Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• supercapacitors involves two different kinds of charge-storing mechanisms: pseudocapacitance and electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC) [5]. The reversible redox processes are the primary charge-storage mechanism for pseudocapacitors [6]. Even though the capacitance value of pseudocapacitors is theoretically

• surface of the CDs were oxidized and converted to C=O groups [34]. The mechanism for the production of PG-CDs-AgNPs has been illustrated in Figure 3. The surface area of the supercapacitor electrode material is an important feature that can aid in surface charge storage. The specific surface area of the

• mechanism for PG-CDs-AgNPs, as evidenced by the quasi-rectangular CV profile [38]. The electrochemistry of any electrode material is purposefully controlled by the composition of the electrolyte. Since KCl is used as a neutral electrolyte, PG-CDs-AgNPs exhibit capacitive behavior through a surface-charge

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• is highly beneficial. On the other hand, the formation and dispersion of Fe2O3 NPs on the rGO surface through the decomposition of ferrocene followed a similar mechanism, as discussed in a previous report [29]. Upon MW irradiation, the Fe molecules were oxidized to form Fe2O3 and deposited on rGO

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• major role is played by the primary ion beam, together with a thermal heat spike, excited surface atoms (ESA), or secondary electrons (SE). According to Hlawacek et al. [8], the number of ESA is proportional to the nuclear stopping power, so for heavier ions this mechanism dominates the deposition. The

• exact order, however, of which mechanism contributes how much to the deposition, for example, for cesium (Cs) ions, is beyond the scope of this paper since FIBID is rather complex and depends on a variety of parameters. Besides beam parameters such as acceleration voltage, beam current, ion dose, dwell

• + FIBID-Pt. The proposed mechanism for the formation of these bubbles is that elements of the Pt precursor trap the primary alkali metal ions when the chemical bonds of the precursor are not completely broken. With higher ion beam voltage, more bonds are broken and volatile elements including Cs+ ions are

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• explains the mechanism of the evolution of nanostructures on ion beam-implanted surfaces at normal incidence. According to this theory, in the early stages, sputtering leads to the formation of tiny wavy perturbations induced via instabilities created by the ion beam. These instabilities are followed by a

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• edge are compatible with a transient reduction of Ce ions in the film, as shown by the left panel of Figure 7, and they demonstrate that the resonantly excited plasmonic Ag NPs transfer electrons to the Ce atoms of the CeO2 film through a highly efficient electron-based mechanism [63]. The importance

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• ) [41], NiP2/NiO (94 mV·dec−1) [45], Ni5P4 (98 mV·dec−1) [46], and NiCoP/rGO (124.1 mV·dec−1) [47]. Generally, Tafel slopes are used to determine the HER mechanism, which could follow the Volmer–Heyrovsky or Volmer–Tafel pathway [49]. In this work, the Tafel value of Ni/NiO/SS-10 is between 40 and 120

• mV·dec−1, revealing that the HER mechanism follows the Volmer–Heyrovsky mechanism. During the electrocatalytic process, the NiO components are crucial in facilitating the dissociative adsorption of water molecules to generate adsorbed H atoms (Hads). Also, NiO units are vital in scavenging OH− ions

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• Zn(OH)2 constituent). ZH nanoparticles and GO nanosheets in the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel are antibacterial and antibiofilm agents with low toxicity for food packaging and biomedical applications [56][57]. The main antibacterial mechanism of GO nanosheets is cell membrane damage caused by direct contact of

• nanoparticles. Regarding the antibacterial mechanism of the nanocomposite coating, direct contact of bacterial cells with sharp nanostructures of the coating is the cause of membrane damage and cell inactivation. Zn2+ cations released from ZH nanoparticles and reactive oxygen species generated by ZH

• % higher than that of blank PLA film. Nanosilica and graphene-based nanosheets were nanostructures with high elastic modulus for reinforcement of PLA films through load transfer mechanism. High elasticity of SG and GO-SG-ZH coatings led to the increases in elastic moduli of the coated films. Besides

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• formation of hollow structures. This process is influenced by laser ablation conditions and physical properties of the surrounding liquid, similar to the mechanism described in the referenced article. Though the average NP size calculated from STEM images for FIPA NPs was 19.91 nm with a standard deviation

• standard deviation values in each case are given in the respective figures (Figures 4–6d). From the above analysis, it is evident that different morphologies of FeS2 nanoparticles are generated by PLAL as the liquid medium changes. The ablation and nanoparticle formation mechanism begins with the FeS2

• the release of a second shockwave, which causes the cavitation bubble to expand in the liquid before collapsing on a time period of hundreds of microseconds releasing NPs in the liquid resulting in stable colloidal solution [15][39]. Despite the proposed laser ablation mechanism, there are

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• ]. Possibly, the alginate–cellulose structures are visible in the TEM images from the FST sample. On the other hand, another explanation could be an ion exchange mechanism (Ca→Fe) and chemical interactions between the carboxylate groups of alginate and iron Fe3+ ions, which tend to bind alginate more strongly

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• were characterized, and the TC adsorption efficiency of PGC was assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS). Elemental analysis of PGC identified four key mechanisms governing its endothermic TC adsorption mechanism: surface complexation, electrostatic interactions

• characteristics and morphology of the synthesized adsorbent. Additionally, the study examines the adsorption mechanism of TC on the material’s surface and evaluates the effects of pH value, adsorbent dosage, and matrix composition. As a biodegradable and easily recoverable material derived from natural cellulose

• dissolution via hydrate bridge formation. Additionally, the presence of Zn enhances the TC adsorption capacity of PGC through a chemical adsorption mechanism. According to our findings, Zn content increased significantly from 12.45% in pristine CMC to 22.24% in PGC, aligning with FTIR outcomes confirming the

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• systematic studies of the fragmentation mechanism and reliable measures of fluence-dependent degradation and particle size. To compensate for this disadvantage, Lau et al. introduced a circular jet (CJ) flow-through reactor [15], which generates a hydrostatically driven free liquid jet that is

• the melting temperature range, which is why the melting temperature roughly corresponds to the degradation temperature [53][54][55][56]. Another potential mechanism would be photochemical degradation. It has been reported that upon irradiation the curcumin molecule dissociates primarily at its central

• by-products from the direct mechanism. The contributions from the direct damage pathway are verified by the fact that degradation and particle fragmentation efficiency are proportional (Figure 3, Figure 5A). However, the pronounced concentration dependency with a ten times higher absolute molecular

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• charged relative to each other. It is evident that this is the mechanism by which the individual fragments are linked into a single crystal. The SPEM technique is fundamental for the detection of such inhomogeneities, given that the photoelectron yield depth in this instance does not exceed 12 angstroms

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• ]. For PTAA, under illumination, a similar mechanism is proposed, whereby the oxidation of PTAA raises the conductivity of the polymer [33]. For both HTLs, the inclusion of tBP promotes a better distribution of the HTL on the perovskite, preventing organic semiconductor/LiTFSI phase segregation [34

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• drug, and KH is the Higuchi model rate constant. KK is the Korsmeyer–Peppas model or drug–polymer kinetic constant, Mt/Ma is the fraction of drug release at time t, and n is the exponent of drug release mechanism. Statistical analysis Interpretation of in vitro data was performed using ANOVA. Dunnett’s

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• . The use of STZ in animals causes conditions similar to that of some humans with type-1 diabetes without glycemic control. STZ has been shown to significantly increase blood glucose levels in Wistar rats. STZ’s mechanism of action alters the DNA base sequences of pancreatic islet β-cells and stimulates

• . Simultaneously, the enhanced antioxidant activity of the microemulsion, especially regarding ABTS and FRAP, suggests a direct protective role against oxidative damage. While our data suggest a dual mechanism, future studies using molecular markers of oxidative stress in renal tissue would further clarify the

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• deposition techniques, this thematic issue includes studies on low-energy electron interactions with metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes [5]. Another molecule investigated for its gas-phase fragmentation mechanism via dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment is [Au(CH3)2Cl]2. Studies

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• detection methods, Liu et al. developed a fluorescence-based system using a FAM-labeled DNA aptamer fluorophore along with a nanoquencher attached to self-assembled polydopamine nanospheres. This nanosystem showed selective recognition of AβOs through a “fluorescence-signal on” mechanism, where the FAM-DNA

• peptide, effectively redirecting the formation of potentially toxic oligomers towards disordered coil structures. This mechanism not only hinders fibril formation but also shifts the balance toward less harmful aggregates [71]. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have emerged as another promising CNM

• valuable candidates for various biomedical applications such as diagnosis, therapeutics, and drug delivery. The efficacy of these NPs is closely linked to their pharmacokinetic properties. The biodistribution, safety profile, and clearance mechanism of NPs plays a critical role in the clinical application

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• evidence of changes in surface chemical states due to irradiation. In summary, we elucidate the underlying mechanism responsible for the retrieval of the B1 phase from the transformed B2 phase following O ion irradiation using core-level spectroscopy. While the B1 to B2 phase transformation is reported to

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• charge carriers. Ion implantation may also create localized states within the film, causing some charge carriers to become trapped. This affects the charge transport mechanism, leading to slight nonlinearities. The ion implantation causes modifications in the grain structure of the molybdenum thin films

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• coupled method and then acquire enough energy to generate a plasma. Because of several drawbacks, such as Townsend discharge [16], these sources are not used nowadays. Compact broad-beam ion sources are widely used in scientific laboratories to generate ions. Depending upon the mechanism of production of

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• 2 min after laser irradiation, reaches a maximum after 6 min, and then decreases to a constant value at 26 min. This is assumed to be based on the following mechanism. 1) From the start of laser irradiation to 2 min: equilibrium between nucleation due to ion reduction and atom re-dissolution due to

• compatibility. We will conduct additional experiments to clarify the specific mechanism of reaction and attempt to select the optimal radical scavenger. Increasing the efficiency of nanoparticle synthesis by changing solution concentration with radical scavengers When the precursor ion concentration is

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• internalisation mechanism for PLL-conjugated ASOs [67]. Specific molecular structures, however, can be utilised to facilitate the targeted uptake of drug delivery systems. Ligand–PLL–ASO conjugates, for instance, can enter target cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis [68]. This approach holds promise for

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• by affecting plume geometry and dynamics. Thus, the NP formation mechanism and the resulting size distribution are modified compared to a Gaussian beam. However, as far as we know, donut-shaped laser pulses have not yet been investigated under PLAL conditions. In this study, PLAL with donut-shaped

• ], the ablation crater reproduces the beam intensity distribution at low laser fluence. At high fluence, the crater exhibits a uniform shape without chaotic hydrodynamically driven relief. According to Shih et al. [23][57], the mechanism of NP formation and the generation of large NPs is related to the

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• damping for vibration isolation. The sample holder (highlighted in blue in Figure 2a is inserted by locking the spring mechanism with the locking bellow and then fixed to the microscope by inflating the “reactor” bellow. The substrate can be heated from behind by electron bombardment using a tungsten

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• mechanism are discussed in Figure 1. Polyethylene glycol–polycaprolactone nanoparticles were synthesized through ring-opening copolymerization (ROC), a widely recognized technique for creating nanoparticles with tailored properties (Figure 1). This method leverages the complementary characteristics of PEG

• quantitative spectrophotometric measurements, provides a dual approach that can cater to different levels of detection requirements in various practical applications. Proposed mechanism for SDS detection Ionic charge interactions between SDS and the Bradford reagent primarily drive the detection mechanism for