Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

Towards 4-dimensional atomic force spectroscopy using the spectral inversion method

• Jeffrey C. Williams and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 87–93, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.10

• elasticity in this simulation is 2 GPa. The force curve was simulated as the sum of a conservative Hamaker–Hertzian contact with a height-dependent viscous term [14] (this combination of models does not consider surface depression or recovery, so the location of the force minima is the same for the tip

Characterization of the mechanical properties of qPlus sensors

• Jan Berger,
• Martin Švec,
• Martin Müller,
• Martin Ledinský,
• Antonín Fejfar,
• Pavel Jelínek and
• Zsolt Majzik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.1

• methods that can be used for estimating the stiffness of qPlus sensors. The first method is based on continuum theory of elasticity. The second (Cleveland’s method) uses the change in the eigenfrequency that is induced by the loading of small masses. Finally, the stiffness is obtained by analysis of the

• . The aim of this paper is to compare and critically discuss the following methods for estimating the stiffness of qPlus sensors: (i) the added-mass method; (ii) thermal excitation; and (iii) a method based on the continuum theory of elasticity. In particular we will estimate and compare the stiffness

• value corresponding to the total length. Stiffness calculation from continuum theory of elasticity The tuning fork can be considered as a pure prism with a rectangular cross section. Therefore the stiffness of the tuning fork can be expressed by using the continuum theory of elasticity [31] as follows

Growth behaviour and mechanical properties of PLL/HA multilayer films studied by AFM

• Cagri Üzüm,
• Johannes Hellwig,
• Narayanan Madaboosi,
• Dmitry Volodkin and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.87

• number of polymer deposition steps n. The film thickness was determined by two independent AFM-based methods: scratch-and-scan and newly developed full-indentation. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are highlighted, and error minimization techniques in elasticity measurements are addressed

• , which is highly sensitive to the elasticity of the substrate, must be known and controlled for the development of contact lenses and antifouling materials [3][5][6]. Nevertheless, thin films have to be studied in the form in which they are available, making the use of macroscopic methods unsuitable

• hydrogel particles [19][20][21][22]. Recent advances in the area have been summarized by Picart and co-workers [23][24]. Several studies on the bio-applicability of polymer-based films showed that if cells are deposited on a surface with an elasticity gradient, they move from the softer region to a

Probing three-dimensional surface force fields with atomic resolution: Measurement strategies, limitations, and artifact reduction

• Mehmet Z. Baykara,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren,
• Todd C. Schwendemann,
• Harry Mönig,
• Eric I. Altman and
• Udo D. Schwarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 637–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.73

• spectroscopy; NC-AFM; three-dimensional atomic force microscopy; tip asymmetry; tip elasticity; Introduction Experimentally obtained information about atomic-scale interactions of specific surfaces with atoms, molecules, and other surfaces in their vicinity is crucial for a number of important scientific

• well-characterized tips on the ionic surface of NaCl(001) have been shown to unambiguously coincide with surface anions, facilitating atomic-scale chemical identification. Tip elasticity In addition to drift and piezo effects, the accuracy with which a numerical value, obtained through two- or three

• ), respectively, in which shifts of characteristic maxima in atomic-scale images and significant distortions of the observed contrast patterns attributed to tip apex elasticity were observed as a function of tip–sample distance. On our path towards finding strategies that reduce the impact of tip deformation on

Mapping mechanical properties of organic thin films by force-modulation microscopy in aqueous media

• Jianming Zhang,
• Zehra Parlak,
• Carleen M. Bowers,
• Terrence Oas and
• Stefan Zauscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 464–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.53

• = 1 N/m, R = 30 nm, and z0 = 2 nm, while 0.1 GPa and 1 GPa were assigned to E*. FMM measurements are less nonlinear at (i) high contact forces and (ii) for stiff materials, as shown by the lower amplitude ratio in these cases in Figure 1. This implies that changes in the surface elasticity can lead to

• determines the interaction force from which the contact stiffness can be calculated (Equation 2). The amplitude of the first harmonic is used to analyze the elasticity of the substrate surface in FMM and it is thus essential to relate the first harmonic with the contact stiffness experimentally. Meanwhile

Pulse-response measurement of frequency-resolved water dynamics on a hydrophilic surface using a Q-damped atomic force microscopy cantilever

• Masami Kageshima

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 260–266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.29

• cantilever is well suppressed by subtraction, with the exception of a slight subtraction error, especially evident as a negative value of around 1 kHz. Since the original response signal in Figure 5 decays in about 0.3 ms, the elasticity data below 3 kHz is not so informative. Probing a frequency regime

• viscoelasticity of hydrated water. The compliance data shown in Figure 6 are inverted to give the elasticity (a). Solid and broken lines indicate the real and imaginary parts, respectively, and fine and thick lines the data at 300 nm and in close proximity, respectively. Subtraction of the two data sets gives the

Mechanical characterization of carbon nanomembranes from self-assembled monolayers

• Xianghui Zhang,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 826–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.92

• deflection h is then given by Note that Δδ is negative, i.e., the corrected deflection is always smaller than the measured value hm. This correction scheme typically results in an increase in the Young’s modulus and a decrease in the residual stress by approximately 5%. Elasticity In a bulge test, the

• composite layer with ~1 nm thick part containing cross-linked biphenyl rings and other parts containing merely hydrocarbon chains with no contribution to the elasticity. Therefore the mechanical properties of all CNMs were evaluated by taking the same thickness of 1 nm. Figure 3b shows the evolution of the

• CNM elasticity during the cross-linking process, i.e., a plot of Young’s modulus of CNMs as a function of electron doses. Below 20 mC·cm−2, only a few intact membranes are built, indicating that the number of cross-links in aromatic SAMs is too small to allow a reliable formation of freely suspended

Surface induced self-organization of comb-like macromolecules

• Konstantin I. Popov,
• Vladimir V. Palyulin,
• Martin Möller,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Igor I. Potemkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 569–584, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.61

• bending elasticity, which is described by the bending modulus and not by the persistence length. The latter characterizes orientational correlations in the case of their exponential decay and may not exist, while the bending modulus always does. Nonetheless, in this section we will use the term

• (adsorbed) conformation as well as partially desorbed (“shrunken”) one. Adsorption and desorption of the B chains is controlled by the interactions with the substrate. The sum of contributions from the interfacial interactions and the entropic elasticity of the side chains determines whether the lateral

Self-organizing bioinspired oligothiophene–oligopeptide hybrids

• Alexey K. Shaytan,
• Eva-Kathrin Schillinger,
• Elena Mena-Osteritz,
• Sylvia Schmid,
• Pavel G. Khalatur,
• Peter Bäuerle and
• Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 525–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.57

• good mechanical strength and elasticity for various applications. Innovative methods such as computer simulations and combined multidisciplinary partnerships between chemists, physicists, and biochemists are required for the development and optimization of these bioinspired materials to provide

Scanning probe microscopy and related methods

• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 155–157, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.18

• . Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) uses probing tips to map properties, such as topography, local adhesive forces, elasticity, friction or magnetic properties. In the emerging fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology these types of microscopes help to characterize the nanoworld. In addition, local probes can

• gives insight into fascinating phenomena, such as metal-superconductor transitions or metal-insulator transitions. Another important development is related to nanomechanics, where phenomena, such as friction, wear, elasticity and plasticity are studied on an atomic scale. Atomic friction has been