Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results confirmed silver, copper, and zinc contents of around 1.0–1.5 atom % [4]. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis performed on the functionalized fabrics in the present work confirmed the presence of silver (1.3 wt %), as well as

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• permittivity that is always positive, and a metal, which has a negative real part of the permittivity below the plasma frequency. The properties of the new material depend on the constituting materials and the geometry of the design. The property of this type of materials we are interested in for this work is

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• physicochemical parameters, the surface charge is essential for determining nanocarrier interactions with biological membranes, cellular uptake, and biodistribution [17]. With a positive charge, the nanocarrier tends to be absorbed by high plasma proteins and cleared faster from the bloodstream. In contrast

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• lipid structure of NLs, leading to AC leakage, while plasma protein adsorption may cause particle aggregation [7]. In this sense, the presence of proteins in the tissue environment can alter cellular uptake of both cationic and anionic carriers [8]. In short, our understanding of how nanodelivery

• biological media, and thereby enhancing colloidal stability and circulation time. The PEG2000 chains, with a molecular weight of approximately 2 kDa, are of sufficient length to adopt a brush-like conformation when incorporated in a higher molar ratio, limiting access of plasma proteins to the lipid surface

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• structural and functional integrity of the bioactive compounds. 3.5 Stability of nanoparticles in serum Assessing colloidal stability in bovine serum is a critical parameter for inferring the in vivo behavior of nanostructured systems, as the presence of plasma proteins can induce adsorption on the particle

• the surface. This effect is consistent with the literature describing immunoliposomes as more susceptible to interactions with plasma proteins due to the presence of exposed protein domains [71]. The incorporation of 5-FU and R-PE did not promote instability, although small changes in zeta potential

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• were plasma-cleaned in a Diener electronic Tetra 30 system at a N2 pressure of 50 Pa for 20 min. Immediately after plasma cleaning, the substrates were loaded in the NP deposition chamber. The NP deposition experiments were conducted using DC magnetron sputter inert gas condensation in a Moorfield

• /substrate interface [43] might be possible reasons. In addition, since Si(100) substrates are naturally covered by a thin native SiO2 layer under ambient conditions and may form a mixed SiOxNy surface after N2 plasma cleaning, local modification of this oxide or oxynitride layer by NP impact, such as

• partial penetration, removal, or reduction cannot be excluded. We did not detect changes in the roughness between pristine and plasma-treated surfaces (RMS < 0.2 nm at 5 × 5 µm area) that would contribute to a change in friction. Interfacial redox reactions between the copper NP and the wafer surface

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• isolation process [2][12]. Quality control measures in the industry include the analysis of VB12 concentrations in serum extracted from blood plasma, pharmaceutical products such as tablets and injections, and fermentation-derived products [13]. The most common techniques to determine the VB12 content in

• different food and pharma formulations include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [14], HPLC coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [15], and a diode array detector [16], atomic absorption spectroscopy [17], surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [18][19], capillary

• ) [58][59]. Accordingly, MeCbl emerges as the prevalent form of VB12 in plasma, while AdoCbl is dominant across all tissues [47][60]. MeCbl plays a crucial role in the remethylation of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine, a process catalyzed by methionine synthase. In this reaction, 5

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• -propanol, and absolute ethanol and then dried with a nitrogen stream. Oxygen plasma etching (Diener, DE) was carried out for 8 min with 300 W of nominal power (100%), at millibars of oxygen pressure, which creates an OH-terminated layer of hydrophilic silicon oxide. For the hydrophilic functionalization

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• premature degradation. Although such high hydrophobicity may limit direct cell interactions, it can be controllably modulated through surface modifications, such as plasma treatment [80], photopolymerization [81], or chemical grafting [82]. These approaches introduce polar functional groups and tune

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• shown below. However, obtaining the information on spatial and temporal evolution of transient laser-induced plasma represents a challenge due to the short plasma lifetime. 1.1 Plasma formation and propagation In a widely accepted mechanism of PLAL, the formation of NPs occurs via two major processes

• : thermal evaporation and explosive ejection [1]. According to the thermal evaporation mechanism, the action of a laser beam on the surface of a solid target initiates the absorption of the laser pulse energy. This results in initiation of melting and ionization with the formation of a plasma plume near the

• , and focusing conditions. The processes occurring during plasma stage are extensively investigated and simulated (Figure 1b) [5][6]. According to the described mechanism, the induction of nonspherical shapes is possible by either variation of the conditions of plasma propagation and expansion or by

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• with thiol-containing plasma proteins and trigger the alternative complement pathway [57]. Therefore, quenching free maleimide groups with cysteine will be required but with added complexity in processing [59]. In addition to these functionalized PEG lipids for click conjugation, trans-cycloctene (TCO

• intramuscular injections of firefly luciferase or erythropoietin (EPO) mRNA within pSar-LNPs or PEG-LNPs. In ALC-0315 formulations, pSar-LNPs achieved over fivefold higher luminescence and significantly elevated EPO levels in muscle tissue and plasma compared to PEG-LNPs. While SM-102 formulations showed

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• convenient to express this equation in a dimensionless form. We normalize the time to the inverse of a reference plasma frequency, , where , and normalize the current to a reference critical current . This yields: In this normalized equation, the dots above the phases indicate differentiation over time with

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• nanoscale size, lipid fusion with membrane components, or disruption of the plasma membrane structure [48][49]. However, several studies have also highlighted the remarkable potential of nanoemulsions against intracellular amastigote forms. In addition to enhancing cutaneous penetration, nanoemulsions also

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• scavenger receptors) on phagocytic cells. These particles are internalized through the plasma membrane, forming a cup-shaped invagination that develops into phagosomes. These phagosomes subsequently fuse with lysosomes, where the contents undergo acidic degradation [78][79]. Internalization of PNs by

• coated pits along the plasma membrane. These pits undergo disassembly via dynamin, leading to the formation of vesicles that are transported to endosomes for subsequent degradation. NPs smaller than 200 nm with a positive surface charge, as well as growth factors and transferrin, are internalized through

• . The pharmacokinetic profile revealed IFNα bioavailability in plasma similar to that observed with subcutaneous administration. This study was a continuation of the research by Cánepa et al. [134], which demonstrated the stability of these formulations in the gastrointestinal tract, showing that

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• characterized by two free functional groups responsible for drug binding, while a semiconductor shell helps reduce toxicity [106]. Quantum dot nanoparticle synthesis processes involve colloidal and plasma systems, which allow for the utilization of bioactive compounds such as fructose, chitosan, citric acid

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• ), or a pair of JJs forming an interferometer-like circuit, so the spectrum is no longer equidistant. In the case where the JJ pair is used, the characteristic (plasma) frequency of the transmon can be quickly adjusted in 10–20 ns in the range of 1 GHz by an external magnetic field [35]. In practice

• , taking into account the nonlinearity [6]: where -EC/12 is the nonlinearity parameter and is the plasma frequency of the transmon. The first term in the Hamiltonian describes a free linear evolution of the photon operators, characterized by their oscillations in time in the Heisenberg representation. The

• coupling strength can be estimated as: and it will vary depending on the external magnetic flux (EJ(Φext) and ωp/2π(Φext)). Here, Zvac ≈ 377 Ω and Z0 = 50 Ω. Taking this expression into account, at a typical plasma transmon frequency of ωp/2π = 5–6 GHz, the coupling strength will be g/2π ≈ 1.2 GHz, and

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• such as repeated stacking of SiOx/SiNx layers via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition or high-density conformal coatings using atomic layer deposition (ALD) (Figure 2e) [88]. Notably, both SiO2 and Si3N4 are bioresorbable materials [23][88][89][90], and efforts have been made to adopt these

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• -uniform energy distribution, which will affect plasma generation and confinement, the hydrodynamic trajectory of the ejected target material and pressure relaxation, as well as plasma and cavitation bubble propagation and temporal evolution. In the case of a Bessel beam, the focusing with an axicon

• provides longer depth of focus with a sharp central intensity, which is surrounded by concentric rings. In the case of annular beam ablation, the characteristic feature is the formation of a stagnation layer at the center of the plasma normal to the target, which results in a plasma jet near the target

• surface [27] with different plasma parameters than in the plasma generated by a Gaussian beam. A change of the incident beam pattern will change the temperature and pressure inside cavitation bubbles (CBs) and influence CB oscillations. Furthermore, pressure variations at the target interface would be

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• temperature and normal atmospheric pressure [34]. A laser fragmentation mechanism was proposed, based on the interaction between the laser and the nanospheres, which generates plasma (Figure 7e). Most LIL processes can be classified as either fragmentation or melting, depending on the type of final product

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• plasma membrane by N-terminal myristoylation as an oxidoreductase. Then, it reduces ubiquinone (CoQ10), another byproduct of MVA metabolism, to the lipophilic free radical scavenger panthenol (CoQ10H2). This process helps to prevent the buildup of lipid ROS in the membrane in the absence of GPX4 because

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• 2000 nm, reaching a peak at approximately 13 µm, and subsequently decreases. This distinctive correlation underscores the role of plasma material reorganizational effects in LIPSS formation at higher wavelengths, presenting a new experimental observation to the existing literature. The findings enhance

• or understand the underlying mechanisms. In pursuit of this understanding, we monitored the formation of plasma and the depth of laser penetration inside the material for all wavelengths of femtosecond laser irradiations. According to the plasmonic model, when the radiation is incident at a normal

• plasma volume. However, under femtosecond laser processing, the material response depends on specific properties of the material, such as plasma formation, nonlinear absorption, and multiphoton ionization. In such a high-intensity regime, the optical constant of the material becomes dynamically dependent

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• specific inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate metabolic pathway [58]. The use of statins, drugs that lower plasma lipoprotein levels, has been shown to reduce the risk of certain types of cancer [59][60]. 1.2.1 Low-density lipoprotein

• –protein binding in vivo, nanoparticles can adsorb plasma proteins at their surface in blood circulation and form a corona, which can alter their biodistribution, cell uptake, and intracellular degradation [90]. Thus, as the protein corona increases, albumin proteins affect nanoparticle fate in vivo. As

• albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood, precoating with albumin has been shown to prevent adsorption of other plasma proteins and degradation of nanoparticles in vivo [91][92]. 1.3.4 Ovalbumin. Ovalbumin (OVA) is a major component of egg white and a readily available protein for drug delivery

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• lattice [20]. In addition, the synthesis of the CrMnFeCoNi system by arc-discharge plasma method also lead to the formation of fcc HEA NPs [7]. The addition of Al to the high-entropy alloy system was shown to stabilize a bcc-type structure in the synthesized HEA NPs [14][30], while amorphous FeCoNiCrMox

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• experimental platform to explore strong light–matter interactions. Structural dynamics in liquids For laser-based materials processing in liquids, including techniques of LAL, LFL, and LML, a key challenge lies in managing the intricate interplay between laser energy deposition, plasma generation, and the