Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• on the physiology of the organ. The continuous endothelium is characterized by the lowest permeability. Most organs possess a continuous endothelium, which allows for diffusion of water and small molecules. Transporters, pumps, transcytosis, and ligand–receptor interactions are used to transport

Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo and
• Faisal Suleiman Mustafa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26

• nanodots), dimension, and particle size of the photocatalyst. Functional properties such as bandgap, optoelectronic properties, surface area, photoresponse, and magnetic properties depend on particle size and morphology of Bi-based photocatalysts. For instance, the charge diffusion path can be decreased by

• photocatalysis over the past few years due to their distinct optical and electronic characteristics [42][88][106]. Simple strain relaxation and short diffusion paths are benefits of 1-D nanostructured materials and are advantageous for the separation of photogenerated carriers [102]. 1-D spindle-like BiVO4

• nanostructures with oriented carrier transport, high optical performance, and a short carrier diffusion length, for instance, were prepared by Li and co-workers [42]. The photodegradation rates of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline were, respectively, 94.8% and 81.1% after 1 h. Additionally, Lin et al. [122

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• targeting efficacy of nanomedicines. Various solutions have been proposed to improve mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) evasion, extravasation at the tumor site, and diffusion through the dense collagen matrix of the solid tumors. Biomimetic, multifunctional, and multistage targeted nanoscale delivery

• nanosized drug delivery carriers: Mixed-layer and multilayered nanocarriers with bioresponsive and cleavable layers, possessing different functional properties for improving the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, diffusion in the tumor microenvironment, cellular internalization and

• , the pH-responsive linker between HA and PEG is hydrolyzed, leading to the cleavage of the HA layer. This, in turn, decreases the NP size and enables faster tumor diffusion, improved internalization, and drug release at the site of action. These nanocarriers exhibited a high degree of tumor homing, low

Spin dynamics in superconductor/ferromagnetic insulator hybrid structures with precessing magnetization

• Yaroslav V. Turkin and
• Nataliya Pugach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 233–239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.22

• superconducting condensate in the weak proximity effect regime can be described via the nonstationary Usadel equation [18][19][30]: where is the stationary BCS superconducting order parameter matrix [28], D is the diffusion constant, is the auxiliary matrix in Nambu–spin-Keldysh space, is the time convolution

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• to deposit Pt for the cathode of PEM fuel cells only in a few studies, and in all of them only on gas diffusion layers of carbon fabric or on proton conductive Nafion membrane [27][32][33]. According to our knowledge, no studies have been reported on the PLD deposition of Pt catalyst on carbon

• losses [33]. These losses result accordingly from the necessity to overcome the activation barriers of electrode reactions, the non-zero internal resistance of the cell, and resistance of diffusion and convection of the substrates and products of the electrode reactions. All losses coincide at each point

• the catalytic and diffusion layers. The microscopic water droplets must leave the MEA and the cell, but in some cases, they are temporarily trapped in the diffusion layer or the flow fields. The presence of water results in a temporary decrease of the current due to the transport resistance increase

Formation of nanoflowers: Au and Ni silicide cores surrounded by SiO_x branches

• Feitao Li,
• Siyao Wan,
• Dong Wang and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 133–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.14

• ][4], dewetting of the Au/Ni bilayers and diffusion of Au and Ni atoms from the bilayers to the SiO2/Si interface begin at high temperatures. Simultaneously, decomposition is initiated at the SiO2/Si interface, and it can be strengthened by the diffused Au and Ni atoms to finally form the

• nm. XRD patterns of the dewetted systems after annealing at 1050 °C. The standard data of Au (PDF 03-065-2870) and Ni (PDF 03-065-0380) are listed. Formation mechanisms at elevated temperatures. (a) As-deposited bilayers and Au/Ni diffusion along nanochannels (dashed lines) in the SiO2 layer. All

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• and plate diffusion assays) of AgNP@polymer nanocomposites-coated textiles against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains. The mechanical properties (flexibility, adhesion, abrasion) were also studied using a Mini-Martindale device, a standard scratch test kit, scanning

• is denser than in the case of PEG600DA diacrylate monomer, which ultimately limits not only the increase in particle size but also the migration/diffusion of silver ions and NPs towards the surface. This affects the final thickness of the top metal layer, the depth of the concentration gradient and

• diffusion of silver ions towards the surface, resulting in the observed thin top metal layer (90 nm) of the Ag@PEG600DA/PETIA film, as confirmed in the TEM images (Figure 5). The metal layer is not thick enough to withstand the damage inflicted by the abrasion process. Rheological properties Potential

Combining physical vapor deposition structuration with dealloying for the creation of a highly efficient SERS platform

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Walter Puglisi,
• Damien Thiry,
• Cristina Satriano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.10

• diffusion of Ag atoms, and the reaction between Cl− and Al proceeds faster than that for other anions [47]. To complete the optimization of the SERS nanoporous silver substrate towards the detection of RhB, films with different silver compositions (i.e., 18, 30, and 36 atom %) were dealloyed using H3PO4 and

•  6a). For AlAg18, the ligament size is similar (≈30 nm) for HCl and H3PO4 dealloying media. However, for higher initial silver contents, samples dealloyed in HCl reveal larger ligaments than those dealloyed in H3PO4 and NaOH. This observation can be related to the fast diffusion of Ag promoted by Cl

• in a different way according to the initial silver content since smaller pores are observed for a lower amount of initial silver content. This effect is more pronounced for samples dealloyed in HCl since the Cl− ions accelerate the diffusion of the silver atoms and promote dealloying [47]. After 120

Solvent-induced assembly of mono- and divalent silica nanoparticles

• Bin Liu,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 52–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.6

• “diffusion-controlled” stage, which can be attributed to the fact that the sedimentation of the chains becomes the rate-limiting factor when they become relatively long. We recently reported that the length of the chains made of 105 nm or 130 nm 2-PSN can be controlled by the addition of 1-PSN with a PPSR of

Upper critical magnetic field in NbRe and NbReN micrometric strips

• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Antonio Leo,
• Federico Chianese,
• Loredana Parlato,
• Giovanni Piero Pepe,
• Angela Nigro,
• Carla Cirillo and
• Carmine Attanasio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 45–51, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.5

• Figure 4a). In fact, kF = 3Dm/ℏ [47], where D = [48] is the quasiparticle diffusion coefficient and m is the mass of the electron. From the value of D reported in Table 1, we get kF ≈ 1.3 and then α = 0.51. In contrast, data are very well reproduced by the WHH theory with α = 0, even though the points

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• and device fabrication [13][14]. Nevertheless, pattern resolution and reproducibility in contact printing approaches are affected by several factors, most notably the ink molecule lateral diffusion, gas phase transportation, and rubber stamp deformation [15][16]. These are unavoidable issues in soft

• lithography operations and could severely limit the obtainable feature resolution if neglected. Chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) is a rapidly emerging subtractive lithographic technique that aims to overcome the lateral diffusion and gas phase transfer obstacles present in conventional soft lithography [17

• master mold is placed in contact with the SAM, which initiates a covalent bonding between stamp surface siloxyl groups and alkanethiol hydroxy tails. Removal of the stamp from the SAM-covered surface lifts off alkanethiol molecules at the contact region, and thus circumventing the lateral diffusion issue

Atmospheric water harvesting using functionalized carbon nanocones

• Fernanda R. Leivas and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.1

• addition to the hydrophobicity described above. The phenomena of density increasing with temperature at constant pressure and diffusion coefficients increasing with density at constant temperature were observed in experiments and simulations in bulk water [22][23][24]. Water presents both super flow and

• ). Molecular dynamics simulations were performed using the LAMMPS [48] package using an NVT ensemble with a timestep of 0.1 fs. The TIP4P/2005 [49] water model was used since it provides a satisfactory description of self-diffusion coefficient [50], phase diagram, vapor–liquid equilibria [51][52], vapor

Electrical and optical enhancement of ITO/Mo bilayer thin films via laser annealing

• Abdelbaki Hacini,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali,
• Nurul Nadia Adnan and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.133

• increase is due to the effect of the laser on the surface reducing defects and eliminating grain boundaries. Above 120 mJ, the grain size decreased with the increase of the laser energy to 16.6 nm for 240 mJ. This decrease is due to the diffusion of gas atoms from the chamber into the upper layer

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• performance because free electrons can shift to the trap state, resulting in a potential difference in the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode [40]. The Warburg element (W3) in the equilibrium circuit, indicating the contribution of diffusion to the overall charge transfer on the electrode, is

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• conversion devices, such as Li-ion batteries, solar cells, solid oxide fuel cells, and thermoelectrics. Unusual and unexpected properties and also unique microstructures (and shapes), such as high porosity, high surface area, short reaction pathways, and diffusion length for Li-ion transport, eventually

Rapid and sensitive detection of box turtles using an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a gold/graphene nanocomposite

• Abu Hashem,
• M. A. Motalib Hossain,
• Ab Rahman Marlinda,
• Mohammad Al Mamun,
• Khanom Simarani and
• Mohd Rafie Johan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1458–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.120

• shows that the diffusion process regulates the electrochemical reaction of ferrocyanide. Given that the diffusion coefficient and electrolyte concentration were constant throughout all tests, the effective surface area (A) of the electrode had the greatest influence on the peak current (Ip

• resistance (Rct), double layer capacitance (Cdl), Warburg impedance (W), and the solution resistance (Rs) [55]. As the Warburg impedance (which corresponds to the diffusion of the redox species) is limited at lower frequencies, the full semicircle disappeared which indicates the dominating diffusion

• -controlled charge-transfer process through the electrode–solution interface. Regarding the qualitative aspect, it was found that the nanocomposite-modified electrode shows a diffusion-limited charge transfer process. The bare SPCE comparatively showed lower charge transfer resistance at higher frequencies

Density of states in the presence of spin-dependent scattering in SF bilayers: a numerical and analytical approach

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Valeriia D. Pashkovskaia,
• Nikita A. Parkhomenko,
• Anastasia V. Guravova,
• Elena A. Kazakova,
• Boris G. Lvov,
• Alexander A. Golubov and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1418–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.117

• the diffusion constant in the normal metal and Tc is the transition temperature. When a superconductor S is combined with a ferromagnetic layer F, forming an SF bilayer, the superconductivity leaks into the ferromagnetic region over the characteristic length ξh = where Df is the diffusion constant in

• l is much smaller than the superconducting coherence length ξ = where Ds is the diffusion constant in the superconductor. Previously, the DOS in SF bilayers has been studied numerically [84][85]. We revisit this question and propose an analytical model to describe the influence of spin-flip and

• is the conductivity of the F layer [88][89], ξf = Df is the diffusion coefficient in the ferromagnetic metal, and Tc is the critical temperature of the superconductor [1][2]. We assume ℏ = kB = 1. We also assume that the SF interface is not magnetically active. We will consider the diffusive limit

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• matrix. A value of β ≤ 0.75 indicates Fickian diffusion, while 0.75 < β < 1 indicates a combination of Fickian diffusion and controlled release [59]. The β value for the Weibull model was calculated as 0.594 for the DCX-PLGA NPs. According to the literature, when these data are examined within the scope

• of the Weibull model, the DCX release kinetics from DCX-PLGA nanoparticles were found to be compatible with Fickian diffusion [60]. This shows that in the model-dependent baseline evaluation of in vitro release profiles, the drug adsorbed on the nanoparticle surface or encapsulated in the

• nanoparticle material is released from the polymeric structure on the basis of diffusion as the major mechanism. It has been confirmed by mathematical modeling that the release is based on diffusion [10][61]. In contrast, the Peppas–Sahlin model describes the drug release from CS/DCX-PLGA NPs. The Peppas

Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures

• Matthias Mail,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Lars Heepe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1370–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.113

• nitrogen it is approx. 6.90 × 10−6 mol/(m3·Pa). Equating Henry’s law volatility constant for air, one gets approx. 1.27 m3·Pa/mol. Da is the diffusion constant of air in water which is 2.5 × 10−5 cm2/s [55], R is the gas constant and T the absolute temperature. 3 Underwater air retention and its

• surface energy (see section 2). If they are submerged deeper than 2 cm, the air layer gets lost over time due to diffusion effects. To confirm the predicted persistence of the air layer in a water depth below 2 cm samples have been submerged in a depth of about 5 mm for two weeks. The analysis of these

• MSM and to analyze their pressure and diffusion behavior, measurements under static pressure in a custom-made pressure chamber and again by using CLSM were carried out. The principle of these measurements is described in the experimental section and shown in Figure 4. By applying a constant pressure a

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• = r2/π2D, where r is the grain radius and D is the carrier’s diffusion coefficient. Consequently, as the particle radius decreases, a higher number of photogenerated carriers can reach the surface, where they might participate in a photocatalytic process [76]. Bismuth is often used as a nanoscale

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been taken as a model molecule to verify the “proof-of-principle” concept for chiral recognition [28]. Kim and co-workers fabricated ʟ-phenylalanine (ʟ-Phe)-modified QCM sensor and used vapor diffusion molecular assembly (VDMA) to study the chiral adsorption of

• adsorptions of ʟ-MA, ᴅ-MA, and ʟ/ᴅ-MA racemates on the ʟ-Phe sensing layers was monitored through the evaporation diffusion of the solutes. The QCM results indicated that the ʟ-Phe-modified sensor surface had selective chiral recognition ability to MA. Through the control of different VDMA periods and

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• occurs when a liquid is in contact with a solid with a surface charge. This interaction is mainly dominated by the electric double layer (EDL), which consists of a layer of ions (Stern layer) that is tightly adsorbed to the charged surface and a layer of counter ions (diffusion layer) that is attracted

• to the surface charges. When the liquid moves in the microchannel, it will drag the diffusion layer ions to form a flowing current, thus creating a potential difference, namely the flowing potential between the two ends of the channel. In nanochannels, approximating the channel geometry to be

• the device provided an instantaneous electrical output with a maximum open-circuit voltage of 0.3 V and a short-circuit current of 120 μA. After adding a conducting polymer to improve the number of charged ions and the ion selectivity of the diffusion channel, a specific electrolyte fluid was selected

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• vascular endothelium with tight junctions hampering the permeation of active ingredients to the intraocular area. When designing non-invasive ophthalmic drug dosage forms, the main aim is to improve the bioavailability by increasing the diffusion across sclera, cornea, and conjunctiva [42]. In the case of

• advantage of soluble inserts is that they do not have to be removed from the eye. The rate of drug release is influenced by dissolution or erosion of the polymer matrix. Ophthalmic therapeutic systems belong to the group of non-biodegradable inserts from which the drug substance is released by diffusion at

• microneedles containing an empty canal inside are usually filled with active ingredient solution, either passively or with the use of pressure-driven methods [161]. In the systems using passive diffusion, the drug solution can be loaded to the canals inside the microneedles [141] or to an external compartment

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• had surface groups such as carboxyl and hydroxy groups. Aloe vera has intrinsic antimicrobial properties, so the bactericidal activity of these CDs was investigated by the agar well diffusion method, and the sensing ability towards Fe3+ was also reported [67]. Kavitha et al. used date palm fronds with

• honey, garlic, and ammonia as green source, sulfur source, and nitrogen source, respectively to prepare N,S-CDs via a simple hydrothermal technique. The Z-scan methodology was used for non-linear optical characterization and the agar well diffusion methodology was used to explore the antimicrobial

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity of AgCoCu oxides on reduced graphene oxide in alkaline media

• Iyyappan Madakannu,
• Indrajit Patil,
• Bhalchandra Kakade and
• Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha Datta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1020–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.89

• potential, and diffusion limiting current density (JL). ACC-2 has the highest positive onset potential of the electrocatalysts. The decreasing order of onset potential is ACC-2 (0.94 V) > ACC-3 (0.92 V) > ACC-1 (0.91 V) > Ag-Co3O4 (0.90 V) > Ag-CuO (0.86 V) > ACC-2* (0.85 V). The kinetics of all trimetallic

• sharp slope in the low-frequency region, representing little ionic diffusion resistance from the 0.1 M KOH solution to the Ag electrode surface throughout the ORR process (Figure 4d). The excellent electrocatalytic ORR activity of ACC-2 may originate from the composition and synergistic effects of