The role of 2D/3D spin-polarization interactions in hybrid copper hydroxide acetate: new insights from first-principles molecular dynamics

• Ziyad Chaker,
• Guido Ori,
• Mauro Boero and
• Carlo Massobrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 857–860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.86

• difference increases upon compression whereas for S = 8 the difference decreases. The cross-linking between these two trends, at about the AF-to-F transition pressure, suggests that the driving force to induce this transition is the tendency of the system to acquire equal values of finite spin polarization

Recombinant DNA technology and click chemistry: a powerful combination for generating a hybrid elastin-like-statherin hydrogel to control calcium phosphate mineralization

• Mohamed Hamed Misbah,
• Mercedes Santos,
• Luis Quintanilla,
• Christina Günter,
• Matilde Alonso,
• Andreas Taubert and
• José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 772–783, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.80

• correct sequence, and the clickable ELR-based hydrogels studied herein are no exception. This process starts with the gene design, using recombinant DNA technology, and finishes with the final purification steps. The recombinamers are then chemically modified to enable their cross-linking to form a

• , forming fibrillar structure of several hundred nanometres in diameter [47]. Thus, the SEM micrographs (Figure 2 and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S7) clearly show that the chains after cross-linking inside the IK24 and H3AH3 hydrogels are composed of thin, rather homogeneous, fibres that often

• acid residues along the ELR chain in a regular manner. These lysine amino acid residues are easily modified with cyclooctyne and azide groups (Figure 1, Supporting Information File 1, Figures S1–S6). Moreover, the cross-linking reaction is easily performed in water, which is an important condition for

Investigation of the photocatalytic efficiency of tantalum alkoxy carboxylate-derived Ta₂O₅ nanoparticles in rhodamine B removal

• Subia Ambreen,
• Mohammad Danish,
• Narendra D. Pandey and
• Ashutosh Pandey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 604–613, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.65

• down their replacement by –OH groups. This can be achieved by the longer or more branched alkyl groups of –OR, or by replacing alkoxo ligands with chelating groups. As a result, a homogenous gel is obtained with a lesser extent of cross-linking. Bidentate complexing ligands (BL) are usually employed in

• CCl3). The peaks at 2θ values 22.88, 28.77, 36.66, 46.64 and 55.60° correspond to (001), (100), (101), (002) and (102) crystallographic planes of the orthorhombic phase of Ta2O5 [19]. The reason behind this observation can be attributed to the fact that the cross-linking of the gel is reduced in

Tailoring bifunctional hybrid organic–inorganic nanoadsorbents by the choice of functional layer composition probed by adsorption of Cu²⁺ ions

• Veronika V. Tomina,
• Inna V. Melnyk,
• Yuriy L. Zub,
• Aivaras Kareiva,
• Miroslava Vaclavikova,
• Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva and
• Vadim G. Kessler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 334–347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.36

• Q4 structural units decreased. This might indicate lower degree of cross-linking in the polysiloxane networks in the particles. The most broadly used technique for the preparation of aminoalkyl functionalized silica has been, however, the surface modification of pre-produced nanoparticles with

Functionalized TiO₂ nanoparticles by single-step hydrothermal synthesis: the role of the silane coupling agents

• Antoine R. M. Dalod,
• Lars Henriksen,
• Tor Grande and
• Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 304–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.33

• nanoparticles (Degussa P-25) [14]. They concluded that the silane coupling agents covalently bond onto the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles. Using a mixture of isomeric octyltriethoxysilanes (OTES), Milanesi et al. focused on the structure of the hydrophobic layer and proposed that cross-linking (via Si–O–Si bonds

• ) and chemical bonding (via Ti–O–Si bonds) of silanes onto TiO2 nanoparticles occurred [16]. Later, Zhao et al. detailed the cross-linking and chemical bonding mechanisms of APTMS and 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane on TiO2 nanoparticles [15]. A contact angle of about 150° for water was measured

Flexible photonic crystal membranes with nanoparticle high refractive index layers

• Torben Karrock,
• Moritz Paulsen and
• Martina Gerken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 203–209, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.22

• is non-toxic, biocompatible and may be used for mass production in medical applications [17][18]. The mixture is cured by an organometallic cross-linking reaction that is promoted by heat resulting in an amorphous network of polymer chains. The random PDMS coils are 0.7 nm in diameter and have a

Structural and tribometric characterization of biomimetically inspired synthetic "insect adhesives"

• Matthias W. Speidel,
• Malte Kleemeier,
• Andreas Hartwig,
• Klaus Rischka,
• Angelika Ellermann,
• Rolf Daniels and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 45–63, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.6

Effect of nanostructured carbon coatings on the electrochemical performance of Li_1.4Ni_0.5Mn_0.5O_2+x-based cathode materials

• Konstantin A. Kurilenko,
• Oleg A. Shlyakhtin,
• Oleg A. Brylev,
• Dmitry I. Petukhov and
• Alexey V. Garshev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1960–1970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.187

• synthesis technique (additional stage of thermal cross-linking of PVA) leads to LNM/C composites with different properties of the carbon coatings, including a different micro-/nanomorphology and a different ratio of sp2- to sp3-hybridized carbon. The last feature is also confirmed by the different integral

Chitosan-based nanoparticles for improved anticancer efficacy and bioavailability of mifepristone

• Huijuan Zhang,
• Fuqiang Wu,
• Yazhen Li,
• Xiping Yang,
• Jiamei Huang,
• Tingting Lv,
• Yingying Zhang,
• Jianzhong Chen,
• Haijun Chen,
• Yu Gao,
• Guannan Liu and
• Lee Jia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1861–1870, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.178

• decreases. In the same way, we found the TPP concentration also has a great effect on EE and DL of MCNs. With the increase of the TPP concentration, the EE and DL of MCNs dropped significantly. This could be due to the increased reaction degree between Cs and TPP, leading to cross-linking of nanoparticles

Numerical investigation of depth profiling capabilities of helium and neon ions in ion microscopy

• Patrick Philipp,
• Lukasz Rzeznik and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1749–1760, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.168

• functional groups and cross-linking and the formation of “pre-carbon” structures. Next, the nucleation and growth of carbon-enriched structures is observed, followed by the aggregation of carbon clusters up to formation of quasi-continuous carbon-rich buried layer forming a network of conjugated bonds

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• and water content of the gel [114]. In the elastomer polymer, only the cross-linking density is varied. The stiffness of PDMS is modified by altering the ratio between monomer and curing agent, curing temperature, and curing time [114][115][166]. The Young’s modulus of PDMS can vary from 0.1 kPa [114

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• direct relation to the quantity of acetone used to produce epoxy samples [50]. The degraded mechanical properties may be associated with a restriction of the cross-linking process and a variation in cure kinetics due to the residual organic solvent [51]. Hong and Wu reported that the residuum of organic

Experimental and simulation-based investigation of He, Ne and Ar irradiation of polymers for ion microscopy

• Lukasz Rzeznik,
• Yves Fleming,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.104

• chain scission, cross-linking as well as carbonization of the target. For the multiple impacts, larger molecular fragments (up to C36H69) and a smaller H to C ratio was observed. These results show that different species are not necessarily sputtered in the ratio as present in the sample, which may lead

Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies

• Claudia Koch,
• Fabian J. Eber,
• Carlos Azucena,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Alexander M. Bittner,
• Holger Jeske,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Fania C. Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 613–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.54

• towards a better handling of fully active enzyme preparations. A broad range of different immobilization methods is applied, ranging from protein adsorption, covalent coupling, entrapment and encapsulation to intermolecular cross-linking with filler components, specific high-affinity docking and

Nanoscale effects in the characterization of viscoelastic materials with atomic force microscopy: coupling of a quasi-three-dimensional standard linear solid model with in-plane surface interactions

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 554–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.49

• calculations is not known in an experiment since the deformation may be limited to an unknown region near the surface (the deformed region can be localized, for example, due to cross-linking or layering of the material, which prevents the small deformation imparted at the top of the film from ever reaching the

• allow the molecules to rearrange with relative ease [19][20]. There are also many viscoelastic surfaces which are formed by macromolecules that have cross-linking covalent bonds, such as vulcanized rubber [19], in which case there are restrictions on the relative mobility of adjacent molecules. From the

3D solid supported inter-polyelectrolyte complexes obtained by the alternate deposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)

• Eduardo Guzmán,
• Armando Maestro,
• Sara Llamas,
• Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez,
• Francisco Ortega,
• Ángel Maroto-Valiente and
• Ramón G. Rubio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 197–208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.18

• also be built based on other intermolecular forces, for instance hydrogen bonds, acid–base reactions, covalent cross-linking and host–guest interactions [11][12]. Polyelectrolyte multilayers can be considered an example of non-equilibrium materials, because the corresponding soluble or insoluble

• -workes [49]. This is in agreement with a transition from an intrinsic compensation to an extrinsic one with the increase of N [50][51] that has a strong influence on the viscoelastic character of the film (Figure 1) [36] due to the reduction of the ionic cross-linking between chains in adjacent layers

• expected that films with low degree of swelling exhibit a strong ionic cross-linking under hydrated conditions with their rigidity almost unaffected during the drying process. On the other side, the films with the higher degree of swelling (under conditions of high ionic strength) are expected to exhibit a

Single-molecule mechanics of protein-labelled DNA handles

• Vivek S. Jadhav,
• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Florian Wruck and
• Martin Hegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 138–148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.16

• Scientific, Dublin, Ireland) in 0.2 M triethanolamine (Sigma, Arklow, Ireland). The DMP cross-linking reaction was then quenched in 0.1 M ethanolamine at pH 8.2 for 5 min pelleted and resupended in 0.05 M sodium tetraborate, pH 8.2. Non-crosslinked anti-DIG antibodies were removed by pelleting twice in 0.1 M

Single pyrimidine discrimination during voltage-driven translocation of osmylated oligodeoxynucleotides via the α-hemolysin nanopore

• Yun Ding and
• Anastassia Kanavarioti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.11

• , yields substantial amounts of cross-linking between strands to form a duplex covalently bound, in a parallel manner, like an “H”. We tested this hypothesis by monitoring the OsBp labeling reaction with a 32 nt long deoxyoligo, pGEX3’-dA9 (tail at the 3’-end), by high performance liquid chromatography

• (HPLC) with ion exchange chromatography (see Experimental section). The oligo was chosen so that cross-linking of two strands to form a 64 nt long conjugate could be easily detected by this HPLC method. The presence of the tail is not expected to have a major effect on the reactivity of the alleged OsBp

Chemiresistive/SERS dual sensor based on densely packed gold nanoparticles

• Sanda Boca,
• Cosmin Leordean,
• Simion Astilean and
• Cosmin Farcau

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2498–2503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.259

• cross-linking reactions, and connected to (micro)electrodes [5][6]. In this work we propose a dual electrical/optical sensor (DEOS) capable of exploiting both chemiresistive and SERS-based sensing. The device consists of a self-assembled film of spherical gold nanoparticles that is electrically

Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups

• Maria Nowacka,
• Anna Kowalewska and
• Tomasz Makowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2377–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.244

• -acetylcysteine, cysteine hydrochloride or glutathione) can form specific, self-assembled nanostructures when deposited on mica by dip coating. The mechanism of adsorption is based on molecule-to-substrate interactions between carboxylic groups and mica. Intermolecular cross-linking by hydrogen bonds was also

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• aggregation due to lower availability of amines and the reduced cross-linking ability. The average sizes of Pt, Au, and Ag NPs were about 3.5, 23, and 7.5 nm respectively. According to their FTIR data, the amine and amide functionalities had the most interaction in CTS, while in CMC, the alcohol

• ]. Jang et al. used dextran (dex), a readily available polysaccharide, both as reducing and stabilizing agents to synthesize dex–Au NPs from HAuCl4. The stability of Au NPs is enhanced due to cross-linking of aminated dextran chains on the surface of NPs using epichlorohydrin (C3H5ClO). The average

Self-organization of gold nanoparticles on silanated surfaces

• Htet H. Kyaw,
• Salim H. Al-Harthi,
• Azzouz Sellai and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2345–2353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.242

• type II) may create cross-linking of APTES molecules, which in turn would lead to lower availability of free amine terminal groups for a potential attachment of AuNPs. Another possible scenario (type III) is that hydrogen bonds may form between some of the amine functional groups and –OH from the

Imaging of carbon nanomembranes with helium ion microscopy

• André Beyer,
• Henning Vieker,
• Robin Klett,
• Hanno Meyer zu Theenhausen,
• Polina Angelova and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1712–1720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.175

• (CNMs) prepared from aromatic self-assembled monolayers constitute a recently developed class of 2D materials. They are made by a combination of self-assembly, radiation-induced cross-linking and the detachment of the cross-linked SAM from its substrate. CNMs can be deposited on arbitrary substrates

• with electron [1] or soft X-ray irradiation [2], which results in the cross-linking of neighbouring molecules into a CNM of molecular thickness. The CNM is then released from its substrate by dissolving the latter [3]. The thickness, chemical composition, and density of the original SAM determine the

Continuum models of focused electron beam induced processing

• Milos Toth,
• Charlene Lobo,
• Vinzenz Friedli,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1518–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.157

• -activated cross linking of hydrocarbon contaminants is a common problem in many etch processes [6][9][14]. Simultaneous FEBID and FEBIE can be simulated using models such as those described in [11], with adjustment to account for system-specific details such as the surface site competition behavior of the

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• mechanisms are accompanied by adsorption and further condensation between the surface reactive species and APTES siloxane aggregates formed in the reactive solution. The presence of ethoxy groups, resulting in an incomplete cross-linking of the APTES siloxane polymer network, can be seen by the significant

• molecules) formed by ionic cross-linking [40]. The proposed architecture is envisaged to enhance adhesion, proliferation, differentiation of osteoblasts, and thus ultimately, to achieve a better integration of the titanium implant into the bone tissue. Conclusion In the present contribution, we demonstrated