Free vibration of functionally graded carbon-nanotube-reinforced composite plates with cutout

• Mostafa Mirzaei and
• Yaser Kiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 511–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.45

• superscript m. Following the classical solid mechanics notation, E and G are the elastic modulus and shear modulus of the constituents, respectively. In comparison to the conventional rule of mixtures approach, three unknown constants, η1, η2 and η3, are introduced in Equation 1; these are known as efficiency

High-bandwidth multimode self-sensing in bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert and
• S. O. Reza Moheimani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 284–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.26

• calibration grating available from NT-MDT with periodic rectangular features of heights h = 21.6 ± 1.5 nm and a blend of polystyrene (PS) and polyolefin elastomer (ethylene-octene copolymer) (LDPE) available from Bruker (PS-LDPE-12M). The PS regions of the sample have elastic modulus numbers around 2 GPa

• , while the LDPE regions have elastic modulus numbers around 0.1 GPa making it a widely used standard to image material contrast. The scan speed was set to 20 μm/s at an area of 10 μm × 10 μm. Approach curves Approach and retract curves have been performed on the (stiff) TGZ1 calibration grating where the

Development of a novel nanoindentation technique by utilizing a dual-probe AFM system

• Eyup Cinar,
• Ferat Sahin and
• Dalia Yablon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2015–2027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.205

• models for determining the elastic modulus of cells [2]. In addition to the biomedical engineering field, nanoindentation has been widely used in many other disciplines where accurate mechanical characterization is of high importance [3][4]. The improvement of sensor technology has enabled the

• value of the cantilever. Depending on the type of the material, various models can be applied in order to interpret and extract the elastic modulus of materials. One of the problems with this AFM-based approach is cantilever bending. Most of the conventional AFM nanoindentation probes have spring

• references in the literature. The last section is devoted to the conclusions. Theoretical background on nanoindentation A widely used mechanical model in nanoindentation experiments is the Oliver–Pharr (OP) model [16]. Properties such as elastic modulus or hardness of materials can be extracted from force

Simulation of thermal stress and buckling instability in Si/Ge and Ge/Si core/shell nanowires

• Suvankar Das,
• Amitava Moitra,
• Mishreyee Bhattacharya and
• Amlan Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1970–1977, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.201

• present features that restrict the prediction of the overall elastic modulus through simple analytical means. Decomposing the system into an isolated nanowire (core) and outer tube (shell) to apply the parallel spring model yields incorrect results due to the effect of the core–shell interface [16

• . This behavior can be understood simply by observing the elastic modulus of the monoelemental NWs (represented as 10 nm core diameter). Silicon, being stiffer than germanium, shows a general tendency of an increasing Young’s modulus with a rise in its compositional contribution in the hetrerostructure

• . Interestingly, the crossover between the elastic modulus of Si/Ge and Ge/Si NWs occurs near a core diameter of ≈7 nm. This is a structure with equal volume occupied by the core and shell parts of the material. The next step of our computation involved the estimation of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE

Atomic force microscopy as analytical tool to study physico-mechanical properties of intestinal cells

• Christa Schimpel,
• Oliver Werzer,
• Eleonore Fröhlich,
• Gerd Leitinger,
• Markus Absenger-Novak,
• Birgit Teubl,
• Andreas Zimmer and
• Eva Roblegg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1457–1466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.151

• studies [44][45]. It was shown in astrocytes (glial cells) that the elastic modulus near the nuclear region was an order of magnitude higher than at the edge of the cell. However, Caco-2 cells showed a 1.7-fold reduced elasticity compared to M cells (Figure 4A–F). Specifically at regions near the nucleus

Capillary and van der Waals interactions on CaF₂ crystals from amplitude modulation AFM force reconstruction profiles under ambient conditions

• Annalisa Calò,
• Oriol Vidal Robles,
• Sergio Santos and
• Albert Verdaguer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 809–819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.84

• (DMT) model of contact mechanics [54] has been employed to account for short range repulsion: where E* is the effective Young’s modulus that includes the elastic modulus of the tip and of the sample [14]. This profile is shown in Figure 4b. 2) The second profile corresponds to a linear decay in the

Mapping of elasticity and damping in an α + β titanium alloy through atomic force acoustic microscopy

• M. Kalyan Phani,
• Anish Kumar,
• T. Jayakumar,
• Walter Arnold and
• Konrad Samwer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 767–776, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.79

• successfully mapped the indentation modulus of α- and β-phases in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy by using AFAM while using a cantilever dynamic model in which damping, however, was neglected. In this paper, we report mapping of elastic modulus and damping using a modified cantilever dynamic model in various phases, such as

• moment of inertia. By using an appropriate contact mechanics model, one can convert the obtained stiffness values to the reduced elastic modulus E* and then to the indentation modulus M. The contact mechanics for AFM tips is very difficult to model as the exact shape of the tip in contact with the sample

• * is the reduced elastic modulus, R is the radius of curvature of the cantilever tip and P is the load applied on the specimen through the cantilever. There is one unknown, R, which can be eliminated by using a reference method. Reference material can either be a single crystal with known orientations

Influence of grain size and composition, topology and excess free volume on the deformation behavior of Cu–Zr nanoglasses

• Daniel Şopu and
• Karsten Albe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 537–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.56

• hardness and a low elastic modulus as compared to their bulk counterparts [8]. In light of these interesting results, further studies on the mechanical properties of this new type of material seem to be mandatory. Critical questions are, if and how mechanical properties of NGs change by varying the grain

Oxygen-plasma-modified biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for enhanced compatibility of cardiovascular implants

• Anna Maria Pappa,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Silke Krol,
• Spyros Kassavetis,
• Dimitris Konstantinou,
• Charalampos Pitsalidis,
• Lazaros Tzounis,
• Nikos Pliatsikas and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 254–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.24

• , the elastic modulus (E) values of the untreated and the O2-plasma-treated PCL versus the contact depth are presented. In every nanoindentation test the same behavior was noticed: As the nanoindenter penetrates from the surface to the ‘body’ of the PCL films the E value decreases mainly due to the

• locations of the samples to 300 nm maximum penetration depth. The nanoindentation load–displacement curves were analyzed by using the Oliver–Pharr model to calculate the elastic modulus of the samples versus the indenter penetration (contact) depth [31]. Cell studies MTT assay: MTT assay (Sigma-Aldrich

• the O2-plasma modified ones, with P = 20 W and P = 40 W. The elastic modulus values of the untreated PCL electrospun scaffolds and the plasma-modified ones (20 W) versus the contact depth. Every curve comes from a nanoindentation measurement to a different surface location of the samples. (a,b) MTT

Multifunctional layered magnetic composites

• Maria Siglreitmeier,
• Baohu Wu,
• Tina Kollmann,
• Martin Neubauer,
• Gergely Nagy,
• Dietmar Schwahn,
• Vitaliy Pipich,
• Damien Faivre,
• Dirk Zahn,
• Andreas Fery and
• Helmut Cölfen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 134–148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.13

• fit the obtained curves assuming the Hertz model for a sphere in contact with a plane surface [60] (see Supporting Information File 1). Thus, an elastic modulus of 2.6 ± 0.3 kPa is calculated which is in good agreement with data from literature reporting modulus values in the low-kPa range [58][61

The capillary adhesion technique: a versatile method for determining the liquid adhesion force and sample stiffness

• Daniel Gandyra,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Stanislav Gorb,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 11–18, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.2

• also resulted in the measurement of an elastic modulus (Young’s modulus) for individual hairs of 3.0 × 105 N/cm2, which is within the typical range known for human hair. (3) Finally, the accuracy and validity of the capillary adhesion technique was proven by examining calibrated atomic force microscopy

Nanometer-resolved mechanical properties around GaN crystal surface steps

• Jörg Buchwald,
• Marina Sarmanova,
• Bernd Rauschenbach and
• Stefan G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2164–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.225

• contact area leads to an underestimation of the elastic modulus when maintaining a load. This effect is demonstrated for a GaN step of 5 nm in height (see Figure 7). The step is high enough to theoretically exhibit a visible reduction in the indentation modulus with a sufficiently sharp tip

Modeling viscoelasticity through spring–dashpot models in intermittent-contact atomic force microscopy

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2149–2163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.224

• the tip radius, z the tip position with respect to the sample, a0 the intermolecular distance, E* the effective tip–sample elastic modulus, Et and Es the elastic modulus of tip and sample, respectively, and νt and νs are the Poisson’s ratios of the tip and the sample, respectively. In general, the

Equilibrium states and stability of pre-tensioned adhesive tapes

• Carmine Putignano,
• Luciano Afferrante,
• Luigi Mangialardi and
• Giuseppe Carbone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1725–1731, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.182

• the elastic modulus of the tape and on the surface energy of adhesion. Vice versa, in the unstable region, depending on the initial conditions of the system, the tape can evolve towards a state of complete detachment or fail before reaching a state of equilibrium with complete adhesion. We find that

On the structure of grain/interphase boundaries and interfaces

• K. Anantha Padmanabhan and
• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1603–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.172

• electronic interactions and those due to their spatial distribution). It is not clear if such configurations are possible in non-metals and if it is not possible, the reason for the same is not known. Such a structure may have an elastic modulus greater than that of the bulk. Free energy increases even if

Surface topography and contact mechanics of dry and wet human skin

• Alexander E. Kovalev,
• Kirstin Dening,
• Bo N. J. Persson and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1341–1348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.147

• glassy region. It is well know that the effective elastic modulus of stratum corneum may decrease by a factor of 100–1000 with increasing water content down to values of the order of E ≈ 5–10 MPa in the wet state, which is comparable to rubber in the rubbery region [3][4]. The tissues beneath stratum

• corneum are very soft. This has been demonstrated in indentation experiments on the inner forearm by using a macroscopic indentor (a ball with a diameter of about 1 cm). The measurements are explained well by using the Hertzian contact theory. The effective elastic modulus was found to be 10–40 kPa [3

• ]. In a first approximation, a two layers model, with a thin stiff layer on top of a thick soft layer, is sufficient for a satisfactory description of the contact mechanics between the skin and the indentor. The change of skin morphology and elastic modulus in the wet state contributes to the high

Physical principles of fluid-mediated insect attachment - Shouldn’t insects slip?

• Jan-Henning Dirks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1160–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.127

• adhesive pad can play an important role in determining the capillary adhesion [51][52]. In these models the overall capillary force is taken as the sum of the capillary attraction and the counter-acting elastic repulsion of the deformed pad/substrate (which depends on the elastic modulus). In simple terms

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

• , with a toughness of about 0.17 MPa·m0.5 [81]. The brittleness was also observed with nanointendation measurements, giving an elastic modulus of about 37 GPa and a Berkovich hardness of about 0.47 GPa [84]. However, when the TMA+EG hybrid with an additional H2O pulse was employed as an interlayer

• , after which there was a larger drop to 1.5 Å per cycle at 135 °C. The TiCl4+EG hybrid thin films were unstable: The thickness diminished by 15% over five days and after 25 days the total reduction was 20%. The elastic modulus and hardness values measured by using nanointendation were extremely low, i.e

• these films was between 130 and 210 °C. The GPC value at 130 °C was 2.8 Å per cycle and dropped with increasing temperature gradually to 2.1 Å per cycle at 210 °C. A small increase of film thickness was observed when thin films were exposed to air. The elastic modulus and hardness were both higher for

Dry friction of microstructured polymer surfaces inspired by snake skin

• Martina J. Baum,
• Lars Heepe,
• Elena Fadeeva and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1091–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.122

• parameters. The radius of the glass sphere was Rs = 0.5 mm. For the glass sphere, an elastic modulus of 70 GPa and a Poisson's ratio of 0.2 were assumed [43]. The elastic modulus of the epoxy resin was estimated to be 7 GPa and the Poisson's ratio to be 0.5 [43]. The geometric deformation between the sphere

A nanometric cushion for enhancing scratch and wear resistance of hard films

• Katya Gotlib-Vainshtein,
• Olga Girshevitz,
• Chaim N. Sukenik,
• David Barlam and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1005–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.114

• without being deformed at their apex which would lead to junction growth. These combined effects of hard film and compliant underlayer can be directly related to the ratio of hardness to elastic modulus. This quotient has proven to be an excellent indicator of wear resistance where larger values indicate

Controlling mechanical properties of bio-inspired hydrogels by modulating nano-scale, inter-polymeric junctions

• Seonki Hong,
• Hyukjin Lee and
• Haeshin Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 887–894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.101

• times each on both 6Arm-PEG-NH-catechol and 6Arm-PEG-catechol hydrogels, after allowing time for complete gelation (10 min). The elastic modulus, G’, and loss modulus, G”, were found to be independent over a wide range of frequencies and strains, demonstrating that the gelation was successfully

• completed within 10 min. The elastic modulus of the hydrogel made of 6Arm-PEG-NH-catechol was about 1,000 Pa, but the G’ of the hydrogel prepared by 6Arm-PEG-catechol was low, as expected (about 500 Pa). The two-times increase in the elastic modulus indicates that amine-catechol quinone tanning is more

• kinetics In rheology, gelation point is defined by the intersection of the elastic modulus (G’) and the loss modulus (G”). We tried to measure the point by a rheometer, but it was found that gelation occurred within a minute in both hydrogels (6Arm-PEG-NH-catechol and 6Arm-PEG-catechol), preventing a

Scale effects of nanomechanical properties and deformation behavior of Au nanoparticle and thin film using depth sensing nanoindentation

• Dave Maharaj and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 822–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.94

• 3100, Santa Barbara, CA) with a diamond tip. For nanoindentation experiments a three-sided diamond pyramidal Berkovich tip of approximately 100 nm in radius was used as shown in Figure 6a (left). Hardness and elastic modulus were obtained as a function of contact depth for the 100 nm thin film by

• the elastic modulus. By using this method the Young’s modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio for diamond were taken as 1140 GPa and 0.07, respectively. Poisson’s ratio for Au was taken as 0.42. The data from these experiments is the average of five measurements on five different nanoparticles for

The optimal shape of elastomer mushroom-like fibers for high and robust adhesion

• Burak Aksak,
• Korhan Sahin and
• Metin Sitti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 630–638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.74

• fiber in contact with a rigid flat surface whose height is much larger than its radius by using the DB cohesive zone model. According to their study, normalized pull-off stress Φ ≡ σs/σo depends on a single dimensionless parameter χ defined as Here, a is the radius, E is the elastic modulus, and ν is

• = 0.5) with elastic modulus E = 1.42 MPa [16]. For glass–PDMS contact, wadh = 25 mJ/m2 [46]. Let us also assume an intrinsic adhesive stress of σo = 1 MPa, a reasonable value for PDMS [47][48][49]. By inserting the materials properties, interfacial properties and fiber dimensions into Equation 1, one

• initiated at the center indicating little dependence on the wedge angle. Thus, a qualitative argument suggests that while fibers with small diameters and high elastic modulus (large χ) favor wedge-angle independence, the dependence of pull-off stress to the wedge angle is significant for high strength

Biocalcite, a multifunctional inorganic polymer: Building block for calcareous sponge spicules and bioseed for the synthesis of calcium phosphate-based bone

• Xiaohong Wang,
• Heinz C. Schröder and
• Werner E. G. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 610–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.72

• acid (Asp, D) and glutamic acid (Glu, E) [50]. The hardness, elastic modulus and creep of the two forms of the calcium carbonate deposits, the calcitic prisms and the round-shaped vaterite deposits were determined by nanoindentation. The load–displacement curves obtained for the two calcium carbonate

• forms revealed the following values: for the rhombohedral calcite 1.98 ± 0.31 GPa and for the round-shaped vaterite deposits only 1.38 ± 0.39 GPa. Concurrently, a distinct decrease of the elastic modulus was measured for the vaterite deposits (39.13 ± 8.04 GPa), in comparison to the rhombohedral calcite

The softening of human bladder cancer cells happens at an early stage of the malignancy process

• Jorge R. Ramos,
• Joanna Pabijan,
• Ricardo Garcia and
• Malgorzata Lekka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 447–457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.52

• cell mechanics, in particular elasticity, and cancer [5][6]. The first measurements showed that cancerous human bladder cells were softer than non-malignant bladder cells. Further measurements of cancerous cells have confirmed that a lowering of the elastic modulus of the cells is a general feature of

• mechanical properties, HCV29 and HTB-9 cells were treated with 5 μM Cyt-D. The observed decrease of the elastic modulus confirms the pre-dominant influence of actin filaments on the elastic properties. The results was independent of both the 2D organization of actin filaments and on the expression level of

• peak force; in this case, it was set to 1 nN. The curves were acquired with a speed of 5 μm/s. The force-versus-indentation curves were obtained by subtracting the force curves recorded on a stiff glass surface from the ones recorded on the cell surfaces. The elastic modulus (Young’s modulus) was