Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• bacterial cell wall and cell disruption when the NCs enter into the cell [39]. Thus, induction of apoptosis in bacterial cells occurs, resulting in an inevitable antibacterial mechanism of action. The data shows that the synthesized NCs in the study can be used as an antimicrobial agent in various

• radicals by donating electrons, thereby stabilizing these reactive species and mitigating potential cellular damage. The primary mechanism of action for the synthesized nanoparticles in this study is likely to involve electron donation to the DPPH radical [50]. Consistent with the DPPH results, the FRAP

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• , volatility, and skin permeation of the active compounds, prolonging the repellent effect due to the controlled release of these compounds [151][152]. The mechanism of action may involve interference with the olfactory system of the mosquitoes, masking host signals and disrupting orientation behavior [147

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• and in vivo investigations to confirm its efficacy, tissue distribution, and mechanism of action. Experimental Material ʟ-α-Phosphatidylcholine (95%) (Avanti Polar lipids, United States); polaxamer 407 (Sigma-Aldrich, Brazil); glycerin (Vetec, Brazil); phytol (97%), mixture of isomers (Sigma-Aldrich

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• cells, slow down tumor growth and metastasis, and had no obvious toxicity to human normal esophageal epithelial cells. Cluster analysis showed that the mechanism of action of peptide 58 may be closely related to the inhibition of ESCC cell metabolism. However, pharmacokinetic data on peptide 58 remain

• azithromycin, but its effect in vivo is inferior. It is expected that ZY3A can be applied to clinical practice through optimizing drug administration strategies, such as combination of antibiotics and improvement of the aptamer structure. The mechanism of action of ZY3A may be to inhibit NF-κB pathway and MMP2

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• considered as fully innovative, that is, no cross-resistance, new chemical class, new target, and new mechanism of action. Furthermore, just four of them are active against at least one pathogen of the top risk category [12]. The urgent need for novel antibiotics has led researchers to consider repurposing

• antimicrobial agents since they usually exhibit superior antimicrobial activity compared to silver(I) alone [100]. The mechanism of action of most silver complexes is based on a slow release of the silver(I) ions, which react with the thiol groups of proteins or with key functional groups of enzymes; the

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• . The use of STZ in animals causes conditions similar to that of some humans with type-1 diabetes without glycemic control. STZ has been shown to significantly increase blood glucose levels in Wistar rats. STZ’s mechanism of action alters the DNA base sequences of pancreatic islet β-cells and stimulates

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• mechanism of action remains unclear. The BEPh, BEOx, A-BEPh, A-BEOx, A-BEPhP, and A-BEOxP samples did not exhibit minimum inhibitory activity against the other studied bacterial strain Bacillus cereus. These results highlight the selectivity of the studied samples (A-BEPh, A-BEPhP, A-BEOx, and A-BEOxP) in

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• , unlike their complexes. All agents exert a hypolipidemic effect by lowering LDL, despite maintaining the synthetic functions of the liver. Fe3O4 NPs increase the activity of GPO, which is associated with their peroxidase-like properties. A multifaceted and diverse mechanism of action of all studied

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• nanoparticles via green synthesis and their larvicidal activity against A. aegypti, some challenges still persist. Aspects such as the mechanism of action of AgNPs in the different stages of A. aegypti, resistance of mosquitoes to larvicides, and the long-term effects of NPs on non-target organisms still need

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• drug doxorubicin (DOX) has been used in the present study. It is a known antitumor antibiotic of the anthracycline series, which has been approved as anticancer drug in 1974. It has antimitotic and antiproliferative effects. The mechanism of action is interaction with DNA, the formation of free

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• are mostly designed to serve as chemotherapy agents for breast cancer. Thus, it is possible to assume that several drugs share a common mechanism of action and, subsequently, a common protein target, such as CXCR7. For instance, gemcitabine, shown in Figure 2, shares the pocket within CXCR7 with

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• hydrophobicity and nanostructuring [128][129]. Kang et al. [130] suggested that the main mechanism of action is cell disruption due to the mechanical effect of CNTs themselves via surface polarity changes. Rodrigues et al. [131] dwelled more deeply into CNT coatings and found a correlation between the exopolymer

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• metal-based nanoantioxidants of each type are described focusing on the mechanism of action, antioxidant activities, and individual properties. Second, the application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare is carefully discussed in order to demonstrate the potential of

• antioxidant appearing in low-density lipoprotein and human blood plasma contributing to the decrease of oxidative stress. Its mechanism of action relies on the ability to transfer the phenolic H atom to a peroxyl radical (ROO•) much more rapidly than the propagation reactions [50][51][52][53]. Despite the

• on the mechanism of action, metal-based nanoantioxidants can be divided into two main types, namely (1) preventive metal-based nanoantioxidants and (2) chain-breaking metal-based nanoantioxidants. Preventive metal-based nanoantioxidants can interfere with the initiation of oxidative reactions, while

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• Leishmania spp. Although its mechanism of action has not yet been fully elucidated, its leishmanicidal potential may be associated with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, it has limitations that compromise its clinical use. Conversely, nanotechnology has been used as a tool for

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• mechanism by which the nanoemulsion could reduce the worm burden is its antimicrobial activity, connecting changes in microbiota with the response to parasites. However, the mechanism of action of carvacrol remains unknown [67]. Repositioned drugs Works utilizing compounds repositioned from other diseases

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• cytokines known to increase endothelial permeability. Moreover, modulators that stimulate endothelial permeability include thrombin, angiopoietins (Ang1, Ang2), bacterial endotoxin (LPS), and VEGF (vascular permeability factor). The main mechanism of action of the above modulators is based primarily on the

• unheard of in a tumor-dependent EPR effect. The extracellular NP mechanism of action for NPs including Ag, Au, Si, TiO2, and SiO2 was also confirmed in other studies, which indicated that it is the most likely method of NanoEL induction. Endothelial leakiness induced by nanomaterials is a direct mechanism

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• breast cancer involving factors crucial for their mechanism of action are reported across the literature [66][67]. This suggests that such acquired resistance might also become a common problem in advanced NSCLC treatment [68]. Some of the potential factors of resistance, such as poor internalization

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• microneedle coating are depicted in Figure 3 [171]. 3 An overview of microneedle systems for ocular drug delivery Considering the construction and the mechanism of action, four types of MNs used to deliver a drug to the eye can be distinguished in the scientific literature: (i) Solid MNs, used mostly for

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• remain one of the most common treatment options. Each specific compound will have a particular mechanism of action (alkylating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors), but they all mainly target rapidly dividing cells. However, most tend to be non-specific, thus, they are distributed indiscriminately to all

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• methods, advantages and disadvantages, mechanism of action, and recent relevant researches. Finally, the clinical trials on US-responsive nanomaterials are presented and discussed. A summary on the content of this review can be found in Figure 1. Mechanisms of action of ultrasound-induced drug release The

• generation are recognized as the mechanism of action of US-responsive nanomaterials. These nanomaterials can act through at least one of the mechanisms. Cargo release, drug activation, cell damage, and enhanced cargo penetration, in addition to contrast enhancement, are the clinically practical consequences

• nanomaterials, different in nature, have been applied as US-responsive nanomaterials. The nature of the nanomaterials determines their response to US waves and subsequently defines their further applications. In other words, the mechanism of action of US-responsive nanomaterials mostly depends on their

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• prominent {111} facets. In addition to prioritizing the characterization we have also discussed the importance of quantifying AgNPs and silver ion content (Ag+) and their different mechanisms at the chemical, biological, pharmacological, and toxicological levels. The mechanism of action of AgNPs against

• studies of this promising agent in nanomedicine and in clinical practice. Keywords: bactericidal agent; {111} facets; mechanism of action; silver ion; silver nanoparticles; quality control; virucidal agent; Review Introduction Silver is one of the oldest bactericidal agents in history and is also

• ]. Conclusion The remarkable biological properties of AgNPs as antiviral and antibacterial agents draw the attention to the development of new products in the healthcare sector. The mechanism of action of AgNPs against bacteria and viruses has been analyzed and that knowledge will help in a better understanding

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• probe the mechanism involved in NP uptake, various inhibitors of endocytosis with a different mechanism of action are frequently used [49]. CPZ causes a loss of clathrin from the cell surface by inhibiting the function of adaptor protein 2 (AP2), one of the key adaptor proteins in clathrin-mediated

Cu₂O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

• Juan Rizo,
• David Díaz,
• Benito Reyes-Trejo and
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

• . Keywords: copper(I) oxide (Cu2O); Cu2O nanoparticles; degradation; methyl parathion; surface basicity; Introduction Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are one of many kinds of pesticides that have attracted some attention mainly due to their neurotoxic effect [1][2][3]. The primary mechanism of action of

Examination of the relationship between viscoelastic properties and the invasion of ovarian cancer cells by atomic force microscopy

• Mengdan Chen,
• Jinshu Zeng,
• Weiwei Ruan,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Shusen Xie,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 568–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.45

• ]. These results were discussed in relation to the underlying mechanical mechanism of action in cancer cells [54]. The average viscosity values of HOSEpiC, OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells treated with 0.25 μM Ech for 3 h were 24.11 ± 1.81 Pa·s, 13.89 ± 1.03 Pa·s and 16.73 ± 0.89 Pa·s, respectively (Figure 4