Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• pulse excitation (532 nm). The morphological changes induced by thermal and photochemical effects were found to influence the optical properties of these particles. Another commonly reported semiconductor material by LFL is zinc oxide (ZnO) [33][34]. The optical properties, particularly the UV emission

• proportional to the total energy input by the laser [54]. Using picosecond laser irradiation at a low fluence is an energy-efficient method for synthesizing SMSPs by PLML compared to nanosecond laser irradiation [55]. If the thermal diffusion length in particles during ultrafast laser heating is smaller than

• formation allowing better thermal management during nanoparticle synthesis. In PLML, the time between consecutive laser pulses must allow for particle solidification and cooling on a microsecond timescale to form spherical and crystalline submicrometer particles [43][53][62]. Laser fluence is a key factor

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• can be broadly categorized into two groups, that is, thermal-ased technologies (e.g., multistage flash distillation (MSF) and multieffect distillation (MED)) and membrane-based technologies (e.g., forward osmosis (FO), reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis (ED), and nanofiltration (NF)) [10]. Among

• PDA peaks in the NMR spectra, resulting in the absence of observable characteristic peaks of PDA. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to evaluate the membrane’s thermal stability, with the results presented in Figure 2b–d. The minimal differences observed among the three TGA curves also indicate

• the low content of the modifying agents (PDA and Ag) relative to the CTA matrix. This low concentration results in negligible changes in the overall thermal behavior of the composite materials, as detected by TGA. This observation also suggests that the interaction between Ag and CTA or between PDA

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• matrix properties, including tensile strength, elasticity, and thermal stability, due to its high surface area, hydroxy groups forming hydrogen bonds, and excellent dispersion within the matrix [20][21]. This improvement is attributed to interaction between hydroxy groups in NC and PVA, effectively

• release [42]. At temperatures above 380 °C, carbonaceous residues decomposed. The addition of NC shifted the degradation onset temperature to a higher range, indicating improved thermal stability. This could be due to the rigid nature of NC particles, which enhance the structural integrity of the

• composite, delaying its decomposition [24]. CEO did not significantly alter the thermal degradation pattern, confirming that its incorporation did not compromise the thermal stability of the samples. These findings indicate that PVA-NC films are thermally suitable for applications like food packaging, where

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• minimum damage to the mechanical integrity of the cell membrane. Before each experiment in FV mode, the cantilever was calibrated using the thermal-noise method which is integrated in the multimode AFM software and is briefly described next. First, the optical-lever sensitivity (OLS) of the cantilever was

• extracted. A force–distance curve was taken on a clean (previously cleaved) mica surface and a linear fit to the approach trace within the region following contact was performed to obtain the OLS from its slope. Afterwards, the cantilever was withdrawn above the surface and a thermal tune was performed to

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• occur coincidentally but are a reproducible observation (shown in Supporting Information File 1, Section S11). Thermal stability of the amorphous HEA nanoparticles Finally, we aimed to examine the temperature stability of the amorphous HEA NPs. Thereto, we conducted in situ heating experiments in TEM as

• of the FWHM in Figure 4C starts, and the required thermal energy kBT is achieved to overcome the activation energy. Note that for the determination of the plot in Figure 4C, more temperature steps were considered than those shown in Figure 4B. However, for clarity reasons, the full data set of 94

• ), related to the conditions of stress and thermal confinement of the deposited laser energy. Conversely, in ns-LAL the energy of the laser pulse is transferred deeper into the bulk target, and peak temperature and pressure are significantly lower (about 5000–8000 K and 4.8 GPa). It is important to note that

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• are very high. The electron beam evaporation process uses the high kinetic energy of an electron beam to generate the thermal energy required to melt and then evaporate the source material to deposit it on the substrate [4]. Evaporation is an attractive deposition technique because of its many

• ][10][11][12]. Electron beam evaporation is very effective for preparing transparent titanium dioxide thin films, such as optical coatings for a large variety of applications. Due to its desirable structural, optical, and electrical properties, high thermal and chemical stability, relatively low price

• such as substrate temperature, deposition rate, substrate biasing, and ion beam gun settings. Moreover, post-process annealing can lead to a reduction in thermal stress due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the film and the substrate and can also affect internal stress by

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• -dimensional (2D) material, structurally similar to graphene, consisting of alternating boron and nitrogen atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is well known for its excellent thermal stability, electrical insulation, chemical inertness, and mechanical strength. Importantly, hBN exhibits piezoelectric

• hBN. The materials were characterized using spectroscopic, imaging, and thermal techniques, followed by assessment of their piezoelectric properties via piezoresponse force microscopy (PRFM). In vitro studies on human osteoblasts (HOb) under ultrasound (US) exposure examined proliferation, cellular

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• plastic crystals exhibits exceptional thermal stability, electrochemical stability, and ionic conductivity, making it a promising option. Yoshizawa-Fujita and co-authors investigated the impact of anion species and Mg salt concentration on the characteristics of pyrrolidinium-based organic ionic plastic

• magnesium salt concentrations, and their thermal and electrochemical properties were subsequently evaluated. The utilization of the bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide anion is pivotal to the reversible redox reaction of Mg. The employment of bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide as the anion in both the organic ionic plastic

• , Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), into the organic ionic plastic crystal N,N-diethylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide [249]. The fabricated organic–inorganic hybrid solid electrolyte underwent a series of evaluations, including thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical analyses, with the objective of elucidating the

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• strength, thermal stability, and biodegradability. However, to broaden its range of applications, certain properties require enhancement, including mechanical performance, thermal and electrical conductivity, biodegradation rate, and barrier properties [1][2][3][4][5]. The limited biodegradability of PBS

• morphology and properties of the polymer matrix by altering its structure, crystallinity, thermal stability, and mechanical behavior [9][10][11]. CNTs can be classified into two basic types, namely, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). SWCNTs exhibit slightly

• many researchers [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Regarding PBS-based nanocomposites, most studies focus on the influence of CNTs (including modified CNTs) on their thermal behavior [17][18][19], crystallization [20][21][22], structure [14][17][21][22][23], and biodegradability [12]. PBS/CNT

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• of ablation, fragmentation or colloidal fusion may look macroscopically different in each application, the underlying fundamental mechanisms are always the same cascade of laser interaction with matter, non-thermal or thermal energy deposition, phase transitions, and the subsequent structure

• demanding studies that eventually show convergence with experimental results. Generally, the classification of the mechanisms in LSPC identifies three main pathways that are pictured schematically in Figure 1: (i) thermal processes, where the condensed matter is heated to high lattice temperatures, leading

• to melting, reshaping (Figure 1B,C), evaporation, and phase explosion near the critical point (Figure 1H) [39][46][47][48]; (ii) stress-induced decompositions, where competition between heating and expansion leads to spallation or cavitation [36][49][50] (Figure 1I); (iii) non-thermal processes

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• structure elucidation and identification of surface sites. However, this approach is presently not feasible for measurements performed at room temperature as the required control over the tip termination is challenged by thermal motion. For room-temperature measurements, it is common practice to bring the

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• in a honeycomb fashion enabled this special class of materials to exhibit desirable characteristics, such as enhanced electrical conductivity, higher mechanical strength, elevated surface area, and high thermal and chemical stability. Owing to such improved characteristics, graphene materials

• ternary NCs of graphene materials, several conventional approaches, such as sol–gel, hydrothermal/solvothermal, calcination/thermal annealing, chemical vapor deposition, liquid-phase exfoliation, and freeze-drying have been reported. However, the MW-assisted synthetic approaches are found to be superior

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• major role is played by the primary ion beam, together with a thermal heat spike, excited surface atoms (ESA), or secondary electrons (SE). According to Hlawacek et al. [8], the number of ESA is proportional to the nuclear stopping power, so for heavier ions this mechanism dominates the deposition. The

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• nanopores in thermal and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor-deposited (PECVD) SiO2 using synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The nanopores were fabricated by irradiating the samples with 89 MeV, 185 MeV, and 1.6 GeV Au ions, followed by hydrofluoric acid etching. We present a new approach for

• differences between the nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO2. The track-to-bulk etching rate ratio is significantly different for the two materials, producing nanopores with cone angles that differ by almost a factor of two. Furthermore, thermal SiO2 exhibits an exceptionally narrow size distribution of only 2

• -etched nanopores in two types of silicon dioxide, namely, one produced by wet thermal oxidation of Si (thermal SiO2) and another deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Thermally grown SiO2 is of high quality and stoichiometric, however, requires high temperatures for growth, and

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• thin nickel film deposited by thermal evaporation. The graphitization of diamond with and without a nickel coating as a result of high-vacuum annealing at a temperature of about 1100 °C was studied in situ using synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption

• diamond surfaces is initiated at 750 °C. A temperature of about 1500 °C is needed for the formation of extended graphene-like layers, and temperatures higher than 2000 °C are required for the complete conversion of the diamond (111) surface to graphitic layers [10][11]. Thermal stability of diamond

• crystalline quality in the PCD film at the micron scale (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). Thermal evaporation of nickel and its deposition on the PCD film surface resulted in the formation of a uniform metallic layer with a thickness of about 40 nm (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1d). The

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• deposition rates and uniform growth of films with good reproducibility [4]. The physical properties of grown ZnO films can be tuned by altering various growth parameters and employing post-deposition treatments such as ion implantation and thermal annealing. Ion implantation has proven a versatile tool to

• strain in the implanted layers; thus, the microstrain values increase with fluence [24]. Strain in implanted ZnO films arises primarily from lattice mismatch, which is due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between film and substrate. Also, when argon ions are implanted into the ZnO

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• structural modifications associated with thermal reduction in CeO2/Pt(111) films, as well as the influence of the Pt substrate’s proximity, were investigated using XANES/EXAFS combined with surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) [47]. A strong interaction between cerium oxide and platinum was identified and

• was used to achieve a more detailed understanding of the processes accompanying thermal reduction in ultrathin Pt(111) supported cerium oxide nanostructures [49]. In this technique, the incident photon energy is scanned across an absorption edge, while a spectrometer selects the energy of the emitted

• Figure 2, ascribed to screened (A1) and unscreened (A2) 2p–5d transitions with the additional splitting due to the fine structure of the 5d band due to crystal field effects. As shown in Figure 2a, the intensity and shape of the A1 feature of the 2 ML sample are significantly modified by thermal

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• exhibit superparamagnetic behavior, where magnetic moments of particles fluctuate due to thermal energy but can be aligned under an external field. Above TB, thermal fluctuations dominate, causing a transition to a superparamagnetic fluctuating state. This transition is particularly relevant for

• ). This difference can be attributed to variations in alloy composition and material properties, which influence the ablation plume dynamics and particle formation kinetics during PLAL. Specifically, the thermal properties, such as melting point and heat conductivity, and the volatility of the alloy

• FC curve shows higher magnetization than the ZFC curve, indicating that spin alignment occurs faster when cooled in the presence of a magnetic field because of the pre-alignment that the magnetic field produces. Above 179 K, the ZFC and FC curves converge, suggesting that thermal energy disrupts

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• hydroxide hydrogel on polylactide film At first, commercial polylactide granules (PLA Luminy LX175, TotalEnergies Corbion) was put in a steel mold for thermal compression at 190 °C to produce a PLA plate. A piece of the PLA plate was put in a thin plastic mold (polyethylene terephthalate) for thermal

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• ratio of both luciferase activities was used as a read out for LNP-mediated knockdown. Protein thermal stability To determine the thermal stability of ApoE, a solution of ApoE or BSA at 170 µg/mL in PBS was incubated at room temperature, 37 °C, 56 °C or 75 °C shaking at 300 rpm for 30 min. Subsequently

• , the solutions were transferred to a black 96 well plate (50 µL/well) after which an equal volume of 20 µM ThT in PBS was added. After 5 min at rt, the fluorescence was measured (excitation: 450 nm, emission: 505 nm) using a Spectramax iD3 plate reader (Molecular Devices). Thermal stability of ApoE in

• ). These findings are in line with published work, where thermal instability was shown for ApoE3 with an unfolding temperature of around 53 °C [33][34][35]. In contrast, no significant increase in fluorescence was seen for BSA at 56 °C compared to rt or 37 °C (Figure 2B), as can be expected for albumin

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• hydroxy groups attached to its polymer chain, is widely used as a binding agent in material synthesis. PVA promotes chemical cross-linking between CMC molecules by interacting with acidic and/or basic functional groups under thermal conditions [33][34]. This cross-linking occurs when the polymer’s free

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• , green, and IR ranges. Metal complex dyes are characterized by high thermal and UV stability and were therefore preferred for initial LFL studies [32]. Asahi et al. and Tamaki et al. repeatedly showed that using a UV nanosecond laser with a repetition rate of several hertz not only produces NPs of

• reduction in particle diameters. Moreover, pronounced morphological changes caused by thermal effects (i.e., LML) like spheroidization of the MPs cannot be observed. This points towards the occurrence of laser fragmentation already after one laser processing step under near single-pulse conditions. However

• . The degradation of curcumin can occur either by thermal or by photochemical channels. Under the conditions examined herein, thermal degradation is unlikely to occur to a large extent as curcumin has a comparatively high melting temperature of 456–459 K [50], which is not permanently exceeded when

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• operando studies of technologically relevant nanoscale heterostructure devices. Self-organized NiO microcavity arrays fabricated by thermal treatments In the class of the very few p-type oxides, NiO stands out as one of the most versatile and promising materials in diverse applications including

• . Cathodoluminescence measurements demonstrated the presence of a visible emission at 2.5 eV associated with Ni deficiency, whose relative intensity varies as a function of the thermal treatment and the consequent structure of defects. The NiO samples showed additional luminescence due to Ni interstitial and d–d