Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• assays demonstrated high cell viability for ME at concentrations below 2 mg/mL in RAW 264.7 macrophages and 0.5 mg/mL in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Overall, this work presents a promising nanotechnology-based topical delivery platform for P. setacea seed oil, employing quality by design

• lines relevant to wound healing and topical application: murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Figure 11). According to ISO 10993-13 guidelines, the base ME was considered cytocompatible up to concentrations of 2 mg/mL for RAW cells and 0.5 mg/mL for HUVECs

• . The observed cytotoxicity at higher concentrations is likely due to the increase proportion of surfactants in the formulation. Additionally, under certain experimental conditions, fatty acids may induce lipid peroxidation and trigger pro-inflammatory responses in endothelial cells such as HUVECs

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• endothelial and neuronal cells than that of the negative control LNP without peptide [40]. Notably, these enhancements remained consistent in pLNPs pretreated with serum, indicating that the peptide-conjugated LNPs using DSPE-PEG-maleimide retained targeting ability despite protein corona formation

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• , targeted agents targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor can also overcome the limitations of the high incidence of adverse events in traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy models [19]. However

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• release [152]. In another example of RBC camouflaged particle, amphiphilic copolymer of PLGA-PEI was coated with RBC membrane to transfect endothelial cells with plasmid DNA for EGFR expression [153]. In another approach, CCM-based biomimetic nanomedicine for siRNA delivery has also been reported [154

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• the tumor with leakage permeable to blood flow due to disordered endothelial cell layers. This cellular organization of the vasculature with increased permeability allows increased uptake of nanoparticles by endocytosis and, consequently, increased cytotoxic effect of antineoplastic drugs. Thus, with

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• material was observed to eliminate excessive oxidative stress, promote the growth of H2O2-injured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and facilitate the secretion of endothelial growth factor, which is essential for angiogenesis. The subcutaneous implant model in diabetic rats and the bone tissue

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• MDA-MB-231 (ATCC) were cultured in DMEM medium with 10% FCS (Gibco) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (PS) (Fisher Scientific). The human dermal microvascular endothelial cell line HMEC-1 (ATCC) was cultured in MCDB-131 medium supplemented with 10% FCS (Gibco), 2 mM l-glutamine (Gibco), 10 ng/mL rhEGF

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• endothelial cells are heavily activated during the proliferation stage, which helps in matrix deposition, wound closure, and angiogenesis. In wound healing, the formation of granulation tissue occurs, which is composed of cellular and fibril matrix [42]. Fibroblasts synthesize the fibrillar components

• , myofibroblasts help in wound contraction, and endothelial cells are involved in neo-angiogenesis. The re-epithelization process involves proliferation and migration towards the wound area and fills the wound with granulation tissues. In this matrix, keratinocytes live, move, and proliferate to close the wound

• [43]. Remodeling phase Remodeling is the last phase of wound healing, which ends with the formation of scars and clearance of immune cells from the epidermis. All processes from the previous stages are completed in this phase [44]. When a wound heals, endothelial cells and myofibroblasts leave behind

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• clinical adoption of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and laser therapy [3][4]. Despite these strides, challenges remain in effectively addressing complex ophthalmic issues, particularly in underprivileged areas where high costs associated with precision optical diagnostics and advanced drug

• the AuAg core, work synergistically to eradicate multidrug-resistant bacteria. Additionally, the release of Cu+ ions from the Cu2O shell aids in accelerating endothelial cell angiogenesis and fibroblast migration, thereby enhancing the wound healing process. Clinical assessments, including ophthalmic

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• ], as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which promote extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and angiogenesis, playing a key role in conditions like fibrosis and wound healing [14][17]. The M2 activation state is mediated by the STAT6 pathway via

• shapes like ellipsoids, discoids, and nanorods with higher aspect ratios are more effectively localized close to blood vessel walls, enhancing their internalization into endothelial cells and potentially improving their therapeutic delivery [1]. After systemic administration, NCs tend to accumulate in

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• considered a challenge because of the existence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB, Figure 1), which is composed of several cell types [7]. The BBB is a dynamic and selective interface between the systemic circulation and the brain [8]. The structure of the healthy BBB relies on the endothelial cells and the

• ongoing clinical trials [165]. However, more research is still needed regarding clinical studies and the commercialization of these strategies. Therefore, commercialization and scale-up should be the next steps in the future of N2B delivery research. Structure of the blood–brain barrier. The endothelial

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• removal and or repulsion of these important molecules that control the clotting cascade. The most prominent of the methods are ones that aim to reduce non-specific protein adsorption, increase adhesion resistance, use biomolecules to remove targets of interest, and enhance endothelial cell attachment. One

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• interactions The accumulation of any type of NPs in the liver is generally accomplished because of the central role of the liver itself as a main metabolic and excretory organ in the body. The presence of fenestrations in the layers of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and the absence of the

• hydrophilicity [25]. For instance, the passive liver targeting strategy highly depends on the size of nanocarriers as the endothelial fenestrations of liver sinusoids span approximately 50–200 nm in diameter (Figure 2a). In their study, Hirn and co-workers revealed that 50% of small gold NPs (around 1.4 nm) were

• dynamic endothelial fenestrations to reach HSCs in the perisinusoidal space or even hepatocytes [24][29]. Smaller nanocarriers (10–20 nm) can be taken up rapidly by hepatocytes [32]. Besides the size of the administered nanocarriers, surface properties also play an important role in dictating

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• stimulation of protein kinase A [7]. To which extent this is a general phenomenon is still unknown. In contrast, in endothelial cells caveolae can be seen on both sides of the endothelial cell layer, and caveolae have been reported to be involved in transcytosis across the cell layer [23]. It should, however

• , be noted that some endothelial cell layers have such a short distance between the poles of the cells that alternative mechanisms for transendothelial transport have been suggested [24]. Also, in non-polarized cells the growth conditions may affect the endocytic pathways and the physiology of the

• tissue from blood? The so-called enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect has for many years been stated to be the main mechanism for delivery of NPs from blood into tumors. This effect is explained by the fact that more NPs enter and are retained in tumors due to a leakier endothelial cell layer

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• , respectively (Table 1), which is acceptable for systemic administration. According to a review, these negative charges could reduce kidney excretion. The endothelial glycocalyx layer, glomerular basement membrane, and podocyte glycocalyx layer have negative charges, which filter positive nanoparticles faster

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• significantly contribute to the cellular uptake of ENMOs in multiple cell types, including pancreatic cancer cells (PaCa2), human endothelial cells (HUVEC), and human macrophage cells (U937). The best models have been identified for each cell type and analyzed to detect the structural fingerprints/features

• ENMOs (monocrystalline magnetic nanoparticles having overall size of 38 nm and an average of 60 ligands per nanoparticle, indicating a consistent level of attachment across different preparations) regarding human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (PaCa2), human umbilical vein endothelial cells

• (HUVEC), and the human monocyte lymphoma cell line U937 [34]. PaCa2 cells are derived from a human pancreatic tumor and are adherent and epithelial in nature, providing insights into the uptake and behavior of nanoparticles in pancreatic cancer. HUVEC cells are endothelial cells derived from the vein of

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• suppressor gene [14]. Curcumin can also curtail HCC angiogenesis by decreasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) [15]. Furthermore, CUR has the potential to inhibit HCC by reducing the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and interfering with angiogenesis by

• downregulating the expression of VEGFs and the endothelial cell adhesion molecule CD31 [16]. However, disadvantages of CUR include its poor stability, rapid metabolism, and low solubility, which limits its application [17][18][19][20]. To address the aforementioned challenges, intelligent delivery systems have

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• size on the probability to cross the BBB by using the endothelial brain cell method. The results indicated that the intracellular uptake of NPs strongly depends on the NP size. This characteristic has a direct impact on biomedical applications. When NPs serve as carriers for drug delivery through

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• into targeted nanovesicles, its anti-inflammatory activity may be amplified towards extra-osseous and noncalcified target cells, such as severely irritated vascular endothelium. Here cytotoxicity, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP content, and membrane fluidity of human endothelial venous cells

• basal compartments. The endocytosis of nanoARC-Chol(ALN), was observed to partly reduce the endothelial-mesenchymal transition of HUVECs. Besides, while 10 mg/mL dexamethasone, 7.6 mM free ALN and ALN-loaded liposomes failed, 50 μg/mL TL + 2.5 μg/mL ALN (i.e., nanoARC-Chol(ALN)) reduced the IL-6 and IL

• , not only surpassing that of free ALN but also that of dexamethasone. Keywords: alendronate; archaeolipids; endothelial; inflammation; Introduction Many acute lethal events and chronic inflammatory diseases are mediated by initial or consequential damage to the vascular endothelium. Endothelial

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• vascular endothelial cells are at low frequency, and that the trans-endothelial pathways are the dominant mechanisms for nanoparticle extravasation in tumors (also called enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect) [37]. Since the skin has a denser structure than that of tumor vessels, we speculated

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• likewise negatively charged. Another element influencing NP elimination is glomerular filtration. However, endothelial cell surfaces are negatively charged [35], therefore less NPs will be excreted through the kidneys. In regard to extending the half-life of NPs in the bloodstream, the stealth surface of

• endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors [38][39]. The folate receptor was selected as a targeting modality in our investigation. The findings of the uptake assays (Figure 3), fluorescent assay (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2) and the cytotoxicity testing (Figure 4) revealed that F127-folate@NP

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• active targeting via the functionalization of ligands, such as antibodies or proteins, that interact with receptors overexpressed at the target site [5][6]. However, the movement of NPs is hampered by biological barriers such as endothelial, cellular, skin, and mucosal barriers, which obstruct their

• , JAK2/STAT3 pathway) [25][26][27][28], and proangiogenic factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet derived growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor) [29][30]. Further, overexpression of cancer receptors, such as estrogen

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• considered one of the best materials with anticancer properties. Most of the administered NPs that end up in the bloodstream interact with the endothelial layer. The interaction of the NPs with the endothelium widens the existing gaps or induces new ones in the monolayer of vascular endothelial cells, thus

• increasing the access to the target sites in the organism. This type of interaction can lead to NP-modulated endothelial leakiness (NanoEL). The most important factors determining NanoEL are the physicochemical properties of the NPs. NP-modulated endothelial leakiness can lead to the discovery of new

• bidirectional vascular permeability, which may contribute to the formation of cancer metastases. In this review we are focusing on the effect of metal and polymeric NPs on mechanism and degree of induction of NanoEL, as well as on the benefits and risks of using NPs that induce endothelial leakiness. Keywords

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• impact on the discovery of novel therapies based on specific histological types and molecular signatures of cancer. Molecularly targeted therapies that have been developed for a subgroup of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutations firmly

• the Ras-Raf-Erk pathway, promoting angiogenesis via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling [29][30][31]. According to preclinical data, a combination therapy consisting of erlotinib and cisplatin targets angiogenesis and manifests synergistic and

• targeted delivery may bring improvements in the efficacy of anticancer drugs and may aid in elucidating the beneficial synergistic combinations regarding lung cancer subtype treatment. Nanomedicines have the potential for (i) multivalent targeting and co-delivery of agents to endothelial cells, tumor

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• addressing cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecules (ALCAMs) also belong to this family of adhesion receptors and are important in leukocyte trafficking events [10]. These proteins serve as ligands for integrins on the endothelial cells. IgSF molecules are divided

• , RGE, IKVAV, and YIGSR sequences at their N-terminal end. Cell culture analysis using primary cells (fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial, and Schwann cells) revealed that these peptide tags had a clear positive impact on early cell attachment and spreading (Figure 3B). Especially, adhesion and

• , endothelial, and human mesenchymal stem cells). It could be shown that all RGD peptides enhanced the adhesiveness of these spider silk surfaces, but the disulfide-bridged, fibronectin-derived integrin-binding RGD peptide showed the highest impact on cell adhesion [151]. RGD-modified FN-4Rep-CT silk could also