The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• as “adsorbent”, “adsorbent mechanism”, “waste”, and “walnut shell”, highlight the development of biochar from agricultural residues and adsorption mechanism evaluations. Similarly, terms like “aggregate”, ”soil remediation”, “identification”, “mechanism”, and “kinetics” indicate a research trajectory

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• water as a catalyst, then the final product gluconolactone was generated [28][29]. These reactions were illustrated in Scheme 2. Similarly, peaks were observed to be same during the reverse scan [29]. Based on curve shape and reaction mechanism, the peaks from the reverse curve around 50 mV were

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• considered as fully innovative, that is, no cross-resistance, new chemical class, new target, and new mechanism of action. Furthermore, just four of them are active against at least one pathogen of the top risk category [12]. The urgent need for novel antibiotics has led researchers to consider repurposing

• delivery mechanism are broadly categorized into passive and active targeting [38]. Passive targeting is controlled by size, charge, and composition of the nanoparticle, which influences the localization, cell penetration, and release of the drug as physicochemical features of pathogenic tissues facilitate

• antimicrobial agents since they usually exhibit superior antimicrobial activity compared to silver(I) alone [100]. The mechanism of action of most silver complexes is based on a slow release of the silver(I) ions, which react with the thiol groups of proteins or with key functional groups of enzymes; the

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• ][10]. The main advantage of ferroptosis lies in its cell death mechanism, which bypasses multidrug resistance and improves conventional chemotherapy, highlighting its remarkable therapeutic efficacy [8]. Ferroptosis treatment holds potential for addressing a range of conditions, including liver

• polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), increased labile iron pool, and weakened GPX4–GSH defense mechanism [35][87]. Additionally, cancer cells that are resistant to therapy and exhibit certain cellular characteristics are susceptible to ferroptosis; for instance, cancer cells displaying a mesenchymal phenotype

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• density coherently oscillates, coupled to both media. Usually, LIPSS formation is a multipulse phenomenon, as pulse after pulse create a different roughness on the surface or feedback mechanism to form certain SPP modes. The interference of incoming light with scattering from the SPP modes can lead to the

• -organization [33] to second harmonic generation [11] and cavitation instability [23][50][51]. Despite numerous studies, the formation mechanism of HSFL and the reason for their shorter periodicity compared to the laser wavelength remain elusive. Our previous work addressed this gap by patterning a single line

• LIPSS occurs at repetition rates of 100 kHz or less, where the sequence of successive pulses creates a feedback mechanism conducive to LIPSS formation. This results in pulse intervals of more than 10 µs, deemed sufficient for efficient heat conduction [55][56]. To achieve a clear formation of HSFL or

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• cells, which could exploit homotypic targeting mechanism and exosomes, are being employed to deliver anticancer/immune modulating drugs or vaccine delivery [2][24]. The cell or biomimetic NPs can alter biological functions via various pathways and can be effectively used in targeting and manipulating

• their action site to achieve desired therapeutic effects. Thus, it is critical to explore and understand the types, targeting mechanism, immune responses, and therapeutic outcomes of such NPs. Unlike previous reports, here, we provide an up-to-date review of recent advances in biomimetic nanomedicines

• [41]. Wayteck et al. have prepared liposomes that can hitchhike on cells to the tumor site and get separated to perform their cytotoxic activity [42]. 1.1.5 Cancer cells. Cancer cells establish their own mechanism to escape immune response [43]. They are tightly bound by surface proteins to hinder the

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• , such as primary amines and sulfhydryl groups on proteins or other biomolecules. The reactive chemical group is the most important property of a cross-linker. The reactive group establishes the method and mechanism for polymer modification [43][45]. Harsh conditions such as low pH and high temperature

• ., they promote the disruption of the SC intercellular matrix [175] and/or extraction of the SC lipids [180]). Moreover, some penetration enhancers may operate by more than one permeation mechanism, which involves modifying either the diffusion of the drug in the SC or the solubility of the drug in the

• polyethylene glycolated hyaluronic acid. The system was designed to be incorporated into therapeutic fabrics for transdermal application, making it a potentially valuable tool for treating conditions such as atopic dermatitis. The release mechanism of gallic acid followed a first-order kinetic model, in which

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• min. The dissolution profiles of the micellar systems were also evaluated using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model with lag time (tlag), which indicated a Fickian diffusion mechanism, preceded by a thermodynamically driven accommodation stage of PpIX into the micelles. The solubility of PpIX ranged from 0.138

• dissolution mechanism is mainly governed by simple diffusion, without significant swelling or erosion of the polymeric matrix [8], which is commonly observed in hydrophilic polymeric systems, as those produced by P407 [24]. In this context, the drug molecules diffuse through the micellar network driven by

• ), indicated a Fickian diffusion mechanism occuring after the initial phase of micelle formation and subsequent accommodation of PpIX within the micellar core of the P407-based systems. These results reinforce the structural stability and controlled-release potential of the micellar formulations, particularly

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• barrier disruption, or the presence of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) [34][35]. Melanization serves as a fundamental defense mechanism in arthropods, contributing to the encapsulation of damaged tissues and neutralization of harmful agents, including ROS and foreign particles [36]. It is

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• functional theory (DFT) to explore the sensing capabilities of a ZnS (3,3) nanotube (ZnS NT) for detecting chloropicrin (CP, CCl3NO2), a highly toxic gas. To elucidate the sensing mechanism, we systematically analyze the adsorption configurations, Mulliken charge transfer, band structure, density of states

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• catalysis or magnetic devices. This is due to their exceptional compositional tunability arising from the synergistic interplay of multiple elements within a single particle. While laser-synthesized, surfactant-free colloidal HEA NPs have already been reported, the underlying formation mechanism remains

• graphitic carbon coatings. The discovery of the structure-directing mechanism allows one to select between crystalline or amorphous HEA NP products, simply by choice of the laser pulse duration in the same, well-scalable setup, giving access to colloidal particles that can be further downstream processed to

• while the temperature is only around twice as high. Consequently, we can expect that the MSD is even lower for ps-LAL, possibly falling in a sub-nanometer range, which makes diffusion into liquid metal droplets more unlikely. This hypothesized mechanism that takes carbon diffusion into the particle core

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• apart from prior dense block techniques, which fail to use additional local dense connections across blocks [30]. Another modification is the cascading residual network (CARN), which uses a cascading mechanism at local and global levels to combine features from both levels [29]. Additionally, SR deep

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• . have demonstrated that GO is effective in the removal of actinides from nuclear wastewaters [8]. However, the adsorbing mechanism of metal ions to the GO surface, such as adsorption sites, remains to be elucidated. It has been demonstrated that GO tends to aggregate during the process of metal ion

• adsorbing mechanism of the Cs atoms to the SLGO sheet, we investigated the electronic structure and chemical properties of adsorbed Cs by changing the pH level of the Cs aqueous solutions. Figure 5 shows Cs 3d XPS spectra of Cs-adsorbed SLGO under three different pH values. No energy shift was observed

• have dissociation constants pK = 4.3, 6.6, and 9.8 [31]. It can be considered that Cs adsorbs on the oxygen functional groups through a mechanism of ion exchange. This process involves the substitution of H atoms from oxygen functional groups, such as carboxyl and hydroxy groups, with Cs atoms. It can

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• mechanism in which ROS plays a critical role in the mineralization process in osteoblasts [63]. In addition, the slow degradation of hBNs, resulting in the release of boric acid, a boron compound that supports the osteogenic response, may further contribute to the increase in calcium deposition by inducing

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• involving this chromophore and the encapsulated 2. As far as the mechanism of this process is concerned, both singlet–singlet and triplet–triplet energy transfers are ruled out based on the following. Based on the absorption spectra of the ABF and 2, the lowest singlet state of ABF can be estimated to be

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• , with response times of the order of seconds or less [6][41][50]. The binding process between microtubules and mitochondria is well known [40][41]. The precise mechanism by which mitochondria and microtubules locate each other remains unclear, but their interaction is too directional to be coincidental

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• supercapacitors involves two different kinds of charge-storing mechanisms: pseudocapacitance and electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC) [5]. The reversible redox processes are the primary charge-storage mechanism for pseudocapacitors [6]. Even though the capacitance value of pseudocapacitors is theoretically

• surface of the CDs were oxidized and converted to C=O groups [34]. The mechanism for the production of PG-CDs-AgNPs has been illustrated in Figure 3. The surface area of the supercapacitor electrode material is an important feature that can aid in surface charge storage. The specific surface area of the

• mechanism for PG-CDs-AgNPs, as evidenced by the quasi-rectangular CV profile [38]. The electrochemistry of any electrode material is purposefully controlled by the composition of the electrolyte. Since KCl is used as a neutral electrolyte, PG-CDs-AgNPs exhibit capacitive behavior through a surface-charge

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• is highly beneficial. On the other hand, the formation and dispersion of Fe2O3 NPs on the rGO surface through the decomposition of ferrocene followed a similar mechanism, as discussed in a previous report [29]. Upon MW irradiation, the Fe molecules were oxidized to form Fe2O3 and deposited on rGO

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• major role is played by the primary ion beam, together with a thermal heat spike, excited surface atoms (ESA), or secondary electrons (SE). According to Hlawacek et al. [8], the number of ESA is proportional to the nuclear stopping power, so for heavier ions this mechanism dominates the deposition. The

• exact order, however, of which mechanism contributes how much to the deposition, for example, for cesium (Cs) ions, is beyond the scope of this paper since FIBID is rather complex and depends on a variety of parameters. Besides beam parameters such as acceleration voltage, beam current, ion dose, dwell

• + FIBID-Pt. The proposed mechanism for the formation of these bubbles is that elements of the Pt precursor trap the primary alkali metal ions when the chemical bonds of the precursor are not completely broken. With higher ion beam voltage, more bonds are broken and volatile elements including Cs+ ions are

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• explains the mechanism of the evolution of nanostructures on ion beam-implanted surfaces at normal incidence. According to this theory, in the early stages, sputtering leads to the formation of tiny wavy perturbations induced via instabilities created by the ion beam. These instabilities are followed by a

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• edge are compatible with a transient reduction of Ce ions in the film, as shown by the left panel of Figure 7, and they demonstrate that the resonantly excited plasmonic Ag NPs transfer electrons to the Ce atoms of the CeO2 film through a highly efficient electron-based mechanism [63]. The importance

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• ) [41], NiP2/NiO (94 mV·dec−1) [45], Ni5P4 (98 mV·dec−1) [46], and NiCoP/rGO (124.1 mV·dec−1) [47]. Generally, Tafel slopes are used to determine the HER mechanism, which could follow the Volmer–Heyrovsky or Volmer–Tafel pathway [49]. In this work, the Tafel value of Ni/NiO/SS-10 is between 40 and 120

• mV·dec−1, revealing that the HER mechanism follows the Volmer–Heyrovsky mechanism. During the electrocatalytic process, the NiO components are crucial in facilitating the dissociative adsorption of water molecules to generate adsorbed H atoms (Hads). Also, NiO units are vital in scavenging OH− ions

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• Zn(OH)2 constituent). ZH nanoparticles and GO nanosheets in the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel are antibacterial and antibiofilm agents with low toxicity for food packaging and biomedical applications [56][57]. The main antibacterial mechanism of GO nanosheets is cell membrane damage caused by direct contact of

• nanoparticles. Regarding the antibacterial mechanism of the nanocomposite coating, direct contact of bacterial cells with sharp nanostructures of the coating is the cause of membrane damage and cell inactivation. Zn2+ cations released from ZH nanoparticles and reactive oxygen species generated by ZH

• % higher than that of blank PLA film. Nanosilica and graphene-based nanosheets were nanostructures with high elastic modulus for reinforcement of PLA films through load transfer mechanism. High elasticity of SG and GO-SG-ZH coatings led to the increases in elastic moduli of the coated films. Besides