Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• excretion. Finally, we discuss requirements for bringing NPs into clinical use and aspects when it comes to usage of complex and slowly degraded or nondegradable NPs. Keywords: biodegradable; biodistribution; endocytosis; extracellular vesicles; nanomedicine; nanoparticles; Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs

• modify the NP synthesis, and which drugs to use to maximize the possibilities for successful use in nanomedicine. How stable should the NPs be under different physiological conditions to reach their target and then exert their action? To which extent can we make particles that both stimulate immune

When nanomedicines meet tropical diseases

• Eder Lilia Romero,
• Katrien Van Bocxlaer and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 830–832, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.69

• Eder Lilia Romero Katrien Van Bocxlaer Fabio Rocha Formiga Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, B1876 Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina Skin Research Centre, Hull York Medical School

• ; Chagas disease; leishmaniasis; nanomedicine; nanotechnology; neglected tropical diseases; schistosomiasis; In May 2021, the World Health Assembly from the World Health Organization (WHO) decided to officially recognize January 30th as the World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day. This initiative was done

• and research groups have dedicated their notable work to investigating vaccines, diagnostics, and medicines to prevent, diagnose, and treat NTDs. The field in which nanomaterials are used for diagnosing, monitoring, controlling, preventing, and treating diseases is called “nanomedicine” [1

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• the laser-generated nanoparticles in nanomedicine [60][61] and catalysis [13][54][62][63], including electro- and photocatalysis [13]. The liquid’s influence on the nanoparticle properties as well as its decomposition products, in contrast, have received significantly less attention. Some past reviews

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• possible nanomedicine strategies for NDD transport to the central nervous system (CNS) [9][10]. For simplicity, we are going to call them nanoparticle neuronal diseases drug delivery systems (N2D3Ss). N2D3Ss have the ability to protect NDDs from chemical and enzymatic degradation, direct the active

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez Yamila Roxana Simioni Kajal Ghosal Maria Jose Morilla Eder Lilia Romero Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pharmaceutical

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• Maria Jose Morilla Kajal Ghosal Eder Lilia Romero Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja

• released BNZ available for absorption [39][40]. Other studies determined the release profile of BNZ in different media [41][42][43][44] and its permeability across Caco-2 cells [43][44]. Between 2012 and 2018 the BERENICE (BEnznidazol and triazol REsearch group for Nanomedicine and Innovation on Chagas

• diseases has nanomedicine focused on in the last 28 years? There are currently between 50 [81] and 60 [82] nanomedicines on the market, and nearly 560 in clinical trials, most of them in clinical phase I (33%) and phase II (21%) [83]. 15% of marketed nanomedicines are antibody–drug conjugates, such as

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• address all these issues related to PZQ and bring new treatment alternatives [10]. Nanotechnology involves the creation and use of materials and technologies at the nanoscale, while nanomedicine focuses on the application of nanotechnology to treat, monitor, and prevent diseases [11]. Nanomedicine uses

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• Lester Uy Vinzons Guo-Chung Dong Shu-Ping Lin Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• properties of drug carriers. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; drug delivery; elasticity; mechanical properties; nanomedicine; nanoparticles; stiffness measurement; tissue/body distribution; Introduction Drug delivery systems are developed with the aim to transport a given drug to the site of action

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• ://biorender.com/. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0.) Heat conversion by plasmonic nanoparticles (A & B), (Figure 4A was republished with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry, from [37], "Emerging advances in nanomedicine with engineered gold nanostructures" by J. A. Webb and R. Bardhan, Nanoscale

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• current drugs used to treat the disease. The synthesized SPIONs showed promising activity against Leishmania and can be considered a strong candidate for a new therapeutic approach for treating leishmaniases. Keywords: coconut water; Leishmaniasis; Leishmania amazonensis; nanomedicine; SPIONs

• ][3][4][5]. These facts demonstrate the need to develop new treatments or alternatives that are safer, more effective, and more accessible to patients. In this context, nanomedicine is one of the most promising branches of contemporary medicine, currently concentrating a large part of the scientific

New trends in nanobiotechnology

• Pau-Loke Show,
• Kit Wayne Chew,
• Wee-Jun Ong,
• Sunita Varjani and
• Joon Ching Juan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 377–379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.32

• such as nanomaterials applied in biotechnology; nanoparticles used in environmental science and technology; nanosensors used in biosystems; nanomedicine in the context of biochemical engineering; micro- and nanofluidics; micro- and nano-electromechanical systems; nanoscience and nanotoxicology

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• , especially chitosan–silver nanocomposites, which yield a new type of nanoparticles, has raised more attention regarding eco-friendly properties and applications in nanomedicine and environmental remediation. Syntheses of chitosan, silver, and quercetin alone or in binary combinations, that is, chitosan

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• methods, de facto makes a direct comparison between studies impossible. In addition, the area of nanomedicine is plagued by the tendency of researchers to use various (often arbitrarily defined) reference materials, different techniques for dosage selection and determination, and assess outcomes and

• efficacy against various cell types using differing characterization methods and metrics [8]. This divergence of methods and analytical practices severely hinders the evaluation of new NP-based therapies and constrains the unbiased evaluation of new findings by the nanomedicine community. Therefore, best

• ]. MIRIBEL champions four guiding principles, namely reusability, quantification, practicality, and quality. In nanomedicine, these challenges are further compounded by the fact that the study of NP interactions with biological systems is a multidisciplinary field that ranges from understanding fundamental

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• properties, drug loading, and drug release are discussed. We highlight the utilization of ethyl cellulose, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and polyurethane/polyurea in the field of nanomedicine as potential drug delivery systems. Advances are still needed to achieve better control over size distribution

• , nanoparticle concentration, surface functionalization, and the type of polymers that can be processed. Keywords: ethyl cellulose; nanoemulsions; nanomedicine; phase inversion composition (PIC) method; PLGA; polymer nanoparticles; polyuria; polyurethane; surfactants; Review 1 Introduction The field of

• nanomedicine has yielded several relevant advancements since its beginnings in the early 2000s. The dissolution kinetics of poorly soluble drugs have been improved by the production of drug nanocrystals, enabling continuous drug release. Lipid molecular structures have been manipulated at the nanoscale to

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• conditions, such as cancer, the distance between endothelial cells significantly widens (up to 2000 nm). Most nanomedicine capitalizes on the size of these gaps and relies on appropriately sized NPs to cross the gaps and accumulate at specific sites [31]. In the case of anticancer nanomedicine, an important

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• clinical translation prospects, and the associated challenges are discussed. Keywords: cancer cell biomimetics; nanoparticles; precision medicine; targeted therapy; theranostic nanomedicine; Review 1 Introduction Biomimetic nanotechnology, an emerging interdisciplinary field, involves different

• of biomimetic nanomedicine for diagnosis and treatment, various modalities based on cancer cell membranes are emerging. Using immune evasion and homotypic targeting of cancer cell membranes, the drug dosage can be effectively reduced by avoiding elimination by the immune system while achieving higher

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• . However, because of the difference in pharmacokinetics among agents, combined therapies may not effectively reach their targets. The obstacles regarding the simultaneous co-delivery of therapeutic agents at the site of action can be overcome using nanomedicine as a platform and nanotools as delivery

• demonstrate specific homologous targeting to cancer cells [131]. In addition, hybrid cell membrane biomimetic shells composed of fused red blood cell membrane and homotypic cancer membrane materials may significantly contribute to personalized nanomedicine design for targeting various tumors [132]. One

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• irradiation is converted by upconversion nanoparticles (yellow balls) to shorter-wavelength light, which is absorbed by arylazopyrazoles to dissociate their CyD complex (and ultimately the nanomedicine) for the release of siRNA [67]. Arylazopyrazoles are characterized by satisfactory on–off isomerization (see

• positively charged spermine moiety to form stable nanomedicine particles (blue balls in Figure 5a). Upon irradiation of the nanocomposite with NIR light, this light was converted to UV light (around 360 nm) by the upconversion particles and absorbed by arylazopyrazole. The resultant cis isomer could not form

• endogenous H2O2 by Fenton-type reactions without photoirradiation [83][84]. A nanomedicine was prepared from (i) β-CyD bearing both a ferrocene and a platinum(IV) complex (–O–PtIV(Cl2)2(NH3)2(OH)) as prodrug of cisplatin and (ii) poly(ethylene glycol) terminated by ferrocene [85]. The ferrocene molecules

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• composed of gold and/or silver, are versatile agents endowed with unique physicochemical properties, which recently have drawn great interest for a variety of applications ranging from catalysis to nanomedicine [1][2][3]. The size of the NPs is a key parameter that defines their optical properties

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• harsher conditions, such as higher temperatures, and can be released as needed. This finding shows great potential in applications such as nanomedicine, biospecimen preservation, biosensing, and cell and virus manipulation. The related reports have been nicely summarized in a recent review (Figure 3) [105

• . This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Monocrystalline coordination polymers encapsulated with bioentities and their applications in nanomedicine, biospecimen preservation, biosensing, and cell and virus manipulation. Figure 3 was reproduced from [105] (© 2021 M. D. Velásquez-Hernández et al

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• , 48109, USA 10.3762/bjnano.13.22 Abstract Nanoparticles are frequently pursued as drug delivery carriers due to their potential to alter the pharmacological profiles of drugs, but their broader utility in nanomedicine hinges upon exquisite control of critical nanoparticle properties, such as shape, size

• SPNPs made from blended proteins can serve as a promising drug delivery carrier owing to the ease of production, the composition versatility, and the control over their size, shape and dispersity. Keywords: nanogels; nanomedicine; particle characterization; protein-based biomaterials; Introduction As

• tuned by changing their respective protein-to-protein ratios. Future efforts will include the application of these methods to a range of nanomedicine applications and further studies aimed at correlating these properties with SPNP performance in vitro and in vivo. The direct scalability of the

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• . The advancement of this novel inorganic nanomaterial in theranostic nanomedicine might lead to an era of technology that can be used in real-world clinical settings. Review Effect of physicochemical properties of TiO2 on biocompatibility Biocompatibility is considered as one of the most important

• other nps, can serve as an alternative therapy against snake venom. Conclusion This review comprehensively summarizes the recent approaches related to TiO2 nanomaterials in nanomedicine. The distinctive features of TiO2 nanomaterials make them the subject of extensive research for a number of

• particular ailment, the treatment time, and the required shift of the excitation wavelength into the NIR region need to be studied thoroughly. Exogenous physical triggers for activating titania nanoparticles in theranostic nanomedicine are unique and highly encouraging; however, the underlying mechanism has

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• ]. Conventional treatment strategies for cancer, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, lack the ability to selectively target neoplastic tissue, which results in systemic toxicity [3]. For these reasons, the focus of the field was transferred to nanomedicine which enables targeted therapy and reduces