Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• -positive CRC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes co-encapsulating 5-FU and R-PE. Thus, liposomes containing 25 mg or 50 mg of soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), diesterolphosphatidylcholine (DSPC

• , the HSPC 50 formulation containing R-PE and 5-FU, functionalized with cetuximab, is a promising alternative for the development of co-encapsulation delivery systems as a phototheranostic nanocarriers. Keywords: colorectal cancer; immunoliposomes; photodynamic therapy; R-phycoerythrin; 5-fluorouracil

• by the National Cancer Institute (USA). 2.2 Formulation development 2.2.1 Liposomes Liposomes were prepared by the lipid film hydration method as previously described [18], based on phospholipid/Chol/DSPE–PEG 2000 (70:20:5) with eight different compositions varying the lipid type (HSPC, DSPC, DPPC

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• explores recent advancements in protective strategies for heritage materials including stone, concrete, ceramic, glass, metal, wood, and textiles. Special attention is given to the development and application of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings, which offer promising defense against moisture

• , the actual focus of the modern conservators and researchers in the field is on the design and the development of innovative materials and techniques to guarantee the safety and the preservation of the selected artwork, preventing possible damages and considering all the potential threats [17]. One of

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• early-stage development of macroscopically visible incipient toepads. Using SEM and phylogenetic comparative analyses, our objectives were to (a) clarify how integumentary microstructural traits relate to the presence of incipient toepads and (b) identify potential adaptations linked to specific habitat

• types. We hypothesized that (1) species showing incipient toepad development will possess setae, while those lacking obvious macrostructural modifications should exhibit only spines, prongs, or spinules. Additionally, we hypothesized that either (2) the presence of setae is associated with arboreal

• active distoproximal hyperextension of the digits [46][47][48]. In anoles, the pattern of setal length change and the direction of digit detachment from the substratum is reversed [47], and this is also the case in lineages of geckos that exhibit the most basic expression of toepad development [36]. In

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• vacancies enable adsorption sites for electrolyte ions [57]. This research contributes to the development of thermal reduction methods of free-standing rGO thin films, that is, rGO paper. It is worth emphasizing that the presented material was prepared without any additional surfactants or binding agents

• gravimetric capacity below 200 mAh/g obtained during cycling at 100 mA/g current density. The basic rGO paper parameters investigated herein allow for further development of graphene paper electrode materials with a particular focus on functionalization and the graphene paper thickness. (a) Scheme of a

• XPS spectra: samples T600 and T800. Funding The research leading to these results has received funding from the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland, under Grant Agreement No. MERA.NET3/2021/83/I4BAGS/2022 for project “Ion Implantation for Innovative Interface modifications in Battery

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• , Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation 10.3762/bjnano.16.158 Abstract In this paper we present the results of the development, fabrication, measurements, and analysis of terahertz-range oscillators based on Josephson junction arrays embedded into the central electrode of a coplanar line. The

• local oscillator (LO) [4]. This effect together with the operation at cryogenic temperatures and the quantum nature of the mixer itself allow for the development of receivers with the noise temperature Tn only a few times higher than the quantum limit ≈hf/kB, where h and kB are the Planck and Boltzmann

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• development of magnetic nanoparticles with enhanced SAR and improved biocompatibility has been a major objective in the field of nanomedicine. Among the various materials used for magnetic hyperthermia, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), such as magnetite (Fe3−δO4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3

• microscopy (HRTEM) provides a comprehensive understanding of the material’s composition and properties. This work paves the way for the development of next-generation biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles for cancer therapy and other biomedical applications. Materials and Methods Materials Iron

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• . Additionally, the optical chirality at the near field is greater than that of the incident CPL, increasing the polarization selectivity of the interactions between molecules and CPL [17][18]. After more than two decades of development, the synthesis of cPNSs has evolved from nanolithography and self-assembly

• fundamental studies are needed to develop material platforms to advance more complicated commercial applications. Integrating nanolithography with CPL-induced solution synthesis can facilitate the construction of chiral metamaterials. This approach will accelerate material development and enhance the

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• dot (CD)- and quantum dot (QD)-based sensors). The advent of optical biosensing technologies has resulted in a new era for VB12 analysis, characterized by the development of innovative CD- and QD-based sensors. These nanomaterials offer several advantages over conventional methods, including enhanced

• ]. This water-soluble micronutrient is essential for improving brain and nervous system functions, blood cell development, bone health improvement, energy and DNA production, fertility and embryo development, control of neurological symptoms (e.g., stress, depression, dementia, and visual disturbances

• populations, vegetarians and vegans, pregnant women, and breastfeeding infants of VB12-deficient mothers, particularly in developing countries [10][38][39][40]. VB12 has a pivotal role in the development of the fetal and neonatal brain. Therefore, mothers with vegetarian and vegan diets should significantly

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• internal research and development (R&D) programs focused on various aspects of nanomaterials. However, because their existing production and engineering infrastructures are heavily optimized for bulk materials, these companies are intentionally avoiding disruptive changes in instrumentation, processing

• . Unlike generative AI where a large portion of funding goes directly into product development and use, nanotechnology, still in a growing and exploratory phase has required considerable investment in physical infrastructure, metrology, safety protocols, and specialized facilities. These investments are

• . Although such funding adds to the nominal investment figures, it is frequently used to establish buildings and institutional branding rather than driving core scientific innovation and product development. These CSR contributions, especially when tied to tax benefits/political goodwill, rarely undergo

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• Sameeksha Rawat S. M. Tauseef Madhuben Sharma Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Research & Development, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 10.3762/bjnano.16.148 Abstract Microplastic contamination is a newly emerging environmental problem

• also been used regarding Himalayan catchments to simulate subsurface flow and contaminant loading under varying climate and land use scenarios [22]. The models can be used to simulate MP transport in high-altitude lake basins, although particle-bound adaptations are under development. The melting of

• development of portable, low-cost systems for nanoscale analysis is a significant field of future studies [34]. 5 Remediation techniques 5.1 Overview of current technologies for microplastic removal Various physical, chemical, and biological methods are employed with the hope of effectively removing MPs from

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• of the physicochemical properties and interactions of their constituents [7][9]. In this context, the quality by design (QbD) framework provides a systematic and scientifically grounded approach for pharmaceutical formulation development. QbD emphasizes predefined quality objectives, product and

• for Passiflora setacea seed oil. QbD principles and experimental design methodologies were employed to guide formulation development. The microemulsion was designed to enhance physicochemical stability, improve skin application performance, and support future therapeutic applications. Results and

• formulation to ensure quality consistency. Experimental design for the development and optimization of Passiflora setacea microemulsion An initial exploratory 23 full factorial applied was employed to evaluate the effects and interactions among key formulation variables (see Supporting Information File 1

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• years, the integration of science and technology has been well orchestrated to address challenges in medicine and health sciences and to evaluate therapeutic aspects [1]. This integration has contributed to the development of a more efficient healthcare system, innovative nanomedical tools and advanced

• , chemical, or biological attributes offer novel foundational elements for the design and development of devices and systems aimed at diagnosing and treating various diseases. Hence, nanoparticles or nanomaterials can be engineered to have various useful medical functions [4]. The assessment of the

• avenue for the development of targeted cancer therapies by leveraging this inherent selectivity. Although direct mechanistic assays such as ROS quantification or apoptosis marker analysis were not performed in this study, previous research on silver-based nanomaterials offers valuable insights into

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• enhancing therapeutic delivery, particularly in areas such as cancer treatment. This perspective highlights critical considerations in the development of CNM-based nanocarriers, spanning from initial design to clinical implementation. Keywords: carbon nanomaterials (CNMs); carbon nanoparticles (CNPs); drug

• Fund and the European Union [19]. Despite our understanding of preventable contributing factors, cancer remains a global burden, affecting over 10 million people annually. As of 2016, it is the leading cause of death in 55 countries (Figure 2), particularly those with high Human Development Index (HDI

• ) values. The higher cancer burden in high-HDI countries is attributed to the development of vaccines and treatments for infectious diseases and other causes of premature mortality [20][21]. With a 53% drop in cardiovascular disease mortality rates in countries with very high HDI between 1981–1985 and 2006

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• electromagnetic properties, enabling the development of metamaterials with negative refractive indices or chiral photonic crystals, which can manipulate light in novel ways. Another exciting area of research in chiral materials is developing supports for enantioselective catalysis [5][6]. Enantiomers are

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• biomaterials, recent decades have seen intensive research into novel therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine [1][2][3][4]. Within this scenario, a pivotal current strategy in formulation development focuses on integrating nanocarriers with nanoscale three-dimensional biomaterials, enabling major

• conventional fibrous materials. Their flexibility in fabrication allows for integration into a broad range of applications, from drug delivery scaffolds to composite biomaterials, contributing to their increasing relevance in both scientific research and industrial development [11][12][13][14]. To leverage the

• -adherent dressings. However, for applications where cell adhesion is desired, surface modifications may be necessary. Thus, the data presented here significantly contribute to the understanding of polymer–lipid interactions in coaxial systems and pave the way for the development of multifunctional

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• stage of the development of laser ablation in liquids from the perspective of shape control of the forming nanomaterials. The key parameters influencing the NP shape are highlighted, including the composition of a liquid, laser focusing conditions and introduction of external fields, and the mechanism

• of their impact on the conditions for anisotropic NP formation and growth. The description of the methods developed for the control over nanomaterial morphology is summarized by the vision of the current challenges and development routes of laser ablation in liquids. Keywords: laser ablation in

• development of such fields as energy generation and storage, sensing, and catalysis. Another application area of nonspherical NPs stems from the shape dependencies of their optical properties. The shift of plasmonic bands to the near-infrared spectral range observed for high-aspect-ratio nanostructures, such

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• bring physical meaning to the experimental data. Instead, in almost every example in the literature, the frequency variation is normalized to what is measured on a surface having known mechanical properties [5][9][10]. Alongside the development of CR-AFM and the analytical models used to describe the

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.16.135 Abstract The development of modern metal deposition techniques like focused ion/electron beam-induced deposition (FIBID/FEBID) relies heavily on the availability of metal-organic precursors of particular properties. To

• growth process, and greater flexibility in material selection (the ability to deposit a variety of different materials). The usage of ions opens new possibilities for materials development and applications [20][21]. Until now, the development of FEBID has relied on precursors used for chemical vapor

• study was conducted (pressure and cleanliness) differ significantly from those of a typical FIBID process [14]. To guide the development of more effective precursors for FEBID, a pre-screening strategy combining electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS) and volatility testing is typically applied

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• problems in explaining results is that, when the injection rate of electrons exceeds the internal relaxation rate in the metal to be cooled, the electrons do not obey the Fermi–Dirac distribution, and the concept of temperature cannot be applied as such. This work is an exciting development towards a fully

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• development of promising alternatives to replace commonly used PEG lipids. By discussing the recent research findings, this review can serve as a guide to the design of surface-engineered or PEG-free LNPs to overcome the persist challenges in LNP delivery systems using conventional PEG lipids. Effects of PEG

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• solubility, high volatility, and intrinsic oxidation sensitivity. Thus, the development of novel formulations to efficiently deliver bioactives represents an innovative approach for Aedes aegypti control. In this context, nanothecnology provides smart formulations with improved drug solubility, controlled

• of multiple complementary approaches as an essential strategy for effective disease control. These include the rational use of chemical insecticides, aimed at minimizing the development of resistance; biological control, through the use of natural predators and larvicidal microorganisms such as

• context, the development of nanoemulsions based on essential oils emerges as a promising innovation within integrated control strategies, offering environmentally friendly larvicidal and repellent alternatives specifically targeted at Aedes aegypti [12][13][14]. Although chemical insecticides are

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• . This idea enables us to use the “flaws” of the structure as its important features, opening up a pathway to creating programmable and reconfigurable large circuits. An obvious and widely required application of this technology is in the development of superconductive programmable gate arrays (SPGAs

• flexibly repurposed for different algorithms by simply re-programming the routing paths, a paradigm central to the development of SPGAs. The true potential of this architecture, however, is most evident in its application as an axon-synaptic connection matrix for neuromorphic computing. The ability to

• the picosecond timescales of Josephson junction dynamics. However, this re-configuration time should be considered in the context of hardware development cycles. From this point of view, the re-configuration time is orders of magnitude lower than the time required to design, fabricate, and test a new

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• Galway (https://imaging.universityofgalway.ie/imaging/) and the scientific and technical assistance of Dr. Éadaoin Timmins in TEM imaging. Funding This publication was supported by Taighde Éireann – Research Ireland (Science Foundation Ireland) and co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• ; sustainable development; Introduction Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field of science that involves the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm in inorganic nanomaterials, to generate structures with unique physicochemical properties [1][2][3]. Among the most

• development of antimicrobial compounds such as oral antiseptics and toothpastes with prolonged antimicrobial action, restorative materials (including composite resins and cements) with antibacterial properties, nanoparticle-reinforced sealants and fluoride varnishes for caries prevention, and antibiofilm