1.7%) IAA content was produced at 1000 mg/L without exhibiting any toxicity. Phytotoxicity testing for carbohydrates, plant pigments, and antioxidant contents The previous experiment indicated that 1000 mg/L of ZnO NPs was nontoxic with respect to soluble protein

• and IAA contents. Thus, the same concentration (1000 mg/L) was selected to investigate its effects on carbohydrates, plant pigments, and antioxidant contents. The results revealed that 1000 mg/L of ZnO NPs with Hoagland solution significantly increased (p < 0.05) the total carbohydrate content (58.5

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• ). Furthermore, mice treated with sulfated polysaccharide α-ᴅ-glucan presented granulomas with histochemical markers, which could mean that this molecule stimulates the immunological system causing changes in membrane carbohydrates. Moreover, it raises the hypothesis that this change in the membrane molecule

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• ], polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [123], and polymethacrylates [118][124][125]. Among the biodegradable materials, carbohydrates, including maltose [126], trehalose [127], and sucrose [128], are frequently mentioned. Moreover, biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) [129], poly(glycolic acid) (PGA

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• demonstrated against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. As mentioned previously, plant extracts were used as common precursors for nanomaterial synthesis due to their relatively high levels of the steroids, saponins, carbohydrates, and flavonoids which act as reducing agents and phytoconstituents as capping

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• core, whereas, green fluorescence may correspond to n–π* transitions of the edge states [48][49]. The “top-down” approach involves breaking down bulky carbonaceous materials, such as carbon fibers, carbohydrates, proteins, and carbon soot, through chemical or physical methods. The carbon containing

• manufacturing CDs from these plant components. Plant-based precursors that contain heteroatoms (nitrogen and sulfur) are preferred over carbon sources that demand supplementary heteroatoms for the synthesis of CDs [53]. Without surface-passivating agent: Plants are rich in biomolecules such as carbohydrates and

• ]. Bandi et al. reported N-CDs synthesized via a hydrothermal method by using Lantana camara berries and EDA as carbon and nitrogen source, respectively. The synthesis consisted of many steps, including hydrolysis, dehydration, and decomposition, through which carbohydrates and glycosides are converted

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• adhesion. Selectins bind to carbohydrates based on calcium-dependent regulation, cadherins form mostly homotypic contacts also in a calcium-regulated manner, while the IgSF subfamily of nectins is able to form both homotypic and heterotypic interactions [10]. Comprehensive overviews of molecular structure

• analogues or suitable carbohydrates has been reported as a possible route for preventing and treating microbial infections [78]. For example, a novel group of adhesins widely found in Gram-negative pathogens has been described, termed multivalent adhesion molecule (MAM7) [83]. The adhesin genes are

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• range of medical applications. However, the delivery of therapeutic agents by dissolving or coated microneedles has encountered problems, such as heating of carbohydrates and polymers, which can cause drug breakdown during moulding of microneedles at raised temperatures [36]. Research to overcome these

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• potentials, neutralizing charge, and in particular, crystal face pacification, enabling preferential crystal growth. DESs are the medium where nanoparticle synthesis occurs in the presence of capping agent and reducing agents. Biocompatible capping and reducing agents, such as carbohydrates (i.e

• stability of the nanoparticles is governed by the capping agent, which prevents the aggregation of nanoparticles. Several capping agents such as CTAB, citrate, polymers, and carbohydrates are extensively used to stabilize nanoparticles in their colloidal state [99]. The capping agents govern the

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• the silkworm fat body. The treatment with TiO2 NPs activated the insulin signaling pathway of the silkworm by enhancing the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat when compared to the control group. Ni et al. [120] reported that feeding silkworm larvae with 5 g/mL of TiO2 NPs led to the

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• such as proteins (e.g., antibodies, peptides, receptor molecules, etc.), lipids and carbohydrates have long been used for targeted delivery. The attachment of these ligands to the external multilayers can be achieved by covalent as well as noncovalent interactions. For example, the HuA33 antibody

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• (TEM) (Figure 2). According to the colorimetric determination of carbohydrates (phenol–sulfuric acid reaction, see the Experimental section for details) in the samples of glyco-GNPs 3 and 4, which were purified from the excess of Ara6 glycosides 1 and 2 by centrifugation, there are no more than 100

• mixtures used for spectra recording additionally contained 0.9% NaCl (Figure 4(2)). An estimation of the glycoside content in glyco-GNPs 3 and 4 by colorimetric determination of carbohydrates using the phenol–sulfuric acid reaction [117] (as described below) suggested that there are no more than 100

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• block. Recent efforts in targeting through the hydrophilic block are summarized in Table 3. Carbohydrates have been used in order to confer targeting properties and they are often modified by grafting the hydrophobic photosensitizers in order to yield the amphiphilic properties necessary for self

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by phenolic compound-modified maghemite nanoparticles

• Małgorzata Świętek,
• Yi-Chin Lu,
• Rafał Konefał,
• Liliana P. Ferreira,
• M. Margarida Cruz,
• Yunn-Hwa Ma and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1073–1088, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.108

• wavelength of 765 nm [22]. The FC reagent measures the total antioxidant capacity of not only phenolic compounds but also carbohydrates, thiols, vitamins, amines, unsaturated fatty acids, and various complex specimens [23]. The antioxidant properties of the modified chitosans increased in the following

A comparison of tarsal morphology and traction force in the two burying beetles Nicrophorus nepalensis and Nicrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera, Silphidae)

• Liesa Schnee,
• Benjamin Sampalla,
• Josef K. Müller and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 47–61, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.5

• fraction has been investigated so far, polar components such as proteins/peptides and carbohydrates might contribute to its amphiphilic property. Directionality of friction force Our nanotribometer experiments (performed on the fore tarsi) clearly revealed a direction-dependent (anisotropic) friction

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• chemical attachment of target biomolecules, reduces cytotoxicity, and controls particle uptake by the cells [10]. Coatings can be either of low molecular weight, such are carbohydrates and organic acids (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, bisphosphonic acid), or of

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• structures, depicts the hydrothermal synthesis of carbohydrates [52]. Due to the fact, that this synthesis can be carried out at mild reaction conditions (<200 °C), using water as a solvent and carbohydrates as a carbon source, this process is environmentally friendly and quite inexpensive. Cakan et al. [41