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Search for "encapsulation" in Full Text gives 168 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

  • Jae-Young Bae,
  • Myung-Kyun Choi and
  • Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

Graphical Abstract
  • lifetime control through strategies such as protective encapsulation. This Perspective outlines critical opportunities and technical directions to guide the development of next-generation transient electronic systems. Keywords: biodegradable/bioresorbable electronics; biodegradable materials
  • ; encapsulation; fabrication strategy; transient electronics; Introduction In recent years, a growing global concern has emerged regarding the unintended consequences of material longevity on sustainability initiatives, particularly in light of the escalating crisis of plastic waste accumulation in landfills and
  • . Third, precise lifetime control remains a critical challenge, necessitating not only improved encapsulation strategies but also dynamic, stimuli-responsive degradation mechanisms. Given the intricate nature of biological environments and the variability of therapeutic requirements, materials used in
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Published 04 Sep 2025

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

  • Chao Liu,
  • Peker Milas,
  • Michael G. Spencer and
  • Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

Graphical Abstract
  • biocompatibility, catalytic efficiency, and stability [24]. Parylene-C was utilized for the encapsulation and insulation of the electrodes. Dopamine and glucose were selected as analytes for testing biosensing capabilities of the electrodes. Nanoscale electrode growth steps are explained including nanowire growth
  • , parylene-C encapsulation, and laser-assisted nanowire tip exposure. The nanowire electrode structure and the corresponding functionality are described. Electrochemical testing results of dopamine and glucose detection are also presented. Results and Discussion After optimization of the growth parameters
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Published 20 Aug 2025

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

  • Alejandro Llamedo,
  • Marina Cano,
  • Raquel G. Soengas and
  • Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

Graphical Abstract
  • targets, discuss current advancements in encapsulation methods, and examine the efficacy of encapsulated metalloantibiotics. Finally, we consider the challenges and future directions for the integration of metalloantibiotic-loaded carriers in the fight against antibiotic-resistant infections. Keywords
  • reputation of metal-based drugs as toxic agents, related to studies that describe systemic toxicity of several metallodrugs, mainly related to liver damage and cardiotoxic effects [23]. In this sense, several recent studies show that encapsulation in nanotechnological systems is a general solution to
  • overcome these problems [24]. Thus, encapsulation systems create a protective environment for metallodrugs, ensuring that they are delivered to the therapeutic site intact and limiting their interaction with healthy cells. In this way, nanoencapsulation systems drastically improve the efficacy and safety
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Published 15 Aug 2025

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

  • Alireza Ghasempour,
  • Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
  • Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
  • Mohsen Moradi,
  • Hamideh Dehghan,
  • Mahsa Sedighi,
  • Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
  • Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

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  • [109]. The synthesis and characterization of liposomes are crucial steps to ensure their efficacy and safety as drug delivery systems [110]. 3.1 Design and engineering of liposomes Numerous liposome preparation methods affect their properties, including size, layer structure, and encapsulation
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Published 14 Aug 2025

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

  • Imran Shair Mohammad,
  • Gizem Kursunluoglu,
  • Anup Kumar Patel,
  • Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
  • Cansu Umran Tunc,
  • Dilek Kanarya,
  • Mubashar Rehman,
  • Omer Aydin and
  • Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

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  • . Exosomes have also been used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents, nucleic acids, macromolecules, and diagnostic agents. Thus, exosomes are ideal delivery vehicles for therapeutic treatments that should be specific to the targeting sites with low toxicity to other organs, high encapsulation and delivery
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Published 05 Aug 2025

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

  • Tuyen B. Ly,
  • Duong D. T. Nguyen,
  • Hieu D. Nguyen,
  • Yen T. H. Nguyen,
  • Bup T. A. Bui,
  • Kien A. Le and
  • Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

Graphical Abstract
  • ]. Encapsulation strategies, like Pickering emulsions (PEs) stabilized by bio-based particles, address these challenges [37]. Nanocellulose is a promising candidate for stabilizing Pickering emulsions because of its high surface area, nanoscale dimensions, and amphiphilic nature [20]. This not only improves the
  • visibly lower. This may be related to the disruption of the crystalline structure of PVA after encapsulation of essential oil. For rBP and rCBP, which also contains NC, a small rise in the XRD signal can be seen at around 18°, which may be from the (110) plane of the Iβ cellulose crystalline phase [32
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Published 04 Aug 2025

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

  • Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
  • Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
  • Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
  • Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
  • Daniel de Paula and
  • Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

Graphical Abstract
  • concept on hydrogels, underlining compounds such as chitosan and alginate, and methods used for their preparation. Nanogels, with their attractive features, such as high drug encapsulation and penetration enhancer embedding, are also addressed. Finally, the application of these systems in dermal
  • encapsulation of poorly water-soluble drugs and allowing the controlled release of the encapsulated compound [142][144]. These innovations represent a significant advance in the development of multifunctional and biocompatible nanogels, suitable for applications in oncology, gene therapy, and precision medicine
  • increased drug encapsulation [195], penetration enhancer embedding [157], stimuli responsiveness, as well as controlled drug release [37]. Due to their unique characteristics, nanogels have also shown promise as site-specific DDSs. Changes in environmental conditions, such as pH [151][199], temperature [197
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Published 01 Aug 2025

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

  • Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
  • Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
  • Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
  • Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

Graphical Abstract
  • self-assembly of monomers into micelles with a hydrophobic core of polypropylene oxide (PPO) and a hydrophilic corona of polyethylene oxide (PEO), creating an environment suitable for the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs such as PpIX [15]. These micelles enhance drug solubility, protect against
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Published 29 Jul 2025

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

  • Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
  • Vitor D. C. Cristo,
  • Ivo J. Vieira,
  • Francisco J. A. Lemos,
  • Arnoldo R. Façanha,
  • Raimundo Braz-Filho,
  • Gustavo V. T. Batista,
  • Luis G. M. Basso,
  • Sérgio H. Seabra,
  • Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
  • Felipe F. Moreira,
  • Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
  • Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
  • Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

Graphical Abstract
  • selective toxicity to target organisms, making them a viable alternative for developing new insecticide formulations. Combining these attributes with nanoparticle encapsulation strategies, it is possible to considerably increase the biocidal agent efficacy while reducing the environmental and human health
  • encapsulation efficiency is estimated to be ≥99% within the detection limits of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods applied, indicating a highly effective incorporation of the rotenoids into the nanochitosan matrix. In addition to the high encapsulation
  • into the chitosan-based nanocomposite and suggest molecular interactions that may contribute to the enhanced stability and bioactivity of the formulation. To complement the physicochemical characterization and confirm the efficiency of rotenoid encapsulation within the nanoparticles, a calibration
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Published 28 Jul 2025

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

  • Taisei Himeda,
  • Risako Kunitomi,
  • Ryosuke Nabeya,
  • Tamotsu Zako and
  • Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

Graphical Abstract
  • nanoparticles and nanomicelle encapsulation have been used to disperse them in water [2][3][4][5][6][7]. For example, AlClPc has been loaded into nanoemulsions using castor oil and Cremophor ELP® [5]. ZnPc was dispersed in unilamellar liposomes by a solvent exchange method [7][8], and its photocytotoxicity
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Published 11 Jul 2025

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

  • Cristina Parisi,
  • Loredana Ferreri,
  • Tassia J. Martins,
  • Francesca Laneri,
  • Samantha Sollima,
  • Antonina Azzolina,
  • Antonella Cusimano,
  • Nicola D’Antona,
  • Grazia M. L. Consoli and
  • Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

Graphical Abstract
  • specifically target cancer cells overexpressing choline transporters and, after encapsulation of the NOPD 2, stimulate NO release through a green-light-triggered photosensitization process. Results and Discussion Design and synthesis Calix[4]arene 1 integrates four choline moieties at the upper rim of the
  • cytotoxic effect was observed for any of the tested concentrations up to 6.2 μM. The four choline ligands of 1 are arranged on the same side with respect to the mean molecular plane. Their cationic nature is expected to reduce their steric hindrance, avoiding self-encapsulation in the calixarene cavity and
  • absorption of 2 in the region below 350 nm (Figure 4A). The amount of 2 loaded was ca. 40 µM, corresponding to an encapsulation efficiency of ca. 93%. Note that the encapsulation process does not significantly change the hydrodynamic diameter of the supramolecular nanoassembly, which resulted in ca. 150 nm
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Published 03 Jul 2025

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

  • Sabina Lewińska,
  • Pavlo Aleshkevych,
  • Roman Minikayev,
  • Anna Bajorek,
  • Mateusz Dulski,
  • Krystian Prusik,
  • Tomasz Wojciechowski and
  • Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

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Published 02 Jun 2025

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

  • Mazhar Hussain,
  • Muhammad Farooq,
  • Muhammad Asad Saeed,
  • Muhammad Ijaz,
  • Sherjeel Adnan,
  • Zeeshan Masood,
  • Muhammad Waqas,
  • Wafa Ishaq and
  • Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

Graphical Abstract
  • analysis. APT-loaded SLNs were prepared by the precipitation method and characterized by physicochemical studies including particle size and zeta potential measurements, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron
  • encapsulation efficiency The drug content of SLNs formulations ranged from 16.95% ± 0.76% to 96.75% ± 0.24%; the highest APT content was obtained in APT-CD-NP4. The loss of the drug can be attributed to the lyophilization. However, there was no change in color or aggregation observed. Dispersions of lyophilized
  • SLN formulations in distilled water exhibited a homogeneous white color. The encapsulation efficacy of the SLNs formulations was in the range of 25.33% ± 0.89% to 80.55% ± 0.15%. A higher content of β-CD in the formulation enhanced the encapsulated amount of APT. The hydrophobic structure of β-CD
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Published 15 May 2025

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

  • Iqra Zainab,
  • Zohra Naseem,
  • Syeda Rubab Batool,
  • Muhammad Waqas,
  • Ahsan Nazir and
  • Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

Graphical Abstract
  • applications without affecting the structure or bioactivity. The effective encapsulation of STZ was confirmed by FTIR, and the nanofibers showed high cytocompatibility in cell viability tests. STZ was released from nanofibers over 6 h, and its antibacterial activity was demonstrated through the formation of a
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Published 24 Apr 2025

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

  • Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
  • Dylan Maguire and
  • Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Graphical Abstract
  • ) modified with 3-mercaptopropyl amidine and 2-thiolaneimine (Figure 4). This design allowed for stable encapsulation of a LNA-modified gapmer structure with a phosphorothioate linkage backbone targeting the MALAT1 gene. The presence of disulfide cross-links in the micelle core was found to enhance particle
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Published 27 Mar 2025

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

  • Ahmet Baki Sahin,
  • Serdar Karakurt and
  • Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

Graphical Abstract
  • positive charge. A peptide, as a model drug, was loaded onto the nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 58%. The release of the model drug from the delivery system was pH-independent and lasted for 7 days. The periodic acid–Schiff stain assay indicated 69% mucin interaction for the nanoparticles
  • , effective encapsulation, pH-responsive release, and enhanced stability. Eudragit RS 100 is a copolymer of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and a low proportion of methacrylic acid ester with quaternary ammonium groups. It is known for its mucoadhesive properties [16], which are independent of the site
  • adhere to the mucosa. The size of the microspheres, from which the drug was released over a period of 24 h, was in the range of 800–900 µm [26]. Although particulate systems with larger sizes could be advantageous in terms of higher encapsulation efficiency and slower release, they would have a reduced
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Published 13 Mar 2025

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

  • Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
  • Hong Thanh Pham,
  • Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
  • Loan Hong Ngo,
  • Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
  • Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
  • Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
  • Dung Tien Pham,
  • Duong Thuy Hoang,
  • Thuc Dong Nguyen and
  • Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

Graphical Abstract
  • , several methods of berberine encapsulation, berberine carrier materials, and berberine microemulsions have also been studied to improve the bioavailability and clinical applicability of berberine [9][13][14][15][16][17]. Although many studies have evaluated the antibacterial activity of berberine, there
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Published 27 Feb 2025

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

  • Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
  • Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
  • Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
  • Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

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  • layering fibers upon fibers through multiple steps, as shown in Figure 6. The functionality of the overall structure depends on the different properties exhibited by each layer. In bioactive encapsulation and controlled release applications, for example, multilayered membranes can be used to regulate the
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Published 26 Feb 2025

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

  • Jiayuan Zhuang,
  • Linhui Jia,
  • Chenghao Li,
  • Rui Yang,
  • Jiapeng Wang,
  • Wen-an Wang,
  • Heng Zhou and
  • Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

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  • molecule dyes can be modulated by intramolecular rotation or intermolecular interactions [63]. By using nanocarrier encapsulation and self-assembly strategies, the water solubility and stability of organic small molecule dyes can be improved, and photobleaching can be reduced [64]. Materials that undergo
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Published 17 Feb 2025

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

  • Elina E. Mansurova,
  • Andrey A. Maslennikov,
  • Anna P. Lyubina,
  • Alexandra D. Voloshina,
  • Irek R. Nizameev,
  • Marsil K. Kadirov,
  • Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
  • Polina V. Mikshina,
  • Albina Y. Ziganshina and
  • Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

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  • , encapsulation of the antidote, acetylcholine hydrolysis, and antidote release. Keywords: acetylcholine; antidote delivery; artificial cholinesterase; atropine; nanocarrier; resorcinarene; Introduction Cholinergic toxicity results from an excessive quantity of acetylcholine (ACh), causing muscle cramps, nausea
  • disintegrates the nanocarrier, leading to the release of Atr (Scheme 1). This paper discusses the synthesis of the Atr nanocarrier, its physicochemical and biological properties, the encapsulation of Atr into the nanocarrier cavity, ACh hydrolysis, nanocarrier degradation, and Atr release under the ACh action
  • , resulting in the decomposition of the polymer. Fluorescein encapsulation and release under the influence of ACh To verify the degradation of p(Hist-CA) by ACh, fluorescein (Fl) was encapsulated into the nanocarrier cavity. Initially, 5 mg of Fl was dissolved in 15–20 mL of ethanol. Next, 7.3 μL of TO was
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Published 09 Jan 2025

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

  • Ebrahim Sadaqa,
  • Satrialdi,
  • Fransiska Kurniawan and
  • Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

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  • complexes with liposomal components, enhancing both liposome stability and drug encapsulation. To gain deeper insight into the mechanisms underpinning SO’s potential as an endosomal escape agent, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as an indispensable computational tool. These simulations
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Published 30 Dec 2024

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

  • Hugo Felix Perini,
  • Beatriz Sodré Matos,
  • Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
  • Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

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  • advancements nanocarriers have brought to medical sciences, particularly in cancer treatment, several challenges remain for their widespread application. Issues such as cytotoxicity, difficulties in management, encapsulation, and in vivo release pose barriers to the application of nanocarriers [16][17]. In
  • nonpermissive characteristics at the barrier [69]. Polymeric nanoparticles, as well as those based on lipids and inorganic materials, are extensively studied for Alzheimer's disease treatment due to their tissue selectivity, potential circulation time, encapsulation capacity, and, importantly, their ability to
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Published 16 Dec 2024

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

  • Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
  • Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

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  • encapsulation of medical substances. A very important advantage of diaspore mucilages are their antimicrobial properties [105][106][110][111]. Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites, which demonstrate a wide range of structures, from simple molecules to polymeric compounds. They can be produced in
  • production of biofilms, encapsulation, or lubricants with medical application [106][110][111][116][117]. Our findings may also help to design pathogen-resistant lubricating biomaterials with low friction, which can be achieved in rather simply way by adding phenolic substances to the medical hydrogels [98
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Published 13 Dec 2024

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

  • Iqra Rahat,
  • Pooja Yadav,
  • Aditi Singhal,
  • Mohammad Fareed,
  • Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
  • Mohammed Aslam,
  • Raju Balaji,
  • Sonali Patil-Shinde and
  • Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

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  • . We discuss the obstacles in the conventional delivery of phytochemicals, the fundamental architecture of PLHNPs, and the types of PLHNPs, highlighting their ability to improve encapsulation efficiency, stability, and controlled release of the encapsulated phytochemicals. In addition, the surface
  • polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and chitosan (CHS), provides structural integrity, controlled release properties, and protection against premature degradation [14][15]. This hybrid structure improves the encapsulation efficiency of phytochemicals/drugs
  • include their small particle size, high encapsulation efficiency, enhanced stability, and improved dissolution in harsh gastrointestinal (GI) fluids. Following oral administration, PLHNPs demonstrate superior intestinal absorption and bioavailability, attributed to their enhanced stability and dissolution
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Published 22 Nov 2024

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

  • Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
  • Akif E. Türeli,
  • Nazende Günday-Türeli and
  • Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

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  • opportunity to modify the release profile of the drugs, enhance targeting efficiency, and improve nasal permeation during intranasal administration [21][22][23][24]. In general, the encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into mucoadhesive DDSs can mitigate rapid mucociliary clearance [25
  • al. reported the encapsulation of ropinirole hydrochloride (RH), an anti-Parkinson drug, into chitosan-coated PLGA NPs by the nanoprecipitation method to enhance drug delivery through the nasal mucosa. The researchers assessed the mucoadhesive properties by observing the ability of the NPs to adsorb
  • showed higher encapsulation efficiency for the positively charged ghrelin at pH 7.4, indicating that the choice of the anionic/cationic liposomes should be based on the desired application as well as the encapsulated substance. Moreover, a chitosan chloride coating increased mucin adsorption by
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Published 12 Nov 2024
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