Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• including electrode materials [1], conductive pastes [2][3], catalysts [4][5], sensors [6][7][8], and drug delivery systems [9]. The chemical reduction [10] and the solvothermal methods [11][12] are well known for synthesizing nanoparticles in large quantities at low cost, but these methods require the use

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• in ASO-based therapies. Some promising strategies to overcome these limitations involve the conjugation of ASOs with peptides [53], polymers [54], aptamers [55], and antibodies [56], as well as the development of novel drug delivery systems [57][58]. This review discusses the challenges associated

• internalisation mechanism for PLL-conjugated ASOs [67]. Specific molecular structures, however, can be utilised to facilitate the targeted uptake of drug delivery systems. Ligand–PLL–ASO conjugates, for instance, can enter target cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis [68]. This approach holds promise for

• conjugated drugs or drug delivery systems. For example, early studies by Zheng et al. demonstrated a strategic use of PLL conjugated to galactose (Gal–PLL, Gal/PLL = 10:1) as a carrier for a 16-mer phosphorothioate analogue of the antisense oligodeoxynucleotide 5′-CATGCCCCAAAGCCAC-3′, targeting the hepatitis

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• both situations, the effectiveness of the drug formulation depends on several factors such as gastric residence time, gastric emptying, release rate of the drug from the dosage form, and the therapeutic agent reaching the site of action or absorption. Conventional drug delivery systems may not be

• effective in overcoming these obstacles, particularly regarding drugs that are designed for the treatment of local gastric diseases [3]. The solution to this is the development of gastroretentive drug delivery systems. These are designed to increase the drug residence time in the upper part of the

• gastrointestinal system, which leads to higher effectiveness [4][5]. Over the years, different types of gastroretentive drug delivery systems have been developed, including floating, expandable, high-density, or mucoadhesive systems [6]. Among these, mucoadhesive systems are quite effective in localizing the drugs

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• efficient sustained release. These nanofibers also exhibit better stability, which are vital properties in drug delivery systems [183][184]. These superior properties have gained recent attention for enhancing the functional performance of chitosan-based nanofibers. Core–shell chitosan nanofibers have been

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• neuropathy [125][126]. Currently, ocular drug delivery is the prevalent treatment approach; however, it faces challenges due to drug degradation and obstacles in drug diffusion, rendering the therapy less effective [127][128]. Therefore, ocular drug delivery systems capable of controlled and sustained drug

• energy into heat, which then triggers the release of the cargo from a heat-sensitive carrier [165]. Photothermal drug delivery systems allow for precise spatial and temporal control of drug release based on stimulus intensity and duration, thereby reducing the need for invasive ocular injections for the

• treatment of chronic ocular diseases, as well as the “explosive release” of passive drug delivery systems [116]. Furthermore, photothermal drug delivery systems can be surface-modified to prolong drug residence time, improve mobility, avoid trapping, and provide targeting capabilities, which helps to

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• condensation at high concentrations. These results suggest that rare earth elements can be used in the design of new drugs that have DNA as their target inside cells (e.g., chemotherapeutic drugs) or in the development of new carriers for drug delivery systems because of their ability to condense DNA

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• decades of technological evolution, during which NCs have become indispensable components of drug delivery systems, known for their adaptability and efficiency [2]. The “family” of nanoparticles (NPs) includes a broad range of materials such as lipids, polymers, proteins, dextran, silica [3], and metals

• uptake and enabling the endosomal escape To improve the efficacy of NC-based drug delivery systems, it is crucial to develop strategies that reduce macrophage uptake and extend NC circulation time. This could be achieved by acting on NCs exploiting alternative administration routes or physicochemical

• potential of NCs by reducing macrophage uptake and extending circulation time. These strategies pave the way for more effective and targeted drug delivery systems. 5 Innovative therapeutic strategies using NCs Recent advancements in NC technologies have highlighted their remarkable potential in targeting

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• .15.131 Abstract Endosomal entrapment significantly limits the efficacy of drug delivery systems. This study investigates sodium oleate-modified liposomes (SO-Lipo) as an innovative strategy to enhance endosomal escape and improve cytosolic delivery in 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer cells. We aimed to

• ][32][33]. These findings establish SO as a promising endosomal escape enhancer, offering significant potential for improving the efficiency of liposomal drug delivery systems. By combining in vitro experimentation with in silico MD simulations, this study underscores the importance of integrated

• liposomal formulations with optimized endosomal escape capabilities, advancing the development of next-generation drug delivery systems. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms through which SO-Lipo facilitate endosomal escape. Our findings demonstrate that SO-Lipo

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• targeting specificity. Biomimetic nanocarriers demonstrate significant advancements in drug delivery systems against cancer therapy, Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections such as COVID-19. Here, we address the therapeutic applications of biomimetic nanocarriers and their promising

• main solutions that biomimetics addresses (Figure 2C). This approach has demonstrated that complex nanocarrier drug delivery systems need to exhibit compatible surfaces with target cells to enhance their functional capabilities [19]. Biomimetic Nanocarriers in Human Health The field of nanocarriers for

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• drugs can be encapsulated into various drug delivery systems to enhance physicochemical characteristics and targeting success. Many preclinical data show that this strategy can effectively deliver biopharmaceuticals to the brain. Therefore, this review focuses on N2B delivery while giving examples of

• different drug delivery systems suitable for the applications. In addition, we emphasize the importance of the effective delivery of monoclonal antibodies and RNA and stress the recent literature tackling this challenge. While giving examples of nanotechnological approaches for the effective delivery of

• . While the systemic route of administration with the combination of drug delivery systems (DDSs) to cross the BBB has been promising, the efficiency is often not yet satisfactory [17]. Another noninvasive technique, nose-to-brain delivery or nasal-to-brain delivery (N2B delivery), in contrast, bypasses

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• biodiversity, and assessing environmental impacts, providing researchers with valuable data while preserving natural habitats. Delivery systems: Strength and efficiency of the ovipositor also offer insights into creating advanced drug delivery systems [169]. These systems can deliver medications directly to

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• intended compartment, make thermo- and pH-sensitive polymers a crucial subset of smart polymers in drug delivery systems (DDSs). These responsive platforms must maintain stability at physiological pH levels [21]. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) stands out as one of the most common and most extensively

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• treatments that release substances at specific sites of interest, reducing the required drug amount and side effects. Nanostructures to form these drug delivery systems can be divided into organic and inorganic [19][20], with the latter one being the less extensively studied. One option currently considered

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• played an important role in the enhancement of therapeutic outcomes compared to those of conventional therapy. At the same time, nanoparticle drug delivery systems offer a significant reduction in side effects of treatments by lowering the off-target biodistribution of the active pharmaceutical

• ]. The EPR effect has been a cornerstone for cancer nanomedicine development, and various types of nanocarrier drug delivery systems have been developed to take advantage of this passively targeted strategy. Moreover, active targeting strategies have been developed to further improve the drug

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• applications. Biodegradable and bioabsorbable polymers are an excellent choice for a variety of innovative drug delivery systems (DDSs). Biopolymers are also used in cutting-edge scientific applications such as gene expression, tissue engineering, smart drug delivery, and biosensors [11][19]. Modern medicine

• . Also, alginate-based nanoparticles possess excellent mechanical and electrical properties, overcoming the limitations typically associated with biomaterials in sensing applications [73]. Drug delivery applications Alginate-based nanoparticles for smart DDSs Drug delivery systems are one of the areas in

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• , antibiotics, anticancer agents, proteins, DNA, RNA, and growth factors for tissue regeneration [6][7][8]. In addition, nanofibers as drug delivery systems provide rapid or delayed and controlled release of pharmaceuticals. Apart from being implantable drug delivery systems, nanofiber scaffolds can contribute

• used as drug delivery systems, which are composed of fibers from a few micrometers down to tens of nanometers in diameter [30]. Among the various scaffolds used for bone regeneration, polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds have attracted attention in recent years, especially regarding their structural

• delivery systems [1][2][3][4][5]. Because of the structural properties of nanofibers, which enable cell growth and proliferation, their use in tissue engineering, especially regarding bone tissue, is quite common [2]. Nanofiber scaffolds may carry active substances such as cells for tissue repair

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• )/hydroxyapatite in orthopedics [1][2]. Biocompatible polymers are widely used in biomedical fields, such as stents, drug delivery systems in cancer therapy, bone repair, dentistry, joint prostheses, and tissue engineering [2][3][4][5][6]. Polymers have several advantageous properties for these applications as

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• drugs (NDDs) requires immediate attention. Nanoparticle (NP) systems are of increasing interest for transporting NDDs to the central nervous system. However, discovering effective nanoparticle neuronal disease drug delivery systems (N2D3Ss) is challenging because of the vast number of combinations of NP

• serve as valuable tools in the design of drug delivery systems for neurosciences. Keywords: artificial neural network (ANN); linear discriminant analysis (LDA); machine learning; nanoparticle; neurodegenerative diseases; Introduction Over time, there has been a significant shift in global dietary

• possible nanomedicine strategies for NDD transport to the central nervous system (CNS) [9][10]. For simplicity, we are going to call them nanoparticle neuronal diseases drug delivery systems (N2D3Ss). N2D3Ss have the ability to protect NDDs from chemical and enzymatic degradation, direct the active

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• ) and enteric formulation. In this study, DCS nanocrystals were fabricated and investigated for novel drug delivery systems. Transdermal drug delivery is an administration route wherein the API is delivered across the skin for systemic distribution. The categories of TDD systems include reservoir

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• self-nanoemulsified drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs). SNEEDSs provide a pediatric liquid formulation of BNZ, which is only marketed as solid tablets. SNEDDSs are isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactants, and co-surfactants that form submicrometer-droplet emulsions under agitation in water or

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• = 0.54) showing the stability and predictive ability of the model. Utilization of the metal oxide cell damage knowledge for cancer treatment NPs have shown immense potential in treating various diseases owing to their small size and high surface-to-volume ratio, which makes them effective drug delivery

• systems. Metal NPs can lead to greater signal amplification, greater sensitivity, and higher detection. However, NPs with properties that generate ROS can increase cell damage. In cancer cells, rapid proliferation leads to an imbalance of oxygen, abnormal structure, and blood supply, making the tumor

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• drug delivery systems to formulate more effective cancer treatments, thereby addressing the current limitations encountered within this field of study. Functional nanostructures have been designed to mitigate potential harm to healthy tissue caused by these techniques [6]. Additionally, they facilitate

• anticancer drugs while mitigating the adverse effects of large dosage administration [6][7]. Additionally, it offers several advantages, such as controlled release, targeted drug delivery, and improved stability [8]. Moreover, nanoscale drug delivery systems hold great promise for specific cancer treatments

• photothermal therapy capabilities, the PDA shell mitigates nanomaterial toxicity while increasing biocompatibility. The strategic integration of PEGylation into tumor-targeted drug delivery systems significantly amplifies passive tumor targeting and retention through the enhanced permeability and retention

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• polymer solution blended with additional components is applied under a high-voltage electrostatic field, generating a charged and stretched solution jet following nanofiber formation [8][9]. Drug delivery systems based on nanofiber scaffolds produced by electrospinning method have strongly attracted

• strongly affect the release behavior of the drug from nanofiber scaffolds [14][17][18][19]. Polylactic acid (PLA), a synthetic polymer that has been approved by the FDA for biomedical usage, is commonly used for drug delivery systems due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability [20]. Yuan et al. [17

• -based drug delivery systems for specific applications. Result and Discussion Morphology of PLA and BBR-loaded PLA nanofiber scaffolds In order to evaluate the distribution of BBR compositions in the electrospun PLA nanofibers, the morphology of BBR powder, BBR NPs, and electrospun nanofibers was

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• , such as environmental engineering [32], renewable energy [22][33][34][35], electronics [36][37][38], medical devices [39][40][41], and drug delivery systems [42][43][44][45]. They combine the properties of a hydrophilic matrix with conductive properties obtained thanks to the use of an appropriate