Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• identify if the increase in the maximum height of single particles was merely driven by the adsorption of water layers on top of the dimannose residues or by other mechanisms such as swelling, that is, the incorporation of water into the NP shell. As in the previously introduced cases, the particles

• ~1.5 nm (Figure 4). Hence, we propose a 100% thickness increase due to water adsorption or absorption, that is, the water can be adsorbed in a layer or absorbed among the various dimannoside groups. The latter case would correspond to a “swelling” of the AuNP coating, which is agreement with

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• cases, allergic reactions, which may include hives, difficulty breathing, and swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat. The severity of the side effects may vary depending on the dose, duration of treatment, and individual patient factors; and so, can be managed with supportive care and medications

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• of the cement spot. The inclusions of the heterogeneous granules disperse in this matrix to form dense granules and hollow spheroid structures. Among these, the largest spheroids (with diameters exceeding the size of a cement gland secretory granule) appear to originate from a remarkable swelling of

• the inclusions of the heterogeneous granules occurring through a still unknown process. This swelling was also suggested in P. californica based on the similar bright appearance of heterogeneous granule inclusions and spheroid cortex under scanning electron microscopy using backscattered electrons, as

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• . Release from nanospheres is generally governed by a combination of polymer degradation and drug diffusion through the matrix. Additionally, when hydrophilic polymers are employed, swelling-induced release becomes relevant, wherein polymer chain relaxation significantly influences the diffusion rate and

• unique spatial attributes, with monomeric structures and functional groups, hydrophobic or hydrophilic, that determine its properties [60]. The nature of monomers correlates with polymer crystallinity, which, in turn, defines mechanical strength, swelling, hydrolysis, and biodegradation rates

• triggers hydrolysis, producing acids that catalyze degradation, thus enlarging the pores, a phenomenon known as swelling, which is particularly relevant in systems based on hydrophilic polymers. The mobility of the polymer chains, which is influenced by their Tg (decreasing as the polymer molecular weight

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• investigated. Using gravimetric water uptake measurements, synchrotron radiation-based nano-holotomography, and digital volume correlation analysis, inter- and intra-tissue variations of hygroscopic swelling/shrinkage were observed. In addition, the moisture content of pine cone scale tissues was measured as a

• representing the deformation from one state to the other. Using this displacement field allows for the calculation of a strain tensor field, which describes the axis-dependent hygroscopic expansion [29]. Incorporating the anisotropic swelling and shrinkage behavior into in silico models of the pine cone scale

• based on the “trilayer with fibers” model showed the highest impact on bending for the z-axial hygroscopic expansion coefficient of the sclereid layer. More detailed results can be found in Table S1, Supporting Information File 2. Discussion Our analysis of axis-dependent swelling and shrinkage revealed

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• suppressions of ear edema, pruritus, high IgE levels, epidermal swelling, and mast cell infiltration in Balb/c mouse model [62]. Temperature- and pH-responsive hydrogels loaded with gallic acid were developed using a combination of biocompatible polymers: Pluronic F-127, N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan, and

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• dissolution mechanism is mainly governed by simple diffusion, without significant swelling or erosion of the polymeric matrix [8], which is commonly observed in hydrophilic polymeric systems, as those produced by P407 [24]. In this context, the drug molecules diffuse through the micellar network driven by

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• membrane tension and rigidity are two intertwined physical parameters with a dynamic behavior dictated by the internal turgor pressure of the bacteria during swelling or plasmolysis. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of their mechanical response due to changes in external conditions or exposure to

• hypotonic and hypertonic solutions yielded mean values for the maximum penetration depths (δmax) of about 52 and 92 nm, respectively. In contrast, for PBS, an intermediate value was obtained. Considering the above information regarding the states of swelling or plasmolysis, our results for the stiffening

• within the first 150 ms following dilution, which should not only decelerate swelling but also return membrane tension below a threshold value during cell equilibration [14]. On the other hand, our reported values for Young’s modulus seem to capture the combined features in the force curve, meaning the

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• swelling, degradability, self-repairing ability, and reworkability. It is anticipated that this will contribute to a number of research fields, including polymer degradation and recycling, the extension of the lifespan of polymer materials, the development of adhesive polymers for specific applications

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• increasing the swelling of the polymer [22]. In the dissolution medium, pores are formed in the polymeric membrane that determine the release of the drug through osmotic pressure difference [16]. Statistical analysis The drug release from the formulated SLNs was analyzed statistically using ANOVA, followed

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• pathological conditions. In addition, cell edema (B) was found, characterized by swelling of the hepatocytes due to excessive accumulation of intracellular fluid. This alteration may be associated with dysfunctions in the permeability of the plasma membrane, leading to an osmotic imbalance, which favors fluid

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• of the mucoid surface [17]. Eudragit RS100 polymer has been used for several applications aimed at different sites of the body such as skin [18], intestinal [16], intranasal [19], or ocular [20] drug delivery. This broad range of application sites is possible because pH-independent swelling of the

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• process [198][199][200][201]. In one study, multilayered nanofibrous patches consisting of PCL nanofibers, chitosan/PVA nanofibers, and chamomile were successfully prepared. The results demonstrated that these multilayered nanofibrous mats exhibited comparable mechanical and swelling properties, along

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• effect in MMMs in general and can occur as a type of physical aging of the MMM [119]. This effect typically impacts the entire polymer matrix of the MMM. It may result from the infiltration of many instigating particles, causing swelling of the porous sites in the polymer matrix, as shown in Figure 6f

• plasticization reduce CO2 selectivity. However, swelling plasticization increases permeability, while equilibration plasticization decreases it [119][124][125]. MOFs within the membrane matrix mitigate this issue compared to pristine organic polymer membranes. Nevertheless, dedicated strategies such as polymer

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• for their potential as antibacterial hybrid pigments. The bentonite clay modified with niobium was prepared by a solution containing swelling clay mixed with niobium oxide (NbOx) and niobium phosphate (NbPh) in a water solution; after that, the suspension was calcinated. X-ray diffractometry, X-ray

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• , induced M1 apoptosis, and facilitated M1 to M2 polarization. In murine models of collagen-induced arthritis, FA-AgNPs significantly reduced joint swelling, improved cartilage integrity, and outperformed standard treatments like methotrexate [67]. Stabilizing macrophage polarization for long-lasting

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• data, under operating conditions, HDCMs are susceptible to risks such as radiation-induced vacancy saturation (the accumulation of vacancy-type defects), swelling (an increase in linear dimensions and volume upon irradiation), damage, amorphization (crystal-to-glass transition), and other phase

• can be amorphized at an irradiation dose of 0.9 dpa, whereas bulk zirconia remains stable with respect to amorphization up to 680 dpa [5]. Additionally, experimental data indicate that materials containing coherent-to-the-matrix dispersed particles may experience reduced swelling under irradiation

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• limited insights as some factors, such as injection position and the effect of the mucus layer, were not considered [84]. The study also highlighted that the chitosan coating favored the penetration in the mucosa. This was attributed to the swelling of chitosan at the pH value of the healthy nose and the

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• dissociation products of water molecules and thus could be actively involved in the SiO2 removal process. Our results, showing topographical changes in SiO2 are partially consistent with former studies reported by Steven Kalceff et al. [24] of either swelling or deswelling of a silica substrate upon electron

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• porous structure is capable of swelling and thus accommodating large amounts of ionic liquids. Moreover, the swollen hydrogel structure provides constant access of electrolyte molecules/ions to the catalyst particles, increasing the speed and efficiency of the electrochemical reaction [20]. The swelling

• large as possible. The porous microstructure of the hydrogel matrix is capable of swelling and thus accommodating significant amounts of ionic liquids. Such a structure provides constant access of the electrolyte molecules/ions to the catalyst particles surrounding it, increasing the speed and

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• high impact of performing the measurement in air or in water, resulting in lower values using water due to swelling and/or softening effects. The knowledge about the influence of measurement conditions on the absolute elastic value is still limited. Temperature is an important factor in the context of

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• ) myelin-like figures (Figure 5A, arrowhead), and (4) mitochondrial swelling (Figure 5C, star). Furthermore, in the intracellular amastigotes, there are membrane-bound compartments containing SPION aggregates and parasitophorous vacuoles containing cellular debris and dead amastigotes (Figure 5D, triangle

• ) intense intracellular vacuolization, (3) mitochondrial swelling, (4) myelin-like figures, and (5) cell death. The observed ultrastructural effects corroborate the significant antiproliferative effect found and give indications of the possible mechanisms of action of these nanoparticles, which may be

• ultrastructural changes were observed in intracellular amastigotes: (1) many lipid bodies (A–C, thin arrows), (2) increased secretion of extracellular vesicles (A–C, broad arrows), (3) intracellular vacuolization (A–C, arrows), (4) myelin-like figures (A, arrowhead), (5) mitochondrial swelling (C, star), and (6

Carbon nanotube-cellulose ink for rapid solvent identification

• Tiago Amarante,
• Thiago H. R. Cunha,
• Claudio Laudares,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Ana Carolina dos Santos,
• Cíntia L. Pereira,
• Vinicius Ornelas,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• André S. Ferlauto and
• Rodrigo G. Lacerda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 535–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.44

• sensor based on a carbon nanotube–cellulose ink that proves to be highly sensitive to various solvents and water with different impurity levels and can detect glycerin in water down to the 10–100 ppm range. We provide insights into the liquid detection mechanism, combining the well-known swelling

• ) and a decrease in current (pink part). The absorbed liquid makes the material swell while it simultaneously absorbs heat and evaporates (blue part). At a certain point, the evaporation leads to the drying of the composite, reversing the swelling process. This leads to a decrease in gain until it

• ) with physicochemical properties of the organic solvents (vapor pressure and dielectric constant) [63][64]. Guided by previous studies that show the electrical response is due to the swelling of CPCs [25][56][57], we found that the maximum value in the Gain curve (max) is proportional to the dielectric

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• buoyancy due to their superior water resistance and antifouling properties. Due to the microporous nature of the polymer foams, after 10 min of swelling in water, the water could eventually be transported from the bottom to the surface through the foam’s interconnected pathways. These polymer evaporators