Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• group of H. Y. Yang [62]. The composite was prepared from KMnO4 and CNOs in different weight ratios in deionized water by heating in an autoclave. The formed CNO–MnO2 composite was then implemented in an asymmetric pseudocapacitor with the CNO–MnO2 composite as working electrode and nickel foam as

• counter electrode. The capacitance of pure MnO2 (40 F·g−1) could be increased by the incorporation of CNO up to 177.5 F·g−1. In addition, the authors report an excellent cycling stability with 99–101% retention of the specific capacitance after 1000 cycles. Lithium-Ion batteries: Carbon nanotubes are

• combination with Co3O4 [64] and MnO2 [65] as electrode material. In the earlier study, the CNO-containing anode material was prepared by a solvo-thermal method from cobalt acetate and CNOs and the authors found that the novel composite material showed improved electrochemical properties, compared to pristine

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• ]. Replacing the cathode catalyst with Pd3Au/CNT increased the power density to 185 mW/cm2 [77]. A thermally stable PBI membrane doped with 2 M KOH was used as AEM in a direct ethanol LFC to expand the operational temperature range [78]. The cell, equipped with a 45% PtRu anode catalyst and a 40% MnO2/C

• /MnO2/nanolamella-graphene sheets showed an activity that was about six times higher than that of a traditional Pd/C catalyst [139]. Although the peak power density for supported Pd-based catalysts is lower than for Pd black, the palladium utilization and specific power density (mW per mass unit) are

• hydroxide and PTFE-bonded Pt black supported on graphite electrodes, combined with an air cathode, demonstrated power densities of 50 mW/cm2 at 0.5 V at 120 °C [148]. A fuel cell with a Cr-decorated Ni anode, a MnO2/C cathode, and an Amberlite–based membrane using 35% ammonia solution showed a peak power

Magnesium batteries: Current state of the art, issues and future perspectives

• Rana Mohtadi and
• Fuminori Mizuno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1291–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.143